Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T05:40:19.069Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Explaining the longitudinal association between puberty and depression: Sex differences in the mediating effects of peer stress

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2012

Colleen S. Conley ,
Karen D. Rudolph  and
Fred B. Bryant
Colleen S. Conley*
Affiliation:
Loyola University Chicago
Karen D. Rudolph
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign
Fred B. Bryant
Affiliation:
Loyola University Chicago
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Colleen S. Conley, Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 6525 North Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60626; E-mail: cconley@luc.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This research investigated whether exposure to peer stress serves as one pathway through which pubertal development contributes to depression over time, differentially for girls and boys. Youth (N = 149; 9.6–14.8 years) and their caregivers provided information at two waves, 1 year apart, on puberty (Wave 1), peer stress (occurring between Waves 1 and 2), and depression (Waves 1 and 2). Structural equation modeling analyses examined sex differences in the extent to which peer stress mediated the impact of pubertal status and timing on subsequent depression (i.e., tests of moderated mediation). Significant sex-moderated mediation was found for both pubertal status and timing. As indicated by moderate effect proportions, in girls, heightened peer stress partially mediated the longitudinal association between (a) more advanced pubertal status and depression; and (b) linear, but not curvilinear, pubertal timing (i.e., earlier maturation) and depression. This research contributes to our growing understanding of the interplay among physical, psychological, and social processes involved in the sex difference in adolescent depression.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 24 , Issue 2 , May 2012 , pp. 691 - 701
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., & Worthman, C. M. (1999). Pubertal changes in hormone levels and depression in girls. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1043–1053.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Worthman, C. M. (1998). Puberty and depression: The roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing. Psychological Medicine, 28, 51–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benjet, C., & Hernández-Guzmán, L. (2002). A short-term longitudinal study of pubertal change, gender, and psychological well-being of Mexican early adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 429–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M. P. (1988). The psychological significance of secondary sexual characteristics in nine- to eleven-year-old girls. Child Development, 59, 1061–1069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M. P. (1989). Biological and social contributions to negative affect in young adolescent girls. Child Development, 60, 40–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks-Gunn, J., Warren, M. P., Rosso, J., & Gargiulo, J. (1987). Validity of self-report measures of girls' pubertal status. Child Development, 58, 829–841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks-Gunn, J., Warren, M. P., Samelson, M., & Fox, R. (1986). Physical similarity of and disclosure of menarcheal status to friends: Effects of grade and pubertal status. Journal of Early Adolescence, 6, 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2005). Dimensional versus categorical classification of mental disorders in the fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders and beyond: Comment on the special section. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 551–556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, R., Jaccard, J., Silverman, W. K., & Pina, A. A. (2009). Pubertal timing and its link to behavioral and emotional problems among “at-risk” African American adolescent girls. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 467–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavanagh, S. E. (2004). The sexual debut of girls in early adolescence: The intersection of race, pubertal timing, and friendship group characteristics. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14, 285–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2002). A developmental psychopathology perspective on adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 6–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (1994). A developmental psychopathology perspective on depression in children and adolescents. In Reynolds, W. M. & Johnston, H. F. (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 123–141). New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1994). The development of depression in children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 53, 221–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1975). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Compas, B. E. (1987). Stress and life events during childhood and adolescence. Clinical Psychology Review, 7, 275–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compian, L. J., Gowen, L. K., & Hayward, C. (2009). The interactive effects of puberty and peer victimization on weight concerns and depression symptoms among early adolescent girls. Journal of Early Adolescence, 29, 357–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conley, C. S., & Rudolph, K. D. (2009). The emerging sex difference in adolescent depression: Interacting contributions of puberty and peer stress. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 593–620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837–844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108, 593–623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cross, S. E., & Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 5–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cyranowski, J. M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, M. K. (2000). Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: A theoretical model. