Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T06:42:41.053Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Acute effects of short duration, maximal exercise on cardiac troponin I in healthy horses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 November 2006

MM Durando ,
VB Reef ,
K Kline  and
EK Birks
MM Durando
Affiliation:
Section Sports Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
VB Reef
Affiliation:
Section Sports Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
K Kline
Affiliation:
Section Sports Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
EK Birks*
Affiliation:
Section Sports Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
*
*Corresponding author: ebirks@vet.upenn.edu
Get access

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of exercise on cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations in healthy, adult horses.

Fifteen fit, healthy horses determined to have a normal cardiovascular system completed a standardized exercise test on a high-speed treadmill. Heparinized blood was collected for plasma cTnI concentrations before maximal exercise, and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h post-exercise. The cTnI concentrations were measured with a commercial system (Stratus CS, Dade Behring, Inc.). Results were analysed by a multivariate ANOVA, where indicated post hoc analysis was done by Tukey–Kramer HSD and significance was placed at p < 0.05.

All horses had elevations in cTnI concentrations after maximal exercise. Values for cTnI trended higher at 3 h (0.066 ± 0.011 ng ml− 1) and 6 h (0.062 ± 0.011 ng ml− 1) post-exercise compared with pre-exercise (0.039 ± 0.007 ng ml− 1), although this did not reach statistical significance. Mean cTnI concentrations were within our normal reference range at all time points, although four individuals were above our normal range after exercise.

These data show that short-term, high-intensity exercise induces a small rise in plasma cTnI in normal horses. This should be kept in mind when evaluating cTnI concentrations in horses that have recently completed intense exercise. In addition, these data suggest that 3–6 h after intense exercise may be the optimal time for measurement of cTnI concentrations in horses with suspected exercise-induced myocardial damage.

Keywords

myocardial damageequinetreadmill exercisecardiac enzymes
Type
Research Paper
Information
Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 3 , Issue 4 , November 2006 , pp. 217 - 223
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Martin, BB Jr, Reef, VB, Parente, EJ and Sage, AD (2000). Causes of poor performance of horses during training, racing, or showing: 348 cases (1992–1996). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216(4): 554–558.Google Scholar
2Reef, VB (1997). Electrocardiography and echocardiography in the exercising horse. In: NE, Robinson (ed.), Current Therapy in Equine Medicine 4 4th ed. (pp. 234–239). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.Google Scholar
3Reef, VB (2001). Stress echocardiography and its role in performance assessment. Veterinary Clinics of North America – Equine Practice 17(1): 179–189.Google Scholar
4Reef, VB, Maxson, AD and Lewis, M (1994). Echocardiographic and ECG Changes in Horses Following Exercise (pp. 256–258). San Francisco, CA: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.Google Scholar
5Argiroudis, SA, Kent, JE and Blackmore, DJ (1982). Observations on the isoenzymes of creatine kinase in equine serum and tissues. Equine Veterinary Journal 14(4): 317–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6Evans, GO (1991). Biochemical assessment of cardiac function and damage in animal species. A review of the current approach of the academic, governmental and industrial institutions represented by the Animal Clinical Chemistry Association. Journal of Applied Toxicology 11: 15–21.Google Scholar
7Nakai, K, Nakai, K, Nagane, Y, Obara, W, Sato, M, Ohi, K et al. (2004). Serum levels of cardiac troponin I and other marker proteins in patients with chronic renal failure. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 8: 43–47.Google Scholar
8Mair, J, Genser, N, Morandell, D, Maier, J, Mair, P, Lechleitner, P et al. (1996). Cardiac troponin I in the diagnosis of myocardial injury and infarction. Clinica Chimica Acta 245(1): 19–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Adams, JE 3rd, Bodor, GS, Davila-Roman, VG, Delmez, JA, Apple, FS, Ladenson, JH et al. (1993). Cardiac troponin I. A marker with high specificity for cardiac injury. Circulation 88(1): 101–106.Google Scholar
10La Vecchia, L, Mezzena, G, Zanolla, L, Paccanaro, M, Varotto, L, Bonanno, C et al. (2000). Cardiac troponin I as diagnostic and prognostic marker in severe heart failure. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 19(7): 644–652.Google Scholar
11O'Brien, PJ, Landt, Y and Ladenson, JH (1997). Differential reactivity of cardiac and skeletal muscle from various species in a cardiac troponin I immunoassay. Clinical Chemistry 43(12): 2333–2338.Google Scholar
12Collinson, PO, Boa, FG and Gaze, DC (2001). Measurement of cardiac troponins. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 38(Pt 5): 423–449.Google Scholar
13Ricchiuti, V, Sharkey, SW and Murakami, MM (1998). Cardiac troponin I and T alterations in dog hearts with myocardial infarction: correlation with infarct size. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 110: 241–247.Google Scholar
14Mair, J, Wagner, I, Morass, B, Fridrich, L, Lechleitner, P, Dienstl, F et al. (1995). Cardiac troponin I release correlates with myocardial infarction size. European Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 33(11): 869–872.Google ScholarPubMed
15Missov, E, Calzolari, C and Pau, B (1997). Circulating cardiac troponin I in severe congestive heart failure. Circulation 96: 2953–2958.Google Scholar
16Briassoulis, G, Papadopoulos, G, Zavras, N, Pailopoulos, V, Hatzis, T and Thanopoulos, V (2000). Cardiac troponin I in fulminant adenovirus myocarditis treated with a 24-hour infusion of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Pediatric Cardiology 21(4): 391–394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Smith, SC, Ladenson, JH, Mason, JW and Jaffe, AS (1997). Elevations of cardiac troponin I associated with myocarditis. Experimental and clinical correlates. Circulation 95(1): 163–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Jeremias, A and Gibson, CM (2005). Narrative review: alternative causes for elevated cardiac troponin levels when acute coronary syndromes are excluded. Annals of Internal Medicine 142(9): 786–791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Cardinale, D, Sandri, MT, Martinoni, A, Tricca, A, Civelli, M, Lamantia, G et al. (2000). Left ventricular dysfunction predicted by early troponin I release after high-dose chemotherapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 36(2): 517–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Kontos, MC, Shah, R, Fritz, LM, Anderson, FP, Tatum, JL, Ornato, JP et al. (2004). Implication of different cardiac troponin I levels for clinical outcomes and prognosis of acute chest pain patients (see comment). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 43(6): 958–965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Oyama, MA and Sisson, DD (2004). Cardiac troponin-I concentration in dogs with cardiac disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 18(6): 831–839.Google Scholar
22Shaw, SP, Rozanski, EA and Rush, JE (2004). Cardiac troponins I and T in dogs with pericardial effusion. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 18: 322–324.Google Scholar
23Schober, KE, Cornand, C, Kirbach, B, Aupperle, H and Oechtering, G (2002). Serum cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T concentrations in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 221(3): 381–388.Google Scholar
24Schober, KE, Kirbach, B and Oechtering, G (1999). Noninvasive assessment of myocardial cell injury in dogs with suspected cardiac contusion. European Journal of Veterinary Cardiology 1(2): 17–25.Google Scholar
25Cornelisse, CJ, Schott, HC 2nd, Olivier, NB, Mullaney, TP, Koller, A, Wilson, DV et al. (2000). Concentration of cardiac troponin I in a horse with a ruptured aortic regurgitation jet lesion and ventricular tachycardia. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 217(2): 231–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26Schwarzwald, CC, Hardy, J and Buccellato, M (2003). High cardiac troponin I serum concentration in a horse with multiform ventricular tachycardia and myocardial necrosis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17(3): 364–368.Google Scholar
27Laslett, L, Eisenbud, E and Lind, R (1996). Evidence of myocardial injury during prolonged strenuous exercise. American Journal of Cardiology 78(4): 488–490.Google Scholar
28Rowe, WJ (1992). Extraordinary unremitting endurance exercise and permanent injury to normal heart (see comment). Lancet 340(8821): 712–714.Google Scholar
29Siegel, AJ, Silverman, LM and Evans, WJ (1983). Elevated skeletal muscle creatine kinase MB isoenzyme levels in marathon runners. JAMA 250(20): 2835–2837.Google Scholar
