Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T15:11:15.564Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Towards an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) when trawl surveys provide the main source of information

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 June 2009

John Cotter ,
Pierre Petitgas ,
Alvaro Abella ,
Panayiota Apostolaki ,
Benoit Mesnil ,
Chrissi-Yianna Politou ,
Jacques Rivoirard ,
Marie-Joëlle Rochet ,
Maria Teresa Spedicato  and
Verena M. Trenkel
...Show all authors
John Cotter
Affiliation:
CEFAS, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
Pierre Petitgas
Affiliation:
IFREMER, Département EMH, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France
Alvaro Abella
Affiliation:
ARPAT Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale della Toscana, Via Marradi 114, 57100 Livorno, Italy
Panayiota Apostolaki
Affiliation:
CEFAS, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
Benoit Mesnil
Affiliation:
IFREMER, Département EMH, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France
Chrissi-Yianna Politou
Affiliation:
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources, Aghios Kosmas, Hellinikon, Athens 16604, Greece
Jacques Rivoirard
Affiliation:
Mines-ParisTech, Centre de Géosciences/Géostatistique, 35 rue St Honoré, 77300 Fontainebleau, France
Marie-Joëlle Rochet
Affiliation:
IFREMER, Département EMH, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France
Maria Teresa Spedicato
Affiliation:
COISPA Tecnologia & Ricerca, Via dei Trulli, 18/20, 70045 Torre a Mare, Bari, Italy
Verena M. Trenkel
Affiliation:
IFREMER, Département EMH, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France
Mathieu Woillez
Affiliation:
Mines-ParisTech, Centre de Géosciences/Géostatistique, 35 rue St Honoré, 77300 Fontainebleau, France
Get access

Abstract

Ideas and considerations are put forward for managing fisheries and marine populations using primarily trawl surveys to supply biological and spatial indicators of the state of stocks, and to permit catch per unit effort (CPUE)-based assessments. Trawl surveys seldom allow absolute estimates of fish population sizes but, if appropriately located, timed, and designed, can provide a broad range of information about catchable fish species and the ecosystem that supports them. This information may be more conducive to sustainable management of fisheries than the traditional focus on the abundances of selected stocks. The paper first briefly proposes how survey-based methods might supplement existing fishery-dependent stock assessments, as would be necessary during a transition phase to a more ecosystem-orientated system of management. Full survey-based management is then considered in relation to management objectives, the selection of indicators, survey design, reference periods, levels and directions, statistical aspects, CPUE-based assessments, and management responses to good and bad signals from the ecosystem. We argue that existing fishery-dependent stock assessments cannot be claimed to produce absolute estimates of stock abundance and fishing mortality because natural mortality (M) is seldom known accurately and, therefore, that they should not be presumed superior to the relative information from surveys, and an agreeable form of adaptive management.

Keywords

Fisheries managementTrawl surveyState indicatorSpatial indicatorSurvey-based stock assessmentFisheries-independent assessmentFishing effort indicator
Type
Research Article
Information
Aquatic Living Resources , Volume 22 , Issue 2: Fish Stock Assessments Using Surveys and Indicators , April 2009 , pp. 243 - 254
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD, 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abella, A., Belluscio, A., Bertrand, J., Carbonara, P., Giordano, D., Sbrana, M., Zamboni, A., 1999, Use of MEDITS trawl survey data and commercial fleet information for the assessment of some Mediterranean demersal resources. Aquat. Living Resour. 12, 155–166. CrossRef
Anonymous, 1986, Progress report 1985/1986 by ICES Statistician. Internat. Counc. Explor. Sea, Copenhagen, ICES CM 1986/D:19.
Anonymous, 2004, Report of the workshop on survey design and data analysis (WKSAD). Internat. Counc. Explor. Sea, ICES CM 2004/B:07, Ref. D.G. www.ices.dk/reports/FTC/2004/WKSAD04.pdf
Anonymous, 2005, Report of the workshop on survey design and data analysis (WKSAD). Internat. Counc. Explor. Sea, Sète, France, ICES CM 2005/B:07. www.ices.dk/reports/FTC/2005/WKSAD05.pdf
Anonymous, 2006, Report of the study group on survey trawl standardisation (SGSTS). Internat. Counc. Explor. Sea, ICES CM 2006/FTC:05, www.ices.dk/reports/FTC/2005/SGSTS05.pdf
Apostolaki, P., Hillary, R., 2009, Harvest control rules in the context of fishery-independent management of fish stocks. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 217–224. CrossRef
Armstrong M.J., Payne A.I.L., Cotter A.J.R., 2008, Contributions of the fishing industry to research through partnerships. In: Payne A.I.L., Cotter A.J.R., Potter T. (Eds.) Advances in fisheries science 50 years on from Beverton and Holt. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 63–84.
Beaugrand, G., 2005, Monitoring pelagic ecosystems using plankton indicators. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 333–338. CrossRef
Beverton, R.J.H., 1998, Fish, fact and fantasy. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 8, 229–249. CrossRef
Buckland S.T., Andersen D.R., Burnham K.P., Laake J.L., Borchers D.L., Thomas L. (Eds.), 2004, Advanced distance sampling. Oxford University Press.
Caddy, J.F., 2002, Limit reference points, traffic lights, and holistic approaches to fisheries management with minimal stock assessment input. Fish. Res. 56, 133–137. CrossRef
Callaway, R., Alsvåg, J., de Boois, I., Cotter, J., Ford, A., Hinz, H., Jennings, S., Kröncke, I., Lancaster, J., Piet, G., Prince, P., Ehrich, S., 2002a, Diversity and community structure of epibenthic invertebrates and fish in the North Sea. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 59, 1199–1214. CrossRef
Callaway, R., Jennings, S., Lancaster, J., Cotter, J., 2002b, Mesh-size matters in epibenthic surveys. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 82, 1–8. CrossRef
Choi, J.S., Frank, K.T., Petrie, B.D., Leggett, W.C., 2005, Integrated assessment of a large marine ecosystem: a case study of the devolution of the eastern Scotian shelf, Canada. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 43, 47.
Cook, R.M., 1997, Stock trends in six North Sea stocks as revealed by an analysis of research vessel surveys. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 54, 924–933. CrossRef
Costello, C., Gaines, S.D., Lynham, J., 2008, Can catch shares prevent fisheries collapse? Science 321, 1678–1681. CrossRef
Cotter A.J.R. (Ed.) 2007, Manual of indicators and methods for assessing fish stocks using only fishery-independent, survey-based information. ICES CM 2007/O:27.
Cotter, A., 2009, A selection of nonparametric statistical methods for assessing trends in trawl survey indicators as part of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 173–185. CrossRef
Cotter, A.J.R., Burt, L., Paxton, C.G.M., Fernandez, C., Buckland, S.T., Pan, J.-X., 2004, Are stock assessment methods too complicated? Fish Fish. 5, 235–254. CrossRef
Cotter, A.J.R., Mesnil, B., Piet, G., 2007, Estimating stock parameters from trawl CPUE-at-age series using year-class curves. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 64, 234–247. CrossRef
Cotter, A.J.R., Pilling, G.M., 2007, Landings, logbooks and observer surveys: improving the protocols for sampling commercial fisheries. Fish Fish. 8, 123–152. CrossRef
Cotter, J., Mesnil, B., Witthames, P., Parker-Humphreys, M., 2009, Notes on nine biological indicators estimable from trawl surveys with an illustrative assessment for North Sea cod. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 135–153. CrossRef
Daan N., Christensen V., Cury P.M. (Eds.), 2005, Introduction. Quantitative ecosystem indicators for fisheries management. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 307–614.
Dambacher J.M., Gaughan D.J., Rochet M.-J., Rossignol P.A., Trenkel V.M., 2009, Qualitative modelling and indicators of exploited ecosystems. Fish Fish. 10, in press.
Daskalov G.M., 2008, Overfishing affects more than fish populations: a case of trophic cascades and regime shifts in the Black Sea. In: Payne A.I.L., Cotter A.J.R., Potter T. (Eds.) Advances in fisheries science 50 years on from Beverton and Holt. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 418–433.
Daskalov, G.M., Grishin, A., Rodionov, S., Mihneva, V., 2007, Trophic cascades triggered by overfishing reveal possible mechanisms of ecosystem regime shifts. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 104, 10518–10523. CrossRef
De Oliveira J.A.A., Kell L.T., Punt A.E., Roel B.A., Butterworth D.S., 2008, Managing without best predictions: the management strategy evaluation framework. In: Payne A.I.L., Cotter J., Potter T. (Eds.) Advances in fisheries science 50 years on from Beverton and Holt. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 104–134.
Demaré W., 2006, Fisheries-based management and advice in Europe. In: Motos L., Wilson D.C. (Eds.) The knowledge base for fisheries management. Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 295–305.
DFO, 2003, State of the eastern Scotian shelf ecosystem. Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, DFO Can. Scient. Adv. Secr. Ecosystem status report, 2003/4.
EC, 2001a, Elements of a strategy for the integration of environmental protection requirements into the Common fisheries policy. Brussels, COM(2001) 143 final, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2001:0143:FIN:EN:PDF
EC, 2001b, Green paper on The future of the common fisheries policy. European Commission, Luxembourg, COM(2001) 135 final, http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/greenpaper/volume1_en.pdf
Ehrich S., Adlerstein S., Brockmann U., Floeter J., Garthe S., Hinz H., Kröncke I., Neumann H., Reiss H., Sell A.F., Stein M., Stelzenmuller V., Stransky C., Temming A., Wegner G., Zauke G.P., 2007, 20 years of the German small-scale bottom trawl survey (GSBTS): A review. Senck. Marit. 13.
Erzini, K., Inejih, C.A.O., Stobberup, K.A., 2005, An application of two techniques for the analysis of short, multivariate non-stationary time-series of Mauritanian trawl survey data. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 353–359. CrossRef
Everson, I., Bravington, M., Goss, C., 1996, A combined acoustic and trawl survey for efficiently estimating fish abundance. Fish. Res. 26, 75–91. CrossRef
FAO, 2003, The ecosystem approach to fisheries. FAO Technical guidelines for responsible fisheries, 4.
Fletcher, W.J., 2005, The application of qualitative risk assessment methodology to prioritize issues for fisheries management. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 1576–1587. CrossRef
Fulton, E.A., Smith, A.D.M., Johnson, C.R., 2003, Effect of complexity on marine ecosystem models. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 253, 1–16. CrossRef
Fulton, E.A., Smith, A.D.M., Punt, A.E., 2005, Which ecological indicators can robustly detect effects of fishing? ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 540–551.
Garcia, M., Cochrane, K.L., 2005, Ecosystem approach to fisheries: a review of implementation guidelines. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 311–318. CrossRef
Gislason, H., Pope, J.G., Rice, J.C., Daan, N., 2008, Co-existence in North Sea fish communities: implications for growth and natural mortality. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65, 514–530. CrossRef
Gjøsaeter, H., Bogstad, B., Tjelmeland, S., 2002, Assessment methodology for Barents Sea capelin, Mallotus villosus (Müller). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 59, 1086–1095. CrossRef
Greenstreet, S.P.R., Tuck, I.D., Grewar, G.N., Armstrong, E., Reid, D.G., Wright, P.J., 1997, An assessment of the acoustic survey technique, RoxAnn, as a means of mapping seabed habitat. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 54, 939–959. CrossRef
Grieve C., Short K., 2007, Implementation of ecosystem-based management in marine capture fisheries. Global marine programme, WWF International, Av. du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland. www.panda.org/marine
Hall, S.J., Collie, J.S., Duplisea, D.E., Jennings, S., Bravington, M., Link, J., 2006, A length-based multispecies model for evaluating community responses to fishing. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63, 1344. CrossRef
Halliday R.G., Fanning L.P., Mohn R.K., 2001, Use of the traffic light method in fishery management planning. CSAS Res. Doc. 2001.
Hewitt, D.A., Hoenig, J.M., 2005, Comparison of two approaches for estimating natural mortality based on longevity. Fish. Bull. 103, 433–437.
Hiddink, J.G., Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., 2006, Indicators of the ecological impact of bottom-trawl disturbance on seabed communities. Ecosystems 9, 1190. CrossRef
Hillary, R., 2009, An introduction to FLR fisheries simulation tools. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 225–232. CrossRef
Hutchings, J.A., 1996, Spatial and temporal variation in the density of northern cod and a review of hypotheses for the stock's collapse. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53, 943–962. CrossRef
Jackson, J.B.C., Kirby, M.X., Berger, W.H., et al., 2001, Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293, 629–638. CrossRef
Jennings, S., 2005, Indicators to support an ecosystem approach to fisheries. Fish Fish. 6, 212–232. CrossRef
Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J., 1998, The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv. Mar. Biol. 34, 201–352. CrossRef
Kell, L.T., Mosqueira, I., Grosjean, P., Fromentin, J.M., Garcia, D., Hillary, R., Jardim, E., Mardle, S., Pastoors, M., Poos, J.J., Scott, F., Scott, R.D., 2007, FLR: an open-source framework for the evaluation and development of management strategies. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 64, 640–646. CrossRef
Kell, L.T., Pilling, G.M., Kirkwood, G.P., Pastoors, M., Mesnil, B., Korsbrekke, K., Abaunza, P., Aps, R., Biseau, A., Kunzlik, P., Needle, C., Roel, B.A., Ulrich-Rescan, C., 2005, An evaluation of the implicit management procedure used for some ICES roundfish stocks. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 750–759. CrossRef
Kimura, D.K., Somerton, D.A., 2006, Review of statistical aspects of survey sampling for marine fisheries. Rev. Fish. Sci. 14, 245–283. CrossRef
Korsbrekke, K., Mehl, S., Nakken, O., Pennington, M., 2001, A survey-based assessment of the Northeast Arctic cod stock. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 58, 763–769. CrossRef
Lack M., 2004, Ecosystem-based management in marine capture fisheries: a review of selected tools used in australian fisheries. WWF-Australia, PO Box 528, Sydney, NSW 2001 publications@wwf.org.au
Lapointe, M.F., Peterman, R.M., 1991, Spurious correlations between fish recruitment and environmental factors due to errors in the natural mortality rate used in virtual population analysis (VPA). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 48, 219–228. CrossRef
Lembo, G., Abella, A., Fiorentino, F., Martino, S., Spedicato, M.T., 2009, ALADYM: an age- and length-based single species simulator for exploring alternative management strategies. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 233–241. CrossRef
Link, J.S., 2005, Translating ecosystem indicators into decision criteria. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 569–576. CrossRef
Link, J.S., Brodziak, J.K.T., Edwards, S.F., Overholtz, W.J., Mountain, D.G., Jossi, J.W., Smith, T.D., Fogarty, M.J., 2002, Marine ecosystem assessment in a fisheries management context. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59, 1429–1440. CrossRef
Mackinson, S., Freeman, S., Flatt, R., Meadows, B., 2004, Improved acoustic surveys that save time and money: Integrating fisheries and ground-discrimination acoustic technologies. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 305, 129. CrossRef
Mackinson, S., van der Kooij, J., 2006, Perceptions of fish distribution, abundance and behaviour: observations revealed by alternative survey strategies made by scientific and fishing vessels. Fish. Res. 81, 306. CrossRef
Marchal, P., Andersen, B., Caillart, B., Eigaard, O., Guyader, O., Hovgaard, H., Iriondo, A., Le Fur, F., Sacchi, J., Santurtun, M., 2007, Impact of technological creep on fishing effort and fishing mortality, for a selection of European fleets. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 64, 192–209.
Marchal, P., Ulrich, C., Korsbrekke, K., Pastoors, M., Rackham, B., 2003, Annual trends in catchability and fish stock assessments. Sci. Mar. 67 (Suppl. 1), 63–73.
McShane, P.E., Broadhurst, M.K., Williams, A., 2007, Keeping watch on the unwatchable: technological solutions for the problems generated by ecosystem-based management. Fish Fish. 8, 153–161. CrossRef
Mertz, G., Myers, R.A., 1997, Influence of errors in natural mortality estimates in cohort analysis. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54, 1608–1612. CrossRef
Mesnil, B., Cotter, J., Fryer, R.J., Needle, C.L., Trenkel, V.M., 2009, A review of fishery-independent assessment models, and initial evaluation based on simulated data. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 207–216. CrossRef
Mesnil, B., Petitgas, P., 2009, Detection of changes in time series of indicators using CUSUM control charts. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 187–192. CrossRef
Methratta, E.T., Link, J.S., 2006, Evaluation of quantitative indicators for marine fish communities. Ecol. Indicators 6, 575. CrossRef
Mitson R.B., 1995, Underwater noise of research vessels - review and recommendations. ICES Coop. Res. Rep. 209.
Mitson, R.B., Knudsen, H.P., 2003, Causes and effects of underwater noise on fish abundance estimation. Aquat. Living Resour. 16, 255–263. CrossRef
Motos L., Wilson D.C., 2006, The knowledge base for fisheries management. Elsevier.
MRAG, IFM, CEFAS, Tecnalia A., PoIEM, 2009, An analysis of existing rights based management (RBM) instruments in Member States and on setting up best practices in the EU. MRAG Ltd., London, FISH/2007/03.
Mullon, C., Fréon, P., Cury, P., 2005, The dynamics of collapse in world fisheries. Fish Fish. 6, 111–120. CrossRef
Myers, R.A., Worm, B., 2003, Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature 423, 280–283. CrossRef
Nicholson, M.D., Jennings, S., 2004, Testing candidate indicators to support ecosystem-based management: the power of monitoring surveys to detect temporal trends in fish community metrics. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 61, 35–42. CrossRef
Northridge S., Mackay A., 2006, United Kingdom progress report on cetacean research, April 2005 to May 2006, with statistical data for the calendar year 2005. Sea Mammal Res. Unit, University of St. Andrews, Scotland http://iwcoffice.org/_documents/sci_com/2006progreports/SC-58-ProgRepUK.pdf
Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Guénette, S., Pitcher, T.J., Sumaila, R., Walters, C., Watson, R., Zeller, D., 2002, Towards sustainability in world fisheries. Nature 418, 689–695. CrossRef
Petitgas P., 2007, Principal components analysis (PCA) and biological indicators. ICES CM 2007/O:27, pp. 122–125.
Petitgas, P., 2009, The CUSUM out-of-control table to monitor changes in fish stock status using many indicators. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 201–206. CrossRef
Petitgas, P., Poulard, J.C., 2009, A multivariate indicator to monitor changes in spatial patterns of age-structured fish populations. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 165–171. CrossRef
Piet, G., Jennings, S., 2006, Response of potential fish community indicators to fishing. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 214–225. CrossRef
Piet, G., Quirijns, F.J., Robinson, L., Greenstreet, S.P.R., 2007, Potential pressure indicators for fishing, and their data requirements. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 64, 110–121.
Pope, J.G., 1979, Population dynamics and management: current status and future trends. Invest. Pesq. 43, 199–221.
Porch, C.E., Eklund, A.M., Scott, G.P., 2006, A catch-free stock assessment model with application to goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara) off southern Florida. Fish. Bull. 104, 89–101.
Rees, H.L., Boyd, S.E., Schratzberger, M., Murray, L.A., 2006, Role of benthic indicators in regulating human activities at sea. Environ. Sci. Policy 9, 496–508. CrossRef
Rees H.L., Ellis J.R., Hiscock K., Boyd S.E., Schratzberger M., 2008, Benthic communities, ecosystems and fisheries. In: Payne A.I.L., Cotter A.J.R., Potter T. (Eds.) Advances in fisheries science 50 years on from Beverton and Holt. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing.
Rice, J.C., Rochet, M.-J., 2005, A framework for selecting a suite of indicators for fisheries management. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 516–527. CrossRef
Rice J.C., Trujillo V., Jennings S., Hylland K., Hagstrom O., Astudillo A., Jensen J.N., 2005, Guidance on the application of the ecosystem approach to management of human activities in the European marine environment. ICES Coop. Res. Rep., 273, 22pp.
Rivard, D., 1989, Overview of the systematic, structural, and sampling errors in cohort analysis. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 6, 49–65.
Rochet, M.-J., Prigent, M., Bertrand, J.A., Carpentier, A., Coppin, F., Delpech, J.-P., Fontenelle, G., Foucher, E., Mahé, K., Rostiaux, E., Trenkel, V.M., 2008, Ecosystem trends: evidence for agreement between fishers' perceptions and scientific information. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65, 1057–1068. CrossRef
Rochet, M.-J., Rice, J.C., 2005, Do explicit criteria help in selecting indicators for ecosystem-based fisheries management? ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 528–539.
Rochet, M.-J., Trenkel, V.M., 2003, Which community indicators can measure the impact of fishing? A review and proposals. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60, 86–99. CrossRef
Rochet M.-J., Trenkel V.M., 2009, Why and how could indicators be used in an ecosystem approach to fisheries management? In: Beamish R.J., Rothschild B.J. (Eds.) The future of fisheries science in North America. Springer, pp. 209–226.
Rose, G.A., Kulka, D.W., 1999, Hyperaggregation of fish and fisheries: how catch-per-unit-effort increased as the northern cod (Gadus morhua) declined. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56, 118–127. CrossRef
Rotherham, D., Underwood, A.J., Chapman, M.G., Gray, C.A., 2007, A strategy for developing scientific sampling tools for fishery-independent surveys of estuarine fish in New South Wales, Australia. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 64, 1512–1516. CrossRef
Seijo J.C., Caddy J.F., 2000, Uncertainty in bio-economic reference points and indicators of marine fisheries. Mar. Freshw. Res. 51.
Shin, Y.-J., Rochet, M.-J., Jennings, S., Field, J.G., Gislason, H., 2005, Using size-based indicators to evaluate the ecosystem effects of fishing. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 384–396. CrossRef
Spedicato M.T., Woillez M., Rivoirard J., Petitgas P., Carbonara P., Lembo G., 2007, Usefulness of the spatial indices to define the distribution pattern of key life stages: an application to the red mullet (Mullus barbatus) population in the south Tyrrhenian Sea. ICES CM 2007/O.
Tasker, M.L., Hope Jones, P., Dixon, T., Blake, B.F., 1984, Counting seabirds at sea from ships: a review of methods employed and a suggestion for a standardized approach. The Auk 101, 567–577.
Travers, M., Shin, Y.J., Shannon, L., Cury, P., 2006, Simulating and testing the sensitivity of ecosystem-based indicators to fishing in the southern Benguela ecosystem. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63, 943–956. CrossRef
Trenkel, V.M., 2008, A two-stage biomass random effects model for stock assessment without catches: what can be estimated using only biomass survey indices? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 65, 1024–1035. CrossRef
Trenkel, V.M., Cotter, A.J.R., 2009, Choosing survey time series for populations as part of an ecosystem approach to fishery management. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 121–126. CrossRef
Trenkel, V.M., Pinnegar, J.K., Rochet, M.-J., Rackham, B., 2004, Different survey designs provide similar pictures of community structure but not of individual fish populations. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 61, 351–362. CrossRef
Trenkel, V.M., Rochet, M.-J., 2008, Intersection-union tests for characterising recent changes in smoothed indicator time series. Ecol. Indicators 9, 732–739. CrossRef
Trenkel V.M., Rochet M.-J., Mesnil B., 2007a, Combining trend signals using a cause-effects table. ICES CM 2007/O:27 FISBOAT final report, pp. sect. 5.5.1.
Trenkel, V.M., Rochet, M.J., Mesnil, B., 2007b, From model-based prescriptive advice to indicator-based interactive advice. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 64, 768–774. CrossRef
Tuck, I.D., Chapman, C.J., Atkinson, R.J.A., Bailey, N., Smith, R.S.M., 1997, A comparison of methods for stock assessment of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, in the Firth of Clyde. Fish. Res. 32, 89–100. CrossRef
Vetter, E.F., 1988, Estimation of natural mortality in fish stocks: a review. Fish. Bull. 86, 25–43.
Walters C., 1986, Adaptive management of renewable resources. MacMillan Publishing Co., New York.
Ward T., Tarte D., Hegerl E., Short K., 2006, Ecosystem-based management of marine fisheries-policy proposals and operational guidance for ecosystem-based management of marine capture fisheries. World Wide Fund for Nature Australia www.panda.org
Woillez, M., Poulard, J.C., Rivoirard, J., Petitgas, P., Bez, N., 2007, Indices for capturing spatial patterns and their evolution in time, with application to European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Bay of Biscay. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 64, 537–550. CrossRef
Woillez, M., Rivoirard, J., Petigas, P., 2009a, Notes on survey-based spatial indicators for monitoring fish populations. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 155–164. CrossRef
Woillez, M., Rivoirard, J., Petitgas, P., 2009b, Using min/max autocorrelation factors of survey-based indicators to follow the evolution of fish stocks in time. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 193–200. CrossRef