Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T08:22:30.726Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Spatial behavior reflects the mental disorder in OCD patients with and without comorbid schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 July 2013

Anat Gershoni ,
Haggai Hermesh ,
Naomi A. Fineberg  and
David Eilam
Anat Gershoni
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
Haggai Hermesh
Affiliation:
CBT Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
Naomi A. Fineberg
Affiliation:
National OCD Treatment Service, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Welwyn Garden City, UK
David Eilam*
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
*
*Address for correspondence: David Eilam, Ph.D., Department of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel. (Email: eilam@post.tau.ac.il
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective

Resolving the entangled nosological dilemma of whether obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with and without schizophrenia (schizo-OCD and OCD, respectively) are two independent entities or whether schizo-OCD is a combined product of its parent disorders.

Methods

Studying motor activity in OCD and in schizo-OCD patients. Performance of the patients was compared with the performance of the same motor task by a matching control individual.

Results

Behavior in both schizo-OCD and OCD patients differed from controls in the excessive repetition and addition of acts, thus validating an identical OC facet. However, there was a significant difference in spatial behavior. Schizo-OCD patients traveled over a greater area with less focused activity as typical to schizophrenia patients and in contrast to OCD patients, who were more focused and traveled less in a confined area. While schizo-OCD and OCD patients share most of the OC ritualistic attributes, they differ in the greater spread of activity in schizo-OCD, which is related to schizophrenia disorder.

Discussion

It is suggested that the finding on difference in spatial behavior is a reflection of the mental differences between OCD and schizophrenia. In other words, this could be an overt and observable manifestation of the mental state, and therefore may facilitate the nosology of OC spectrum disorders and OCD.

Conclusion

It seems as if both the OCD patients’ focus on specific thoughts, and the contrasting wandering thoughts of schizophrenia patients, are reflected in the focused activity of the former and wandering from one place to the next of the latter.

Keywords

OC behaviorOCDRitualsSchizophreniaSpatial behavior
Type
Original Research
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , February 2014 , pp. 90 - 103
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

We are grateful to the anonymous patients and control individuals who willingly participated in this study.

References

1. Poyurovsky, M, Koran, L. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with schizotypy vs. schizophrenia with OCD: diagnostic dilemmas and therapeutic implications. J Psychiatr Res. 2005; 39: 399–408.Google Scholar
2. Poyurovsky, M, Zohar, J, Glick, I, etal. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: implications for future psychiatric classifications. Compr Psychiatry. 2012; 53: 480–483.Google Scholar
3. American Psychological Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2000.Google Scholar
4. Jenike, MA, Baer, L, Minichiello, WE. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Theory and Management, 2nd ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc.; 1990.Google Scholar
5. Hollander, E. Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1993.Google Scholar
6. du Toit, PL, van Kradenburg, J, Niehaus, D, Stein, DJ. Comparison of obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with and without comorbid putative obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders using a structured clinical interview. Compr Psychiatry. 2001; 42: 291–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7. Fineberg, NA, Saxena, S, Zohar, J, Craig, KJ. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: boundary issues. CNS Spectr. 2007; 12: 359–375.Google Scholar
8. Hollander, E, Friedberg, JP, Wasserman, S, Yeh, CC, Iyengar, R. The case for the OCD spectrum. In: Abramowitz JS, Houts AC, eds. Handbook of Controversial Issues in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Kluwer Academic Press, New York; 2005.Google Scholar
9. McElroy, SL, Phillips, KA, Keck, PE. Obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994; 55: 33–51.Google Scholar
10. Bottas, A, Cooke, RG, Richter, MA. Comorbidity and pathophysiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder in schizophrenia: is there evidence for a schizo-obsessive subtype of schizophrenia? J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2005; 30: 187–193.Google Scholar
11. Pallanti, S, Castellini, G, Chamberlain, SR, etal. Cognitive event-related potentials differentiate schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive disorder (schizo-OCD) from OCD and schizophrenia without OC symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 2009; 170: 52–60.Google Scholar
12. Pallanti, S, Grassi, G, Sarrecchia, ED, Cantisani, A, Pellegrini, M. Obsessive–compulsive disorder comorbidity: clinical assessment and therapeutic implications. Front Psychiatry. 2011; 2: 70–87.Google Scholar
13. Poyurovsky, M, Weizman, A, Weizman, R. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in schizophrenia: clinical characteristics and treatment. CNS Drugs. 2004; 18: 989–1010.Google Scholar
14. Kitis, A, Akdede, BBK, Alptekin, K, etal. Cognitive dysfunctions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder compared to the patients with schizophrenia patients: relation to overvalued ideas. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007; 31: 254–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Tynes, LL, White, K, Steketee, GS. Toward a new nosology of obsessive compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1990; 31: 465–480.Google Scholar
16. Tumkaya, S, Karadag, F, Oguzhanoglu, NK, etal. Schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder with poor insight: a neuropsychological comparison. Psychiatry Res. 2009; 165: 38–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17. Mukhopadhaya, K, Krishnaiah, R, Taye, T, etal. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in UK clozapine-treated schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a cause for clinical concern. J Psychopharmacol. 2009; 23: 6–13.Google Scholar
18. Tibbo, P, Kroetsch, M, Chue, P, Warneke, L. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 2000; 34: 139–146.Google Scholar
19. Nechmad, A, Ratzoni, G, Poyurovsky, M, etal. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in adolescent schizophrenia patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2003; 160: 1002–1004.Google Scholar
20. Ohta, M, Kokai, M, Morita, Y. Features of obsessive–compulsive disorder in patients primarily diagnosed with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003; 57: 67–74.Google Scholar
21. Poyurovsky, M, Kriss, V, Weisman, G, etal. Comparison of clinical characteristics and comorbidity in schizophrenia patients with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder: schizophrenic and OC symptoms in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 64: 1300–1307.Google Scholar
22. Patel, D, Laws, K, Padhi, A, etal. The neuropsychology of the schizo-obsessive subtype of schizophrenia: a new analysis. Psychol Med. 2010; 40: 921–933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Phillips, KA, Pinto, A, Hart, AS, etal. A comparison of insight in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2012; 46: 1293–1299.Google Scholar
24. Peralta, V, Campos, MS, De Jalón, EG, Cuesta, MJ. Motor behavior abnormalities in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Mov Disord. 2010; 25: 1068–1076.Google Scholar
25. Pulford, BD, Johnson, AB, Awaida, M. A cross-cultural study of predictors of self-handicapping in university students. Personality and Individual Differences. 2005; 39: 727–737.Google Scholar
26. Perry, W, Minassian, A, Henry, B, etal. Quantifying over-activity in bipolar and schizophrenia patients in a human open field paradigm. Psychiatry Res. 2010; 178: 84–91.Google Scholar
27. Boyer, P, Lienard, P. Why ritualized behavior? Precaution systems and action parsing in developmental, pathological and cultural rituals. Behav Brain Sci. 2006; 29: 595–650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28. Eilam, D. Ritualized behavior in animals and humans: time, space and attention. Behav Brain Sci. 2006; 29: 616–617.Google Scholar
29. Zor, R, Hermesh, H, Szechtman, H, Eilam, D. Turning order into chaos through repetition and addition of elementary acts in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009; 10(4 Pt 2): 480–487.Google Scholar
30. Zor, R, Keren, H, Hermesh, H, etal. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a disorder of pessimal (non-functional) motor behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009; 120: 288–298.Google Scholar
31. Eilam, D, Zor, R, Fineberg, N, Hermesh, H. Animal behavior as a conceptual framework for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Behav Brain Res. 2012; 231: 289–296.Google Scholar
32. Jenike, MA. Illnesses related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Jenike MA, Baer LB, Minichiello WE, eds. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders: Theory and Management. Chicago: Year Book Medical; 1990: 39–60.Google Scholar
33. Graybiel, AM, Rauch, SL. Toward a neurobiology review of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuron. 2000; 28: 343–347.Google Scholar
34. Keren, H, Boyer, P, Mort, J, Eilam, D. Pragmatic and idiosyncratic acts in human everyday routines: the counterpart of compulsive rituals. Behav Brain Res. 2010; 212: 90–95.Google Scholar
35. Bowie, CR, Harvey, PD. Cognition in schizophrenia: impairments, determinants, and functional importance. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2005; 28: 613–633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36. Menzies, L, Chamberlain, SR, Laird, AR, etal. Integrating evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the orbitofronto-striatal model revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008; 32: 525–549.Google Scholar
37. Kuelz, AK, Hohagen, F, Voderholzer, U. Neuropsychological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review. Biol Psychol. 2004; 65: 185–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38. Martin, V, Huber, M, Rief, W, Exner, C. Comparative cognitive profiles of obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2008; 23: 487–500.Google Scholar
39. Hutton, S, Puri, B, Duncan, LJ, etal. Executive function in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 1998; 28: 463–473.Google Scholar
40. Spitznagel, MB, Suhr, JA. Executive function deficits associated with symptoms of schizotypy and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2002; 110: 151–163.Google Scholar
41. Goodman, WK, Price, L, Rasmussen, SA, etal. The Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale 1. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989; 46: 1006–1011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gershoni et al. supplementary movie

Movie

Download Gershoni et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 5.1 MB