30Siegel, AJ, Silverman, LM and Holman, BL (1981). Elevated creatine kinase MB isoenzyme levels in marathon runners. Normal myocardial scintigrams suggest noncardiac source. JAMA 246(18): 2049–2051.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Rifai, N, Douglas, PS, O'Toole, M, Rimm, E and Ginsburg, GS (1999). Cardiac troponin T and I, echocardiographic (correction of electrocardiographic) wall motion analyses, and ejection fractions in athletes participating in the Hawaii Ironman Triathlon. [erratum appears in The American Journal of Cardiology (1999) 84(2):244]. American Journal of Cardiology 83(7): 1085–1089.Google Scholar
32La Gerche, A, Boyle, A, Wilson, AM and Prior, DL (2004). No evidence of sustained myocardial injury following an Ironman distance triathlon. International Journal of Sports Medicine 25(1): 45–49.Google Scholar
33Laslett, L and Eisenbud, E (1997). Lack of detection of myocardial injury during competitive races of 100 miles lasting 18 to 30 hours. American Journal of Cardiology 80(3): 379–380.Google Scholar
34Neumayr, G, Gaenzer, H, Pfister, R, Sturm, W, Schwarzacher, SP, Eibl, G et al. (2001). Plasma levels of cardiac troponin I after prolonged strenuous endurance exercise. American Journal of Cardiology 87(3): 369–371.Google Scholar
35Lucia, A, Serratosa, L, Saborido, A, Pardo, J, Boraita, A, Moran, M et al. (1999). Short-term effects of marathon running: no evidence of cardiac dysfunction. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31(10): 1414–1421.Google Scholar
36Whyte, G, George, K, Shave, R, Dawson, E, Stephenson, C, Edwards, B et al. (2005). Impact of marathon running on cardiac structure and function in recreational runners. Clinical Science (Colch) 108(1): 73–80.Google Scholar
37Shave, RE, Dawson, E, Whyte, G, George, K, Ball, D, Gaze, DC et al. (2002). Evidence of exercise-induced cardiac dysfunction and elevated cTnT in separate cohorts competing in an ultra-endurance mountain marathon race. International Journal of Sports Medicine 23(7): 489–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38Shave, RE, Dawson, E, Whyte, G, George, K, Gaze, D and Collinson, P (2004). Effect of prolonged exercise in a hypoxic environment on cardiac function and cardiac troponin T. British Journal of Sports Medicine online 38(1): 86–88.Google Scholar
39Scharhag, J, Urhausen, A, Schneider, G, Herrmann, M, Schumacher, K, Haschke, M et al. (2006). Reproducibility and clinical significance of exercise-induced increases in cardiac troponins and N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide in endurance athletes. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 13(3): 388–397.Google Scholar
40Shave, R, Dawson, E, Whyte, G, George, K, Ball, D, Collinson, P et al. (2002). The cardiospecificity of the third-generation cTnT assay after exercise-induced muscle damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34(4): 651–654.Google Scholar
41Phillips, W, Giguere, S, Franklin, RP, Hernandez, J, Adin, D and Peloso, JG (2003). Cardiac troponin I in pastured and race-training Thoroughbred horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17: 597–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Long, KJ, Bonagura, JD and Darke, PG (1992). Standardised imaging technique for guided M-mode and Doppler echocardiography in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 24(3): 226–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Reef, VB (1990). Echocardiographic examination in the horse: the basics. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 12(9): 1312–1320.Google Scholar
44Durando, MM, Reef, VB and Birks, EK (2002). Right ventricular pressure dynamics during exercise: relationship to stress echocardiography. Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement (34): 472–477.Google Scholar
45Rishniw, M and Simpson, KW (2005). Cloning and sequencing of equine cardiac troponin I and confirmation of its usefulness as a target analyte for commercial troponin I analyzers. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17(6): 582–584.Google Scholar
46Smith, GW, Constable, PD, Foreman, JH, Eppley, RM, Waggoner, AL, Tumbleson, ME et al. (2002). Cardiovascular changes associated with intravenous administration of fumonisin B1 in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63: 538–545.Google Scholar
47Shi, Q, Ling, M, Zhang, X, Zhang, M, Kadijevic, L, Liu, S et al. (1999). Degradation of cardiac troponin I in serum complicates comparisons of cardiac troponin I assays. Clinical Chemistry 45(7): 1018–1025.Google Scholar
48Fromm, RE and Roberts, R (2001). Sensitivity and specificity of new serum markers for mild cardionecrosis. Current Problems in Cardiology 26(4): 241–284.Google Scholar
49Dasgupta, A, Chow, L, Nazareno, L, Tso, G and Datta, P (2000). Performance evaluation of a new chemiluminescent cardiac troponin I assay. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 14(5): 224–229.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Hafner, G, Peetz, D, Erbes, H, Post, F, Dahm, M, Peivandi, AA et al. (2001). Comparison of diagnostic performance of cardiac troponin I on the IMMULITE system with other automated troponin I assays in minor myocardial damage. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 61(3): 227–235.Google Scholar
51Saadeddin, SM, Habbab, MdA, Siddieg, HH, Al Seeni, MN, Tahery, AB and Dafterdar, RM (2003). Evaluation of 6 cardiac troponin assays in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Saudi Medical Journal 24(10): 1092–1097.Google Scholar
52Tate, JR, Heathcote, D, Rayfield, J and Hickman, PE (1999). The lack of standardization of cardiac troponin I assay systems. Clinica Chimica Acta 284(2): 141–149.Google Scholar
53Adin, DB, Oyama, MA, Sleeper, MM and Milner, RJ (2006). Comparison of canine cardiac troponin I concentrations as determined by 3 analyzers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20(5): 1136–1142.Google Scholar
54Durando, MM, Reef, VB and Birks, EK (2001). Correlation of echocardiographic stress tests with left ventricular pressure dynamics. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 19: 851.Google Scholar
55Durando, MM, Kline, K, Reef, VB and Birks, EK (2001). Effect of cardiac catheterization on cTNI and CK-MB in exercising horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 15(3): 322.Google Scholar
56Koller, A, Mair, J, Mayr, M, Calzolari, C, Larue, C and Puschendorf, B (1995). Diagnosis of myocardial injury in marathon runners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 752: 234–235.Google Scholar
57Schulz, O and Kromer, A (2002). Cardiac troponin I: a potential marker of exercise intolerance in patients with moderate heart failure. American Heart Journal 144(2): 351–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Bermon, S, Rama, D and Dolisi, C (2000). Cardiovascular tolerance of healthy elderly subjects to weight-lifting exercises. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32(11): 1845–1848.Google Scholar