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 21–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davila, J., Hammen, C., Burge, D., Paley, B., & Daley, S. E. (1995). Poor interpersonal problem solving as a mechanism of stress generation in depression among adolescent women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 592–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeRose, L. M., Wright, A. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2006). Does puberty account for the gender differential in depression? In Keyes, C. L. M. & Goodman, S. H. (Eds.), Women and depression: A handbook for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences (pp. 89–128). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorn, L. D., Susman, E. J., Nottelmann, E. D., Inoff-Germain, G., & Chrousos, G. P. (1990). Perceptions of puberty: Adolescent, parent, and health care personnel. Developmental Psychology, 26, 322–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorn, L. D., Susman, E. J., & Ponirakis, A. (2003). Pubertal timing and adolescent adjustment and behavior: Conclusions vary by rater. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 157–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubas, J. S., Graber, J. A., & Petersen, A. C. (1991). A longitudinal investigation of adolescents' changing perceptions of pubertal timing. Developmental Psychology, 27, 580–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felson, R. B., & Haynie, D. L. (2002). Pubertal development, social factors, and delinquency among adolescent boys. Criminology, 40, 967–988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L., Ridder, E. M., & Beautrais, A. L. (2005). Subthreshold depression in adolescence and mental health outcomes in adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 66–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (2001). Pubertal transition, stressful life events, and the emergence of gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms. Developmental Psychology, 37, 404–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Regnerus, M., & Cox, C. (2001). Pubertal transitions, perception of being overweight, and adolescents' psychological maladjustment: Gender and ethnic differences. Social Psychology Quarterly, 64, 363–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ge, X., Kim, I. J., Brody, G. H., Conger, R. D., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., et al. (2003). It's about timing and change: Pubertal transition effects on symptoms of major depression among African American youths. Developmental Psychology, 39, 430–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ge, X., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., & Simons, R. L. (1994). Trajectories of stressful life events and depressive symptoms during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30, 467–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graber, J. A. (2003). Puberty in context. In Hayward, C. (Ed.), Gender differences at puberty (pp. 307–325). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graber, J. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Archibald, A. B. (2005). Links between girls' puberty and externalizing and internalizing behaviors: Moving from demonstrating effects to identifying pathways. In Stoff, D. M. & Susman, E. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychobiology of aggression (pp. 87–113). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graber, J. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M. P. (2006). Pubertal effects on adjustment in girls: Moving from demonstrating effects to identifying pathways. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 413–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammen, C., Shih, J., Altman, T., & Brennan, P. A. (2003). Interpersonal impairment and the prediction of depressive symptoms in adolescent children of depressed and nondepressed mothers. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 571–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammen, C., Shih, J. H., & Brennan, P. A. (2004). Intergenerational transmission of depression: Test of an interpersonal stress model in a community sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 511–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (1999). Development of gender differences in depression: Description and possible explanation. Annals of Medicine, 31, 372–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hankin, B. L., Fraley, R. C., Lahey, B. B., & Waldman, I. D. (2005). Is depression best viewed as a continuum or discrete category? A taxometric analysis of childhood and adolescent depression in a population-based sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 96–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hankin, B. L., Mermelstein, R., & Roesch, L. (2007). Sex differences in adolescent depression: Stress exposure and reactivity models in interpersonal and achievement contextual domains. Child Development, 78, 279–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynie, D. L. (2003). Contexts of risk? Explaining the link between girls' pubertal development and their delinquency involvement. Social Forces, 82, 355–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynie, D. L., & Piquero, A. R. (2006). Pubertal development and physical victimization in adolescence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43, 3–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, C. (2003). Methodological concerns in puberty-related research. In Hayward, C. (Ed.), Gender differences at puberty (pp. 1–14). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, C., Gotlib, I. J., Schraedley, P. K., & Litt, I. F. (1999). Ethnic differences in the association between pubertal status and symptoms of depression in adolescent girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 25, 143–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayward, C., & Sanborn, K. (2002). Puberty and the emergence of gender differences in psychopathology. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 49–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilt, L. M., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2009). The emergence of gender differences in depression in adolescence. In Hilt, L. M. & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (Eds.), Handbook of depression in adolescents (pp. 111–135). New York: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Huddleston, J., & Ge, X. (2003). Boys at puberty: Psychosocial implications. In Hayward, C. (Ed.), Gender differences at puberty (pp. 113–134). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyde, J. S., Mezulis, A. H., & Abramson, L. Y. (2008). The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression. Psychological Review, 115, 291–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8′s user's guide reference. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.Google Scholar
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Kosunen, E., & Rimpela, M. (2003). Pubertal timing, sexual behaviour and self-reported depression in middle adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 531–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, D. N., Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., & Olino, T. M. (2005). Psychopathology in the adolescent and young adult offspring of a community sample of mothers and fathers with major depression. Psychological Medicine, 35, 353–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, D. N., Ouimette, P. C., Kelly, H. S., Ferro, T., & Riso, L. P. (1994). Test–retest reliability of team consensus best-estimate diagnoses of Axis I and II disorders in a family study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1043–1047.Google Scholar
Kovacs, M. (1992). The Children's Depression Inventory manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 83–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leadbeater, B. J., Blatt, S. J., & Quinlan, D. M. (1995). Gender-linked vulnerabilities to depressive symptoms, stress, and problem behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5, 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerner, R. M. (1985). Adolescent maturational changes and psychosocial development: A dynamic interactional perspective. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 355–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lerner, R. M. (1987). A life-span perspective for early adolescence. In Lerner, R. M. & Foch, T. T. (Eds.), Biological–psychosocial interactions in early adolescence (pp. 9–34). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Lindberg, S. M., Grabe, S., & Hyde, J. S. (2007). Gender, pubertal development, and peer sexual harassment predict objectified body consciousness in early adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 723–742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magnusson, D. (1988). Individual development from an interactional perspective: A longitudinal study. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Michael, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2003). When coming of age means coming undone: Links between puberty and psychosocial adjustment among European American and African American girls. In Hayward, C. (Ed.), Gender differences at puberty (pp. 277–303). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, N. M., & Udry, J. R. (1980). Validation of a self-administered instrument to assess stage of adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 9, 271–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Natsuaki, M. N., Biehl, M. C., & Ge, X. (2009). Trajectories of depressed mood from early adolescence to young adulthood: The effects of pubertal timing and adolescent dating. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 47–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Natsuaki, M. N., Klimes-Dougan, B., Ge, X., Shirtcliff, E. A., Hastings, P. D., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2009). Early pubertal maturation and internalizing problems in adolescence: Sex differences in the role of cortisol reactivity to interpersonal stress. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 513–524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Negriff, S., Fung, M. T., & Trickett, P. K. (2008). Self-rated pubertal development, depressive symptoms and delinquency: Measurement issues and moderation by gender and maltreatment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 736–746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oldenburg, C. M., & Kerns, K. A. (1997). Associations between peer relationships and depressive symptoms: Testing moderator effects of gender and age. Journal of Early Adolescence, 17, 319–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orvaschel, H. (1995). Schedule of affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children: Epidemiologic version 5. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Nova Southeastern University.Google Scholar
Patton, G. C., Olsson, C., Bond, L., Toumbourou, J. W., Carlin, J. B., Hemphill, S. A., et al. (2008). Predicting female depression across puberty: A two-nation longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 1424–1432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, A. C. (1983). Menarche: Meaning of measures and measuring meaning. In Golub, S. (Ed.), Menarche: The transition from girl to woman (pp. 63–76). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Petersen, A. C., & Crockett, L. (1985). Pubertal timing and grade effects on adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 191–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988). A self-report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity, and initial norms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17, 117–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruble, D. N., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1982). The experience of menarche. Child Development, 53, 1557–1566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D. (2002). Gender differences in emotional responses to interpersonal stress during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 3–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D. (2009). Exploring depressive personality traits in youth: Origins, correlates, and developmental consequences. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1155–1180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., Caldwell, M. S., & Conley, C. S. (2005). Need for approval and children's well-being. Child Development, 76, 309–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., & Conley, C. S. (2005). The socioemotional costs and benefits of social-evaluative concerns: Do girls care too much? Journal of Personality, 73, 115–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., & Flynn, M. (2007). Childhood adversity and youth depression: Influence of gender and pubertal status. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 497–521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., Flynn, M., Abaied, J. L., Groot, A., & Thompson, R. (2009). Why is past depression the best predictor of future depression? Stress generation as a mechanism of depression continuity in girls. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 473–485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., & Hammen, C. (1999). Age and gender determinants of stress exposure, generation, and reactions in youngsters: A transactional perspective. Child Development, 70, 660–677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., Hammen, C., Burge, D., Lindberg, N., Herzberg, D., & Daley, S. (2000). Toward an interpersonal life-stress model of depression: The developmental context of stress generation. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 215–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., & Troop-Gordon, W. (2010). Personal-accentuation and contextual-amplification models of pubertal timing: Predicting youth depression. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 433–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sameroff, A. J. (1987). The social context of development. In Eisenberg, N. (Ed.), Contemporary topics in developmental psychology (pp. 273–291). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype → environment effects. Child Development, 54, 424–435.Google Scholar
Schlossberger, N. M., Turner, R. A., & Irwin, C. E. (1992). Validity of self-report of pubertal maturation in early adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 13, 109–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schraedley, P. K., Gotlib, I. H., & Hayward, C. (1999). Gender differences in correlates of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 25, 98–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shih, J. H., Eberhart, N. K., Hammen, C. L., & Brennan, P. A. (2006). Differential exposure and reactivity to interpersonal stress predict sex differences in adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 103–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shirtcliff, E. A., Dahl, R. A., & Pollak, S. D. (2009). Pubertal development: Correspondence between hormonal and physical development. Child Development, 8, 327–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simmons, R. G., Blyth, D. A., & McKinney, K. L. (1983). The social and psychological effects of puberty on white females. In Brooks-Gunn, J. & Petersen, A. C. (Eds.), Girls at puberty: Biological and psychosocial perspectives (pp. 229–272). New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. E., & Powers, S. I. (2009). Off-time pubertal timing predicts physiological reactivity to postpuberty interpersonal stress. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 441–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In Leinhardt, S. (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290–313). San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.Google Scholar
Sobel, M. E. (1986). Some new results on indirect effects and their standard errors in covariance structure models. In Tuma, N. (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 159–186). San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.Google Scholar
Sontag, L. M., Graber, J. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M. P. (2008). Coping with social stress: Implications for psychopathology in young adolescent girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1159–1174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sroufe, L. A., & Rutter, M. (1984). The domain of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 17–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, L. (1987). Impact of puberty on family relations: Effects of pubertal status and pubertal timing. Developmental Psychology, 23, 451–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinberg, L. (1995). Commentary: On developmental pathways and social contexts in adolescence. In Crockett, L. J. & Crouter, A. C. (Eds.), Pathways through adolescence: Individual development in relation to social contexts (pp. 245–253). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Susman, E. J., Dorn, L. D., & Chrousos, G. P. (1991). Negative affect and hormone levels in young adolescents: Concurrent and predictive perspectives. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 167–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Susman, E. J., & Rogol, A. (2004). Puberty and psychological development. In Lerner, R. M. & Steinberg, L. (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed., pp. 15–44). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taga, K. A., Markey, C. N., & Friedman, H. S. (2006). A longitudinal investigation of associations between boys' pubertal timing and adult behavioral health and well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 401–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, J. M. (1969). Growth and endocrinology in the adolescent. In Gardner, L. I. (Ed.), Endocrine and genetic diseases of childhood (pp. 19–60). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.Google Scholar
Tobin-Richards, M. H., Boxer, A. M., & Petersen, A. C. (1983). The psychological significance of pubertal change: Sex differences in perceptions of self during early adolescence. In Brooks-Gunn, J. & Petersen, A. C. (Eds.), Girls at puberty: Biological and psychosocial perspectives (pp. 127–154). New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weichold, K., Silbereisen, R. K., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2003). Short-term and long-term consequences of early versus late physical maturation in adolescents. In Hayward, C. (Ed.), Gender differences at puberty (pp. 241–276). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wichstrom, L. (1999). The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: The role of intensified gender socialization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 232–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed