Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T04:22:49.318Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

FOLIAR AND SYSTEMIC APPLICATIONS OF NEEM SEED EXTRACT FOR CONTROL OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), INFESTING BLACK AND WHITE SPRUCE SEED ORCHARDS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Kevin W. Wanner ,
Blair V. Helson  and
Barry C. Kostyk
Kevin W. Wanner
Affiliation:
Ontario Forest Research Institute, 1235 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5N5
Blair V. Helson*
Affiliation:
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
Barry C. Kostyk
Affiliation:
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
*
2Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Neem seed extract (20, 60, and 180 ppm azadirachtin) applied to the crowns of black spruce trees immediately prior to female reproductive bud flush, resulted in high mortality of early instar spruce budworm larvae. Dose-dependent reductions of 40–93%, as compared with check trees, were observed 2 and 4.5 weeks after treatment. Seed cone protection from grazing damage, however, was moderate; at 60 ppm azadirachtin, the incidence of cone grazing was reduced 29%, and the proportion of severely grazed cones reduced 39%, as compared with check trees. Larval mortality and bud damage observed in the laboratory corroborated field results. High toxicity to second-instar larvae, and performance during adverse weather conditions, supports the potential of neem seed extract for control of spruce budworm defoliation. However, both laboratory and field results indicate that feeding occurs before the effects of neem seed extract manifest, resulting in moderate protection of cones. Whereas foliage can tolerate low levels of feeding, female strobili are damaged significantly. Excellent protection of foliage was achieved from systemic injections of neem seed extract to white and black spruce trees (1.5 g azadirachtin/tree). Neem seed extract, formulated for systemic application, could provide a botanical alternative for control of forest pests in urban environments.

Résumé

L’application d’extraits de la graine du margousier (20, 60 et 180 ppm d’azadirachtine) au feuillage d’épinettes noires juste avant l’éclosion des bourgeons femelles a entraîné une mortalité élevée des larves de premier stade de la tordeuse. Des réductions de 40 à 93%, selon la dose, calculées par comparaison à des arbres témoins, ont été observées 2 et 4,5 semaines après le traitement. La protection des cônes femelles contre le broutage n’était cependant pas très bonne; avec 60 ppm d’azadirachtine, le broutage des cônes a été réduit de 29% et la proportion de cônes gravement endommagés par le broutage a été réduite de 39% par comparaison aux arbres témoins. La mortalité des larves et les dommages aux bourgeons observés en laboratoire étaient comparables aux résultats obtenus sur le terrain. La forte toxicité des extraits pour les larves de deuxième stade et leur performance dans des conditions atmosphériques peu favorables confirment le potentiel des extraits de la graine du margousier comme agents de lutte contre la défoliation par la Tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette. Cependant, les résultats de laboratoire aussi bien que ceux obtenus en nature indiquent que les larves ont le temps de se nourrir avant que ne se manifestent les effets du produit, et les cônes sont, de ce fait, modérément protégés. Alors que les feuilles peuvent tolérer de faibles taux d’activité alimentaire, les strobiles femelles sont fortement endommagés. Une excellente protection du feuillage a été obtenue par l’injection systémique d’un extrait de la graine du margousier à des épinettes blanches et noires (1,5 g d’azadirachtine par arbre). L’extrait de la graine du margousier dans des préparations destinées à une application systémique offre une alternative botanique aux produits chimiques dans la lutte contre les ravageurs des forêts en milieu urbain.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 129 , Issue 4 , August 1997 , pp. 645 - 655
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amirault, P.A., and Brown, N.R.. 1986. Cone and seed insects of tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Kock, and attempts to control damage using chemical insecticides. The Canadian Entomologist 118: 589–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Groot, P., Turgeon, J.J., and Miller, G.E.. 1994. Status of cone and seed insect pest management in Canadian seed orchards. Forestry Chronicle 70: 745–761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haavisto, V.F., and Skeates, D.A.. 1995. Larger black spruce cones produce more and heavier seeds. Frontline: Forestry Research Applications, Technical Note 30. Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, Fo29–29/30E: 4 pp.Google Scholar
Ho, R.H. 1991. A guide to pollen- and seed-cone morphology of black spruce, white spruce, jack pine and eastern white pine for controlled pollination. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Forest Research Report 125: 31 pp.Google Scholar
Isman, M.B. 1993. Growth inhibitory and antifeedant effects of azadirachtin on six Noctuids of regional economic importance. Pesticide Science 38: 57–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostyk, B., and Wanner, K.. 1995. Black spruce cone survey. Provincial Tree Improvement Pest Management, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, Pest Note 8: 2 pp.Google Scholar
Kostyk, B.C., and Wanner, K.W.. 1996. Control of insect damage to black spruce seed cones with neem. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 14(1): 40–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R.F. 1963. Foliage depletion and the spruce budworm. pp. 223–228in Morris, R.F. (Ed.), The Dynamics of the Epidemic Spruce Budworm Population. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 31.Google Scholar
Naumann, K., Rankin, L.J., and Isman, M.B.. 1994. Systemic action of neem seed extract on mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in lodgepole pine. Journal of Economic Entomology 87: 1580–1585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nitschke, P., and Wanner, K.. 1994. Ontario's seed orchard program: an update. pp. 95–100in Turgeon, J.J., and de Groot, P. (Eds.), Biology, Damage and Management of Seed Orchard Pests. Canadian Forestry Service Forest Pest Management Institute Information Report FPM–X–89.Google Scholar
Prevost, Y.H., and Laing, J.E.. 1986. Phenology of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem), relation to the development of cones and foliage to black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. pp 225–239in Roques, A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Cone and Seed Insects Working Party, September 3–5, Briancon, France.Google Scholar
Prevost, Y.H., Laing, J.E., and Haavisto, V.F.. 1988. Seasonal damage by insects and squirrels to female reproductive structures of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. The Canadian Entomologist 120: 1113–1121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAS Institute Inc. 1990. SAS® Procedures Guide. Version 6, Third Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. 441 pp.Google Scholar
Schmutterer, H. 1990. Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Annual Review of Entomology 35: 271–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schooley, H.O. 1978. Effects of spruce budworm on cone production by balsam fir. Forestry Chronicle 54: 298–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schooley, H.O. 1980. Damage to black spruce cone crops by the spruce budworm. Newfoundland Forest Research Centre Information Report N–X–187: 15 pp.Google Scholar
Thomas, A.W., Strunz, G.M., Chiasson, M., and Chan, T.H.. 1992. Potential of Margosan-O, an azadirachtin containing formulation from neem seed extract, as a control agent for spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 62: 37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wanner, K.W., and Kostyk, B.C.. 1995. Evaluation of a neem seed extract against eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem), defoliation in white spruce Picea glauca (Moench) Voss., seed orchards. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 126: 91–93.Google Scholar
Wanner, K.W., Kostyk, B.C., and Helson, B.V.. 1996. Efficacy of neem seed extract for control of eastern spruce budworm defoliation damage to white spruce seed orchards in Ontario, Canada. p. 38in Abstracts from the 5th International Neem Conference, February 4–9, 1996, Brisbane, Australia.Google Scholar
Wanner, K.W., Kostyk, B.C., and Meyer, T.R.. 1995. Tree improvement pest management, 1994–95 annual report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 34 pp.Google Scholar
Wanner, K., and MacDonell, N.. 1995. Timing insecticide application for the control of lepidopteran grazing and cone maggot damage to black spruce cone. Provincial Tree Improvement Pest Management, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, Pest Note 5: 3 pp.Google Scholar
Zar, J.H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 718 pp.Google Scholar