Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-15T19:29:13.780Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Tick control: an industry point of view

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 April 2005

J.-F. GRAF
Affiliation:
Novartis Animal Health, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
R. GOGOLEWSKI
Affiliation:
Merial Australia, Paramatta, NSW 2124, Australia
N. LEACH-BING
Affiliation:
Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Pfizer Animal Health, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
G. A. SABATINI
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
M. B. MOLENTO
Affiliation:
Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, São Paulo, SP 05588-972, Brazil
E. L. BORDIN
Affiliation:
Merial Saúde Animal Ltda., São Paulo, SP 13091-000, Brazil
G. J. ARANTES
Affiliation:
Eli Lilly do Brasil Ltda., São Paulo, SP 04703-002, Brazil

Abstract

The development of new acaricides is a long and very expensive process. Worryingly, there is increasing resistance to available acaricides worldwide leading to the real possibility that our dwindling supply of effective acaricides will be exhausted unless action is taken to increase the number of new acaricidal products and reduce the rate of resistance development. In 1995, eight major animal health pharmaceutical companies formed the Veterinary Parasite Resistance Group (VPRG) to act as an expert consultative group to guide the FAO in resistance management and collaborate in the prudent use of acaricides. In this paper, members of the VPRG discuss the problems and processes in acaricide development, resistance in the field to commonly used acaricides and the different considerations when targeting the cattle and pet market, and give their view of the future for tick control from the perspective of the animal health industry.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2004 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

ALVES-BRANCO, F. P. J., CORREA, I. F., SAPPER, M. F. M. & FRANCO, J. C. B. ( 2002). Impacto econômico-sanitário do fluazuron no controle do carrapato Boophilus microplus em bovinos de corte no Rio Grande do Sul. A Hora Veterinária, ano 22, 129, 1923.Google Scholar
ARAÚJO, F. R., SILVA, M. P., LOPES, A., RIBEIRO, O. C., PIRES, P. P., CARVALHO, C. M., BALBUENA, C. B., VILLAS, A. & RAMOS, J. K. ( 1998). Severe cat flea infestation of dairy calves in Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 80, 8386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BOSSARD, R. L., HINKLE, N. C. & RUST, N. K. ( 1998). Review of insecticide resistance in cat fleas. Journal of Medical Entomology 35, 415422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CARDOZO, H., PETRACCIA, C., NARI, A. & SOLARI, M. A. ( 1984). Estudios de la resistencia a acaricidas organofosforados del Boophilus microplus en el Uruguay. I perfil de sensibilidade de la cepa Mozo tomada como patron sensible. Veterinaria 20, 1115.Google Scholar
CASIDA, J. E., GAMMON, D. W., GLICKMAN, A. H. & LAWRENCE, L. J. ( 1983). Mechanism of selective action of pyrethroid insecticides. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 23, 413338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CRAMER, L. G., CARVALHO, L. A. F., BRIDI, A. A., AMARAL, N. K. & BARRICK, R. A. ( 1988). Efficacy of topically applied ivermectin against Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) in cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 29, 341349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CURTIS, R. ( 1987). Ectoparasite resistance in Australian with particular reference to ticks and industry. Chemical Industrial Essex 8, 270273.Google Scholar
DAVEY, R. B., AHRENS, E. H., GEORGE, J. E., HUNTER III, J. S. & JEANNIN, P. ( 1998). Therapeutic and persistent efficacy of fipronil against Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) on cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 74, 261276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DAVEY, R. B., GEORGE, J. E. & SNYDER, D. E. ( 2001). Efficacy of a single whole-body spray treatment of spinosad, against Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) on cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 99, 4152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DESQUESNES, M. ( 1987). A study of the resistance of ethion of the tick Boophilus microplus on the west coast of New Caledonie. Revue d'Elevage et de Medicine Veterinarie de Nouvelle Caledonie New Caledonie 9, 1921.Google Scholar
DRUMOND, R. O., ERNST, S. E., TREVINO, J. L., GLADNEY, W. J. & GRAHAM, O. H. ( 1973). Boophilus anulatus and B. microplus: laboratory tests of insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 66, 130133.Google Scholar
FARIAS, N. A. ( 1999). Situation of resistance from the tick Boophilus microplus in the south of the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. IV Seminário Internacional de Parasitologia Animal. Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México, 2531.
FRISCH, J. E. ( 1999). Towards a permanent solution for controlling cattle ticks. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 5771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FURLONG, J. ( 1999). Diagnosis of the susceptibility of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus to acaricides in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. IV Seminário Internacional de Parasitologia Animal. Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México, 4146.
FURLONG, J., MARTINS, J. R. & LEITE, R. C. ( 2002). Diagnóstico “in vitro” da sensibilidade do carrapato Boophilus microplus a acaricidas: resultados de 1997 a 2001. In XXIX Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária, Gramado, Brasil, 135.
HALE, K. A. & PORTWOOD, D. E. ( 1996). The aerobic soil degradation of spinosad – a novel natural insect control agent. Journal of Environmental Science and Health B – Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes 31, 477484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HOPKINS, W. L. ( 1994). Ag Chemical New Compound Review. Indianapolis, In. Thompson Publications. 465pp.
HORN, S. C. ( 1983). Prováveis prejuízos causados pelo carrapato do boi. Boletim. Brasília, Ministério da Agricultura, Defesa Sanitária Animal.
JAMROZ, R. C., GUERRERO, F. D., PRUETT, J. H., OEHLER, D. D. & MILLER, R. J. ( 2000). Molecular and biochemical survey of acaricide resistance mechanisms in larvae from Mexican strains of the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Journal of Insect Physiology 46, 685695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JONSSON, N. N. & MATSHCOSS, A. L. ( 1998). Attitudes and practices of Queensland dairy farmers to the control of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Australian Veterinary Journal 76, 746751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KEMP, D. H. et al. ( 1998). Acaricide resistance in the cattle tick Boophilus microplus and B. decoloratos: review of resistance data; standardization of resistance tests and recommendations for integrated parasite control to delay resistance. Report to the Animal Health Services, AGAH, FAO, October 1998.
KOSCHORRECK, J., KOCH, C. & RONNEFAHRT, I. ( 2002). Environmental risk assessment of veterinary medicinal products in the EU – a regulatory perspective. Toxicology Letters 131, 117124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KUNZ, S. E. & KEMP, D. H. ( 1994). Insecticides and acaricides: resistance and environmental impact. Revue Scientifique et Technique – Office International des Epizooties 13, 12491286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LARANJA, R. J. ( 1988). Carrapaticidas usados e em uso no Rio Grande do Sul. Boletim do Instituto de Pesquisa Desidério Finamor 10, 5769.Google Scholar
LEGG, J. & FORAM, J. L. ( 1930). Some experiments on the treatment of tick-infested cattle with arsenical dipping fluids. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 41, 83120.Google Scholar
MARTINS, J. R., CORREA, B. L., CERESÉR, V. H. & ARTECHE, C. C. P. ( 1995). A situation report on resistance to acaricides by the cattle tick Boophilus microplus in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. The Third International Seminar on Animal Parasitology, Acapulco, Mexico, 18.
MARTINS, J. R. & FURLONG, J. ( 2001). Avermectin resistance of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus in Brazil. Veterinary Record 149, 64.Google Scholar
MASIKA, P. J., SONANDI, A. & VAN AVERBEKE, W. ( 1997). Tick control by small-scale cattle farmers in the central Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 68, 4548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MENDES, M. C., VERÍSSIMO, C. J., KANETO, C. N. & PEREIRA, J. R. ( 2001). Bioassay for measuring the acaricides susceptibility of cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) in São Paulo State, Brazil. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico de São Paulo 68, 2327.Google Scholar
MERLINI, L. S. & YAMAMURA, M. H. ( 1998). Estudo in vitro da resistência de Boophilus microplus a acaricidas na pecuária leiteira do norte do Estado do Paraná. Semina, Ciências Agrárias 19, 3844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MILLER, R. J., DAVEY, R. B. & GEORGE, J. E. ( 2002). Modification of the Food and Agriculture Organization larval packet test to measure amitraz-susceptibility against ixodidae. Journal of Medical Entomology 39, 645651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MOLENTO, M. B. & DIAS, B. ( 2000). Avaliação da eficácia de produtos carrapaticidas contra o Boophilus microplus na região de Umuarama, Paraná. Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia – UNIPAR 3, 231.Google Scholar
NOLAN, J. ( 1989). Strategies to contain and eliminate outbreaks of acaricide resistance. In The Eradication of Ticks. UN/FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, number 75, pp. 186195. Rome, Italy.
NOLAN, J. & SCHNITZERLING, H. J. ( 1986). Drug resistance in arthropod parasites. In Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases ( ed. Campbell, W. C. & Rew, R. S.), pp. 603620. New York, Kluwer Academic.CrossRef
ONOFRE, S. B., MINIUK, C. M., DE BARROS, N. M. & AZEVEDO, J. L. ( 2001). Pathogenicity of four strains of entomopathogenic fungi against the bovine tick Boophilus microplus. American Journal of Veterinary Research 62, 14781480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PEGRAM, R. G. ( 2001). Getting a handle on tick control: a modern approach may be needed. Veterinary Journal 161, 227228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PERRIER, T. P. ( 1993). Chemical insecticides for the 21st Century. In Chemistry and Industry, November 883887.
SAUERESSIG, T. M. ( 1999). Carrapato e resistência a carrapaticidas. Brazilian National Research Center, Embrapa Cerrados, ano IV n. 24.
SILVA, M. C. L., SOBRINHO, R. N. & LINHARES, G. F. C. ( 2000). Avaliação in vitro da eficácia do clorfenvinfós e da cialotrina sobre o Boophilus microplus colhidos em bovinos da bacia leiteira da microrregião de Goiânia, Goiás. Ciência Animal Brasileira 1, 143148.Google Scholar
SOLL, M. D. ( 1997). The future of anthelmintic therapy from an industry perspective. In Managing Anthelmintic Resistance in Endoparasites ( ed. Van Wyk, J. A. & Van Schalkwyk, P. C.). Workshop held at 16th International Conference of the WAAVP, Sun City, South Africa: 14.
SPARKS, T. C., CROUSE, G. D. & DURST, G. ( 2001). Natural products as insecticides: the biology, biochemistry, and quantitative structure-activity relationships of spinosyns and spinosoids. Pest Management Science 57, 896905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TAYLOR, M. A. ( 2001). Recent developments in ectoparasiticides. Veterinary Journal 161, 253268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
THOMPSON, G. D., BUSACCA, J. D., JANTZ, O. K., BORTH, P. W., NOLTING, S. P., WIBKLE, J. R., GANTZ, R. L., HUCKABA, R. M., NEAD, B. A., PETERSON, L. G., PORTEOUS, D. J. & RICHARDSON, J. M. ( 1995 a). Field performance in cotton of spinosad: a new naturally derived insect control system. In Proceedings of the 1995 Beltwide Cotton Production Conference ( ed. Richter, D. A. & Armour, J.), pp. 907910. National Cotton Council, Memphis TN, 4–7 January 1995.
THOMPSON, G. D., BUSACCA, J. D., JANTZ, O. K., KIRST, H. A., LARSON, L. L. & SPARKS, T. C. ( 1995 b). Spinosyns: an overview of new natural insect management systems. In Proceedings of the 1995 Beltwide Cotton Production Conference ( ed. Richter, D. A. & Armour, J.), pp. 907910. National Cotton Council, Memphis TN, 4–7 January 1995.
THOMPSON, R. C. A. ( 2001). The future of veterinary parasitology: a time for change? Veterinary Parasitology 98, 4150.Google Scholar
VIDOTTO, O. ( 2002). Estratégias de combate aos principais parasitas que afetam os bovinos. In Simpósio sobre sustentabilidade da pecuária leiteira na região sul do Brasil ( ed. Santos, G. T., Jobim, C. C. & Damasceno, J. C.), pp. 193212. Maringá, Brazil.
WEST, S. D. ( 1996). Determination of the naturally derived insect control agent spinosad in cottonseed and processed commodities by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44, 31703177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WILLADSEN, P., KEMP, D. H., COBON, G. S. & WRIGHT, I. G. ( 1992). Successful vaccination against Boophilus microplus and Babesia bovis using recombinant antigens. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl. 3) 289294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WITTY, M. J. ( 1999). Current strategies in the search for novel antiparasitic agents. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 95103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar