Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T10:42:47.116Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Mythical Man

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2008

David Montgomery
Affiliation:
Yale University

Extract

Jefferson Cowie and Nick Salvatore have offered us two distinct arguments, one persuasive, the other anything but. There is much to be said for their proposition that the political coalitions that instituted New Deal reforms, far from being the historic culmination of an inexorable march from laissez-faire to the welfare state, were fragile and limited from the start and crumbled beyond the possibility of retrieval after 1970. Much more dubious is their contention that the basic explanation of both the limits and the defeat of the New Deal is to be found in a political culture of individualism, which they claim has circumscribed the political life of the United States from the nation's founding to the present.

Type
Scholarly Controversy: Rethinking the Place of the New Deal in American History
Copyright
Copyright © International Labor and Working-Class History, Inc. 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

NOTES

1. Cowie, Jefferson R., Capital Moves: RCA's Seventy-Year Quest for Cheap Labor (Ithaca, 1999)Google Scholar; Cowie, , “Nixon's Class Struggle: Romancing the New Right Worker, 1969-1973,” Labor History 43 (August 2002): 257–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2. , Robert S. and Lynd, Helen Merrill, Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts (New York, 1937), 419–60Google Scholar; Lubell, Samuel, Future of American Politics (Third edition, New York, 1965)Google Scholar; Oestreicher, Richard, “Urban Working-Class Political Behavior and Theories of American Electoral Politics, 1870–1940,” Journal of American History 74 (March, 1988): 12571286CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3. Hobsbawm, Eric, Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991 (New York, 1996), 306Google Scholar. On the 1950s leap in living standards around the world, see ibid., 257–86.

4. Klein, Jennifer, For All These Rights: Business, Labor, and the Shaping of America's Public/Private Welfare State (Princeton, 2003)Google Scholar; Hawley, Ellis W., New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly: A Study in Economic Ambivalence (Princeton, 1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gordon, Linda, Pitied but Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare, 1890–1935 (New York, 1994)Google Scholar; Skocpol, Theda, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, 1992)Google Scholar; Casebeer, Kenneth, “The Workers’ Unemployment Insurance Bill: American Social Wage, Labor Organization, and Legal Ideology,” in Labor Law in America: Historical and Critical Essays, ed. Tomlins, Christopher L. and King, Andrew J. (Baltimore, 1992), 231–59Google Scholar.

5. Huntley, Horace and Montgomery, David, Black Workers’ Struggle for Equality in Birmingham (Urbana, 2004), 1224Google Scholar; Needleman, Ruth, Black Freedom Fighters in Steel: The Struggle for Democratic Unionism (Ithaca, 2003)Google Scholar; Biondi, Martha, To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City (Cambridge, MA, 2003)Google Scholar; García, Mario T., Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology, & Identity, 1930–1960 (New Haven, 1989)Google Scholar; Vargas, Zaragosa, Labor Rights Are Civil Rights: Mexican American Workers in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton, 2005)Google Scholar.

6. Brody, David, In Labor's Cause: Main Themes on the History of the American Worker (New York, 1993), 221–45Google Scholar; Metzgar, Jack, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered (Philadelphia, 2000)Google Scholar; McDowell, Deborah E., Leaving Pipe Shop: Memories of Kin (New York, 1996)Google Scholar.

7. Final Proceedings of the Eighth Constitutional Convention of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, November 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 1946… (n.p., n.d.), 42, 60, 74–5, 82–3, 152; Kersten, Andrew E., Labor's Home Front: The American Federation of Labor during World War II (New York, 2006)Google Scholar; Derickson, Alan, “Health Insurance for All? Social Unionism and Universal Health Insurance, 1935–1958,” Journal of American History 80 (March, 1994): 1333–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On Shishkin and Cruikshank, see Kersten, 191–212.

8. On Murray, see McCollester, Charles, Fighter with a Heart: Writings of Charles Owen Rice (Pittsburgh, 1996), 59117Google Scholar. On the Christian Front, see Jenkins, Philip, Hoods and Shirts: The Extreme Right in Pennsylvania, 1925–1950 (Chapel Hill, 1997), 165–91Google Scholar. The most informative source on McGlynn is Robert Emmett Curran's biography of his archenemy, Michael Augustine Corrigan and the Shaping of Conservative Catholicism in America, 1878–1902 (New York, 1978).

9. Gutman, Herbert G., “Protestantism and the American Labor Movement: The Christian Spirit in the Gilded Age,” American Historical Review 72 (October, 1966): 74101CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fones-Wolf, Ken, Trade Union Gospel: Christianity and Labor in Industrial Philadelphia, 1865–1915 (Philadelphia, 1989)Google Scholar; Pope, Liston, Millhands & Preachers, A Study of Gastonia, (New Haven, 1942)Google Scholar; McKenney, Ruth, Industrial Valley (New York, 1939)Google Scholar.

10. Watchorn, Robert, Autobiography of Robert Watchorn, ed. by West, Herbert Faulkner (Oklahoma City, 1958)Google Scholar; Harvey, Katherine A., Best-Dressed Miners: Life and Labor in the Maryland Coal Region, 1835–1910 (Ithaca, 1969), 114–8Google Scholar.

11. Sumner, William Graham, The Forgotten Man—Rediscovered After Fifty Years (1933 reprint by Yale University Press of the 1883 speech)Google Scholar. Among the instances of “jobbery” were not only aid to the “petted” poor and the “weak,” but also sanitary, safety, and health regulations, river improvements, public buildings, pensions for war veterans, protective tariffs, and the spoils system (16–17, 24–29) . Sumner was consistent: He included military expenditures and imperialism in his catalogue of jobbery, in defiance of some Yale alumni who demanded his dismissal. Hofstadter, Richard, Social Darwinism in American Thought (revised edition, Boston, 1955), 5664Google Scholar. See also the perceptive discussion of Sumner in Cohen, Nancy, Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865–1914 (Chapel Hill, 2002), 148–59Google Scholar.

12. Sumner, William Graham, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (New York, 1883), 88Google Scholar.

13. Sumner, Forgotten Man, 30.

14. Wilfred M. McClay quoted by Cowie and Salvatore above in note 8.

15. Sumner, Forgotten Man, 30.

16. See von Waltershausen, August Sartorius, The Workers’ Movement in the United States, 1879–1885, ed. Montgomery, David and van der Linden, Marcel (Cambridge, 1998), 171230Google Scholar.

17. Sumner, Forgotten Man, 16; Closson, Carlos C. Jr. “The Unemployed in American Cities,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 8 (January 1894): 168217, 257–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schwantes, Carlos A., Coxey's Army: An American Odyssey (Lincoln, NE, 1985)Google Scholar; Montgomery, David, Citizen Worker: The Experience of Workers in the United States with Democracy and the Free Market during the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1993), 145–57Google Scholar.

18. Keyssar, Alexander, Out of Work: The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts (New York, 1986), 211–15Google Scholar.