Baker, P. (1988). Placebo-controlled trial of guar in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Practical Diabetes 5, 36–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blackburn, N. A., Redfern, J. S., Jarjis, H., Holgate, A. M., Hanning, I., Scarpello, J. H. B., Johnson, I. T. & Read, N. W. (1984). The mechanism of action of guar gum in improving glucose tolerance in man. Clinical Science 66, 329–336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blake, D. E., Roberts, F. G., Canibe, N., Bach Knudsen, K. E., Morgan, L. M. & Ellis, P. R. (1993 a). Quantitative determination of the effect of guar gum on gut hormone secretion in the pig and use of a transit time ultrasound flow probe. Proceedings of XV International Congress of Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia, p. 880. London: Smith-Gordon.Google Scholar

Blake, D. E., Roberts, F. R., Sissons, J. S., Canibe, N., Jones, C. L., Bach Knudsen, K. E. & Ellis, P. R. (1993 b). Quantitative assessment of the effect of non-starch polysaccharides on nutrient absorption in the pig: use of a transit time, ultrasound flow probe. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 52, 200A.Google Scholar

Blanshard, J. M. V. & Mitchell, J. R. (1988). Food Structure – its Creation and Evaluation. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar

Braaten, J. T., Wood, P. J., Scott, F. W., Reidel, K. D., Poste, L. M. & Collins, M. W. (1992). Oat gum, a soluble fibre which lowers glucose and insulin in normal individuals after an oral glucose load: comparison with guar gum. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 1425–1430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brennan, C. S., Blake, D. E., Ellis, P. R. & Schofield, J. D. (1996). Effect of guar galactomannan on wheat bread microstructure and on the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of starch in bread. Journal of Cereal Science 24, 151–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

British Nutrition Foundation (1990). Complex Carbohydrates in Foods. The Report of the British Nutrition Foundation's Task Force. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar

Brown, N. J., Worlding, J., Rumsey, R. D. E. & Read, N. W. (1988). The effect of guar gum on the distribution of a radiolabelled meal in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. British Journal of Nutrition 88, 223–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bueno, L., Praddaude, F., Fioramonti, J. & Ruckesbusch, Y. (1981). Effect of dietary fibre on gastrointestinal motility and jejunal transit time in dogs. Gastroenterology 80, 701–707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carpita, N. C. (1990). The chemical structure of the cell walls of higher plants. In Dietary Fibre, Chemistry, Physiology and Health Effects, pp. 15–30 [Kritchevsky, D., Bonfield, C. and Anderson, J. W., editors]. London: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cherbut, C., Albina, E., Champ, M., Doublier, J. L. & Lecannu, G. (1990). Action of guar gum on the viscosity of digestive contents and on gastrointestinal motor function in pigs. Digestion 46, 205–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Crapo, P. A., Reaven, G. & Olefsky, J. (1977). Postprandial plasma-glucose and -insulin responses to different complex carbohydrates. Diabetes 26, 1178–1183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dahlqvist, A. & Borgström, B. (1961). Digestion and absorption of disaccharides in man. Biochemical Journal 81, 411–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

de Gennes, P. G. (1979). Brownian motions of flexible polymer chains. Nature 282, 367–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dickinson, E. (1992). An Introduction to Food Colloids. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dreher, M. L., Dreher, C. L. & Berry, J. W. (1984). Starch digestibility of foods: a nutritional perspective. CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 20, 47–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eastwood, M. A. & Morris, E. R. (1992). Physical properties of dietary fibre that influence physiological function: a model for polymers along the gastrointestinal tract. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 436–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edwards, C. A., Johnson, I. T. & Read, N. W. (1988). Do viscous polysaccharides slow absorption by inhibiting diffusion or convection? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 307–312.Google ScholarPubMed

Edwards, C. A. & Read, N. W. (1990). Fibre and small intestinal function. In Dietary Fibre Perspectives 2, pp. 52–75 [ALeeds, . R. and Burley, V. J., editors]. London: John Libbey.Google Scholar

Ellis, P. R., Dawoud, F. M. & Morris, E. R. (1991). Blood glucose, plasma insulin and sensory responses to guar containing wheat breads: effect of molecular weight and particle size of guar gum. British Journal of Nutrition 66, 363–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ellis, P. R. & Morris, E. R. (1991). Importance of the rate of hydration of pharmaceutical preparations of guar gum: a new in vitro monitoring method. Diabetic Medicine 8, 378–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ellis, P. R., Morris, E. R. & Low, A. G. (1986). Guar gum: the importance of reporting data on its physicochemical properties. Diabetic Medicine 3, 490–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellis, P. R., Roberts, F. G., Low, A. G. & Morgan, L. M. (1995). The effect of high-molecular-weight guar gum on net apparent glucose absorption and net apparent insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide production in the growing pig: relationship to rheological changes in jejunal digesta. British Journal of Nutrition 74, 539–556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fisher, H., Van Der Noot, G. W., McGrath, W. S. & Griminger, P. (1966). Dietary pectin and plasma cholesterol in swine. Journal of Atherosclerosis Research 6, 190–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fogel, M. R. & Gray, G. M. (1973). Starch hydrolysis in man: an intraluminal process not requiring membrane digestion. Journal of Applied Physiology 35, 263–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gatenby, S. J., Ellis, P. R., Morgan, L. M., Dawoud, F. M. & Judd, P. A. (1996). Effect of depolymerised guargum on acute metabolic variables in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 13, 358–364.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gee, J. M., Blackburn, N. A. & Johnson, I. T. (1983). The influence of guar gum on intestinal cholesterol transport in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition 50, 215–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grenfeldt, Y., Björk, I., Drews, A. & Tovar, J. (1992). An in vitro procedure based on chewing to predict metabolic response to starch in cereal and legume products. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 649–660.Google Scholar

Heppell, L. M. J. & Rainbird, A. L. (1985). Effect of the physical form of dietary guar gum on nutrient absorption in the pig. In Proceedings of the Third International Seminar on Digestive Physiology and Nutrient Absorption in the Pig, pp. 58–60 [Just, A., Jorgensen, H. and Fernandez, J. A., editors]. Copenhagen: National Institute of Animal Science.Google Scholar

Holman, R. R., Steemson, J., Darling, P. & Turner, R. C. (1987). No glycaemic benefit from guar administration in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 10, 68–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jenkins, D. J. A., Gassull, M. A., Leeds, A. R., Metz, G., Dilawari, J. B., Slavin, B. & Blendis, L. M. (1977). Effect of dietary fibre on complications of gastric surgery: prevention of postprandial hyperglycaemia by pectin. Gastroenterology 72, 215–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenkins, D. J. A., Goff, D. V., Leeds, A. R., Alberti, R. G., Wolever, T. M. S., Gassull, M. A. & Hockaday, T. D. R. (1976). Unabsorbable carbohydrates and diabetes: decreased post-prandial hyperglycaemia. Lancet 2, 170–174.Google ScholarPubMed

Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Jenkins, D. J. A., Thompson, L. U., Rao, A. V. & Francis, T. (1986). The glycaemic index: blood glucose response to foods. In Dietary Fibre and Clinical Aspects, pp. 167–179 [Vahouny, G. V. and Kritchevsky, D., editors]. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Leeds, A. R., Gassull, M. A., Haisman, P., Dilawari, J., Goff, D. V., Metz, G. L. & Alberti, K. G. M. M. (1978). Dietary fibre, fibre analogues and glucose tolerance: importance of viscosity. British Medical Journal i, 1353–1354.Google Scholar

Johansen, H. N., Bach Knudsen, K. E., Sandström, B. & Skjøth, F. (1996). Effects of varying content of soluble dietary fibre from wheat flour and oat milling fractions on gastric emptying in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 75, 339–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Johansen, H. N., Wood, P. J. & Bach Knudsen, K. E. (1993). Molecular weight changes in the (1→3)(1→4)-β-D-glucan of oats incurred by the digestive processes in the upper gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 41, 2347–2352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeds, A. R., Bolster, N. R., Andrews, R. & Truswell, A. J. (1979). Meal viscosity, gastric emptying and glucose absorption in the rat. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 38, 44A.Google ScholarPubMed

Lin, T. M., Kim, K. S., Karvinen, E. & Ivy, A. C. (1957). Effect of dietary pectin, ‘protopectin’ and gum arabic on cholesterol secretion in rats. American Journal of Physiology 188, 66–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Low, A. G. (1990). Nutritional regulation of gastric secretion, digestion and emptying. Nutrition Research Reviews 3, 229–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Macagno, E. O., Christensen, J. & Lee, C. L. (1982). Modelling the effect of wall movement on absorption in the intestine. American Journal of Physiology 243, G541–G550.Google ScholarPubMed

Meyer, J. H. & Doty, J. E. (1988). GI transit and absorption of solid food: multiple effects of guar. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 261–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Meyer, J. H., Gu, Y. G., Jehn, D. & Taylor, I. L. (1988). Intragastric vs intraintestinal viscous polymers and glucose tolerance after liquid meals of glucose. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 260–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Morgan, L. M. (1992). Insulin secretion and the entero-insular axis. In Nutrient Regulation of Insulin Secretion, pp. 1–22 [Flatt, P. R., editor]. London: Portland Press.Google Scholar

Morgan, L. M., Tredger, J. A., Madden, A., Kwasowski, P. & Marks, V. (1985). The effect of guar gum on carbohydrate, fat and protein stimulated gut hormone secretion: modification of postprandial gastric inhibitory polypeptide and gastrin responses. British Journal of Nutrition 53, 467–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Morris, E. R. (1990). Shear-thinning of ‘random coil’ polysaccharides: characterisation by two parameters from a simple linear plot. Carbohydrate Polymers 13, 85–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morris, E. R. (1992). Physico-chemical properties of food polysaccharides. In Dietary Fibre – A Component of Food, Nutritional Function in Health and Disease, pp. 41–56 [Schweizer, T. F. and Edwards, C. A., editors] London: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Connor, N., Tredger, J. & Morgan, L. (1981). Viscosity differences between various guar gums. Diabetologia 20, 612–615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rainbird, A. L. (1986). Effect of guar gum on gastric emptying of test meals of varying energy content in growing pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 55, 99–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rainbird, A. L. & Low, A. G. (1986). Effect of guar gum on gastric emptying in growing pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 55, 87–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rainbird, A. L. & Sissons, J. W. (1985). Effect of gastric cannulation on gastrointestinal motility in the pig. In Third International Seminar On Digestive Physiology and Nutrition in the Pig, pp. 66–71 [Just, A., Jorgensen, H. and Fernandez, J. A., editors]. Copenhagen: National Institute of Animal Science.Google Scholar

Rayment, P., Ross-Murphy, S. B. & Ellis, P. R. (1995). Rheological properties of guar galactomannan and rice starch mixtures – 1. Steady shear measurements. Carbohydrate Polymers 28, 121–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rayment, P., Ross-Murphy, S. B. & Ellis, P. R. (1996). Rheology of guar galactomannan/rice starch mixtures. In Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry, vol. 8 [Philips, G. O., Wedlock, D. J. and Williams, P. A., editors]. Oxford: Pergamon Press (In the Press).Google Scholar

Rees, D. A. (1977). Polysaccharide Shapes. London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rérat, A., Vaissade, P. & Vaugelade, P. (1988). Absorption kinetics of dietary hydrolysis products in conscious pigs given diets with different amounts of fish protein. 1. Amino-nitrogen and glucose. British Journal of Nutrition 60, 91–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rérat, A., Vaugelade, P. & Villiers, P. (1980). A new method for measuring the absorption of nutrients in the pig: critical examination. In Current Concepts of Digestion and Absorption in Pigs, pp. 177–214 [Low, A. G. and Partridge, I. G., editors]. Reading: National Institute for Research into Dairying.Google Scholar

Roberts, F. G., Smith, H. A., Low, A. G. & Ellis, P. R. (1990a). Influence of wheat breads containing guar flour supplements of high and low molecular weights on viscosity of jejunal digesta in the pig. In Dietary Fibre: Chemical and Biological Aspects, pp. 164–168 [Southgate, D. A. T., Waldren, K., Johnson, I. T. and Fenwick, G. R., editors]. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry.Google Scholar

Roberts, F. G., Smith, H. A., Low, A. G., Ellis, P. R., Morris, E. R. & Sambrook, I. E. (1990b). Influence of guar gum flour of different molecular weights on viscosity of jejunal digesta in the pig. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 49, 53A.Google Scholar

Robinson, G., Ross-Murphy, S. B. & Morris, E. R. (1982). Viscosity-molecular weight relationships, intrinsic chain flexibility and dynamic solution properties of guar galactomannan. Carbohydrate Research 107, 17–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ross-Murphy, S. B. (1984). Rheological methods. In Biophysical Methods in Food Research, Critical Reports on Applied Chemistry, vol. 5, pp. 138–199 [Chan, H. W. S., editor]. Oxford: SCI Blackwell.Google Scholar

Ross-Murphy, S. B. (editor) (1994). Rheological methods. In Physical Techniques for the Study of Food Biopolymers, pp. 343–392. London: Blackie Academic and Professional.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sambrook, I. E. & Rainbird, A. L. (1985). The effect of guar gum and level and source of dietary fat on glucose tolerance in growing pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 54, 27–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schwartz, S. E., Levine, R. A., Weinstock, R. S., Petokas, S., Mills, C. A. & Thomas, F. D. (1988). Sustained pectin ingestion: effect on gastric emptying and glucose tolerance in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 1413–1417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Selvendran, R. R., Stevens, B. J. H. & Du Pont, M. S. (1987). Dietary fibre: chemistry, analysis and properties. In Advances in Food Research, vol. 31, pp. 118–213 [Chichester, C. O., Mrak, E. M. and Schweigert, B. S., editors]. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Silvester, K. R., Englyst, H. N. & Cummings, J. H. (1995). Ileal recovery of starch from whole diets containing resistant starch measured in vitro and fermentation of ileal effluent. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 403–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Simões Nunes, C. & Malmlöf, K. (1992). Effects of guar gum and cellulose on glucose absorption, hormonal release and hepatic metabolism in the pig. British Journal of Nutrition 68, 693–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stephen, A. M., Haddad, A. C. & Phillips, S. F. (1983). Passage of carbohydrate into the colon. Direct measurements in humans. Gastroenterology 85, 589–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tadesse, K. (1982). The efficacy of dietary fibre on gastric secretion and emptying in man. Proceedings of the Physiological Society 332, 102P.Google Scholar

Thibault, J. F., Lahaye, M. & Guillon, F. (1992). Physico-chemical properties of food plant cell walls. In Dietary Fibre – A Component of Food. Nutritional Function in Health and Disease, pp. 21–39 [Schweizer, T. F. and Edwards, C. A., editors]. London: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tovar, J., de Francisco, A., Björck, I. & Asp, N.-G. (1991). Relationship between microstructure and in vitro digestibility of starch in pre-cooked leguminous seed flours. Food Structure 10, 19–26.Google Scholar

Vincent, J. F. V. (1990). Texture of plants and fruits. In Feeding and the Texture of Foods, pp. 19–33 [Vincent, J. F. V. and Lillford, P. J., editors]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wilmhurst, P. & Crawley, J. C. W. (1980). The measurement of gastric transit time in obese subjects using ²⁴Na and the effects of energy content and guar gum on gastric emptying and satiety. British Journal of Nutrition 44, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wood, P. J. (editor) (1993). Physicochemical characteristics and physiological properties of oat (1→3)(1→4)β-D-glucan. In Oat Bran, pp. 83–112. St Paul, Minn.: American Association of Cereal Chemists.Google Scholar

Wood, P. J., Braaten, J. T., Scott, F. W., Doreen, K., Reidel, K. D., Wolynetz, M. S. & Collins, M. W. (1994). Effect of dose and modification of viscous properties of oat gum on plasma glucose and insulin following an oral glucose load. British Journal of Nutrition 72, 731–733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Würsch, P., Del Vedovo, S. & Koellreutter, B. (1986). Cell structure and starch nature as key determinants of the digestion rate of starch in legume. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 25–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zebrowska, T. & Low, A. G. (1987). The influence of diets based on whole wheat, wheat flour and wheat bran on exocrine pancreatic secretion in pigs. Journal of Nutrition 117, 1212–1216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed