Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T09:15:03.757Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Exploring the Bargaining Model of War

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 January 2004

Dan Reiter
Dan Reiter
Affiliation:
associate (Winship research) professor of political science at Emory University (dreiter@emory.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The bargaining model of war envisions the initiation, prosecution, termination, and consequences of war as part of a single bargaining process. This article focuses on the most recent works on this topic, many of which employ formal techniques, and it applies the model to the different phases of war. It also discusses the state of empirical work on the bargaining model. Finally, the article considers how the bargaining model meshes with other theories of war and international relations, including cognitive psychology, organization theory, domestic politics, and constructivism.For comments, he thanks Risa Brooks, Hein Goemans, Ted Hopf, Robert Powell, Bruce Russett, Alastair Smith, Allan Stam, and Suzanne Werner. He would like to note that any remaining errors are exclusively his own.

Type
ARTICLES
Information
Perspectives on Politics , Volume 1 , Issue 1 , March 2003 , pp. 27 - 43
Copyright
2003 by the American Political Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ambrose Stephen E.1994 D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War IINew YorkSimon and Schuster
Ambrose Stephen E.1997 Citizen Soldiers: The U.S. Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany, June 7, 1944–May 7, 1945New YorkSimon and Schuster
Analysis of Factors That Have Influenced Outcomes of Battles and Wars 1983 Dunn Loring, Va.Historical Evaluation and Research Organization
Baron David P.1991 A spatial bargaining theory of government formation in parliamentary systems American Political Science Review 85 1137-64Google Scholar
Baum Matthew A.2002 The constituent foundations of the rally-round-the-flag phenomenon International Studies Quarterly 46 2263-98Google Scholar
Bearce David H.Eric O'N. Fisher2002 Economic geography, trade, and war Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 3365-93Google Scholar
Bennett D. ScottAllan C. Stam III1996 The duration of interstate wars, 1816–1985 American Political Science Review 90 2239-57Google Scholar
Biddle StephenRobert Zirkle1996 Technology, civilmilitary relations, and warfare in the developing world Journal of Strategic Studies 19 2194-5Google Scholar
Blainey Geoffrey1973 The Causes of WarNew YorkFree Press
Box-Steffensmeier Janet M.Dan ReiterChristopher J.W. Zorn2002 Repeated events and international conflict. Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 25–27 April
Box-Steffensmeier Janet M.Dan ReiterChristopher J.W. Zorn2003 Nonproportional hazards and event history analysis in international relations Journal of Conflict Resolution 47 133 53Google Scholar
Brooks Risa2000 Institutions at the domestic and international nexus: The political-military origins of strategic integration, military effectiveness and warPh.D. diss. University of CaliforniaSan Diego
Brooks Risa2002 Information, military institutions, and warUnpublished paper Northwestern University
Bueno de Mesquita Bruce1981 The War TrapNew HavenYale University Press
Bueno de Mesquita BruceJames D. MorrowRandolph M. SiversonAlastair Smith1999 An institutional explanation of the democratic peace American Political Science Review 93 4791 807Google Scholar
Carrubba Clifford J.Craig Volden2000 Coalitional politics and logrolling in legislative institutions American Journal of Political Science 44 2261-77Google Scholar
Cetinyan Rupen2002 Ethnic bargaining in the shadow of third-party intervention International Organization 56 3645-77Google Scholar
Clausewitz Carl von.1976 On War Michael HowardPeter Paretand trans PrincetonPrinceton University Press
Colaresi MichaelWilliam R. Thompson2002 Hot spots or hot hands?: Serial crisis behavior, escalating risks, and rivalry Journal of Politics 64 41,175-98Google Scholar
Cooter Robert D.Daniel L. Rubinfeld1989 Economic analysis of legal disputes and their resolution Journal of Economic Literature 27 31,067-97Google Scholar
Dassell KurtEric Reinhardt1999 Domestic strife andthe initiation of violence at home and abroad American Journal of Political Science 43 156 85Google Scholar
De Marchi ScottHein Goemans2001 Bargaining and complex preferences: Examining the case of the Israeli electoratePresented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 29 August–2 September
Dower John W.1986 War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific WarNew YorkPantheon
Fearon James D.1995 Rationalist explanations for war International Organization 49 3379 414Google Scholar
Fearon James D.1996 Bargaining over objects that influence future bargaining powerUnpublished manuscript, Department of Political Science University of Chicago
Fearon James D.1998 Bargaining, enforcement, and international cooperation International Organization 52 2269 305Google Scholar
Filson DarrenSuzanne Werner2002a Bargaining and fighting: The impact of regime type on war onset, duration, and outcomes. Unpublished manuscript Emory UniversityAtlanta, Ga.
Filson DarrenSuzanne Werner2002b A bargaining model of war and peace: Anticipating the onset, duration, and outcome of war American Journal of Political Science 46 4819-38Google Scholar
Fischer Fritz1967 Germany's Aims in the First World WarNew YorkNorton
Fordham Benjamin O.2002 Another look at “Parties, Voters and the Use of Force Abroad.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 4572-96Google Scholar
Fortna, Page. Scraps of paper?: Agreements and the durability of peace. International Organization. Forthcoming
Frank Richard B.1999 Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese EmpireNew YorkRandom House
Garfinkel Michelle R.Stergios Skaperdas2000 Conflict without misperceptions or incomplete information: How the future matters Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 6793 807Google Scholar
Garofano John2002 Tragedy or choice in Vietnam? Learning to think outside the archival box International Security 26 4143-65Google Scholar
Gartner Scott Sigmund1992 Strategic assessment in war: A bounded rationality model of how organizations evaluate policy effectivenessPh.D. diss. University of Michigan
Gartner Scott Sigmund1997 Strategic Assessment in WarNew HavenYale University Press
Gartner Scott SigmundGary Segura1998 War, casualties, and public opinion Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 3278 300Google Scholar
Gartzke Erik1999 War is in the error term International Organization 52 3567-87Google Scholar
Giangreco D.M.1997 Casualty projections for the U.S. invasions of Japan, 1945–1946: Planning and policy implications Journal of Military History 61 3521-81Google Scholar
Gleditsch Kristian S.Michael D. Ward2000 War and peace in space and time: The role of democratization International Studies Quarterly 44 11 29Google Scholar
Goddard Stacie E.2002 A hard bargain: The dynamics of indivisible issuesPresented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, 24–27 March
Goemans H.E.2000 War and Punishment: The Causes of War Termination and the First World WarPrincetonPrinceton University Press
Goldstein Joshua S.2001 War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice VersaCambridgeCambridge University Press
Gordon Michael R.Bernard E. Trainor1995 The Generals' War: The Inside Story of the Conflict in the GulfBostonLittle Brown
Gowa Joanne1998 Politics at the water's edge: Parties, voters, and the use of force abroad International Organization 52 2307-24Google Scholar
Grieco Joseph M.2001 Repetitive military challenges and recurrent international conflicts, 1918–1994 International Studies Quarterly 45 2295 316Google Scholar
Guderian Heinz1952 Panzer LeaderConstantine Fitzgibbontrans. New YorkE.P. Dutton
Harrison Mark1985 Soviet Planning in Peace and War, 1938–1945CambridgeCambridge University Press
Hopf Ted1994 Peripheral Visions: Deterrence Theory and American Foreign Policy in the Third World, 1965–1990Ann ArborUniversity of Michigan Press
Hopf Ted2002 Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999IthacaCornell University Press
Horowitz MichaelDan Reiter2001 When does aerial bombing work?: Quantitative empirical tests, 1917–1999 Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 2147-73Google Scholar
Howard Michael1983 ClausewitzOxfordOxford University Press
Huth PaulBruce Russett1990 Testing deterrence theory: Rigor makes a difference World Politics 42 4466 501Google Scholar
Iklé Fred Charles1991 Every War Must End. Revised ed.New YorkColumbia University Press
Jervis Robert1976 Perception and Misperception in International PoliticsPrincetonPrinceton University Press
Jervis Robert1978 Cooperation under the security dilemma World Politics 30 2167 214Google Scholar
Jervis Robert1988 Realism, game theory, and cooperation World Politics 40 3317-49Google Scholar
Jervis RobertRichard Ned LebowJanice Gross Stein1985 Psychology and DeterrenceBaltimoreJohns Hopkins University Press
Karnow Stanley1984 Vietnam: A HistoryNew YorkPenguin
Katzenbach Edward L.1977 The horse cavalry in the twentieth centuryAmerican Defense Policy4th ed. John EndicottRoy W. Stafford, Jr.BaltimoreJohns Hopkins University Press
Katzenstein Peter J.1996 The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World PoliticsNew YorkColumbia University Press
Kaufmann Chaim D.1994 Out of the lab and into the archives: A method for testing psychological explanations of political decision making International Studies Quarterly 38 4557-86Google Scholar
Kecskemeti Paul1958 Strategic Surrender: The Politics of Victory and DefeatStanfordStanford University Press
Keegan John1999 The First World WarNew YorkKnopf
Kennan JohnRobert Wilson1993 Bargaining with private information Journal of Economic Literature 31 145 104Google Scholar
Keohane Robert O.1984 After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political EconomyPrincetonPrinceton University Press
Khong Yuen Foong1992 Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965PrincetonPrinceton University Press
Kier Elizabeth1997 Imagining War: French and British Military Doctrine Between the WarsPrincetonPrinceton University Press
Kinsella DavidBruce Russett2002 Conflict emergence and escalation in interactive international dyads Journal of Politics 64 41,045-68Google Scholar
Kirshner Jonathan2000 Rationalist explanations for wars? Security Studies 10 1143-50Google Scholar
Koremenos BarbaraCharles LipsonDuncan Snidal2001 The rational design of international institutions International Organization 55 4761-99Google Scholar
Labs Eric J.1997 Beyond victory: Offensive realism and the expansion of war aims Security Studies 6 41 49Google Scholar
Lai Brian2001 Military mobilization and the escalation and outcome of international crisesPh.D. diss. Emory University
Larson Deborah Welch1985 Origins of Containment: A Psychological ExplanationPrincetonPrinceton University Press, 1985
Lebow Richard Ned1981 Between Peace and War: The Nature of International CrisisBaltimoreJohns Hopkins University Press
Legro Jeffrey1995 Cooperation under Fire: Anglo-German Restraint during World War IIIthacaCornell University Press
Lepgold JosephBrent L. Sterling2000 When do states fight limited wars?: Political risk, policy risk, and policy choice Security Studies 9 4127-66Google Scholar
Levy Jack S.1989 The diversionary theory of war: A critique. In Handbook of War StudiesManus I. MidlarskyBostonUnwin Hyman259-88
Liberman Peter1996 Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial SocietiesPrincetonPrinceton University Press
Long Ngo Vinh1996 The Tet offensive and its aftermath. In The Tet Offensive, eds. Marc Jason Gilbert and William HeadWestport, Conn.Praeger89 123
MacEachin Douglas J.1998 The Final Months of the War with Japan: Signals Intelligence, U.S. Invasion Planning, and the A-Bomb DecisionWashington, D.C.Center for the Study of Intelligence
Mansfield Edward D.Jack Snyder2002 Democratic transitions, institutional strength, and war International Organization 56 2297 337Google Scholar
May Ernest R.2000 Strange Victory: Hitler's Conquest of FranceNew YorkHill and Wang
McPherson James M.1988 Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era.OxfordOxford University Press
Meernik James2001 Domestic politics and the political use of military force by the United States Political Research Quarterly 54 4889 904Google Scholar
Mercer Jonathan1995 Anarchy and identity International Organization 49 2229-52Google Scholar
Mercer Jonathan1996 Reputation and International PoliticsIthacaCornell University Press
Mitchell Sara McLaughlinWill H. Moore2002 Presidential uses of force during the Cold War: Aggregation, truncation, and temporal dynamics American Political Science Review 46 2438-52Google Scholar
Morgan Patrick M.1977 Deterrence: A Conceptual AnalysisBeverly Hills, CalifSage
Morgan T. Clifton1984 A spatial model of crisis bargaining International Studies Quarterly 28 4407-26Google Scholar
Morrow James D.1986 A spatial model of international conflict American Political Science Review 80 41,131-50Google Scholar
Morrow James D.1989 Capabilities, uncertainty, and resolve: A limited information model of crisis bargaining American Journal of Political Science 33 4941-72Google Scholar
Mueller John E.1980 The search for the “breaking point” in Vietnam: The statistics of a deadly quarrel International Studies Quarterly 24 4497-519Google Scholar
Murray Williamson1981 The German response to victory in Poland: A case study in professionalism Armed Forces and Society 7 2285-98Google Scholar
Nicolson Nigel1985 Napoleon 1812New YorkHarper and Row
Oren Michael B.2002 Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle EastOxfordOxford University Press
Osgood Robert1957 Limited War: The Challenge to American StrategyChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press
Pape Robert A.1996 Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in WarIthacaCornell University Press
Perkins Bradford1993 The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: The Creation of a Republican Empire, 1776–1865CambridgeCambridge University Press
Pillar Paul R.1983 Negotiating Peace: War Termination as a Bargaining ProcessPrincetonPrinceton University Press
Posen Barry1984 The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the World WarsIthacaCornell University Press
Powell Robert1990 Nuclear Deterrence Theory: The Search for CredibilityNew YorkCambridge University Press
Powell Robert1999 In the Shadow of Power: States and Strategies in International PoliticsPrincetonPrinceton University Press
Powell Robert2002a Bargaining and learning while fighting over the distribution of powerUnpublished manuscript BerkeleyCalif
Powell Robert2002b Bargaining theory and international conflict Annual Review of Political Science 5 1 30Google Scholar
Reed William2002 Power, information, and militarized conflict. Unpublished manuscript, Houston, Tex
Reed William2003 Information and economic interdependence Journal of Conflict Resolution 47 1Google Scholar
Reed WilliamWonjae Hwang2002 Endogenous demands and militarized conflict. Unpublished manuscript, Houston, Tex
Reiter Dan1995 Exploding the powder keg myth: Preemptive wars almost never happen International Security 20 25 34Google Scholar
Reiter Dan1996 Crucible of Beliefs: Learning, Alliances, and World WarsIthacaCornell University Press
Reiter DanAllan C. Stam2002 Democracies at WarPrincetonPrinceton University Press
Rhodes Richard1986 The Making of the Atomic BombNew YorkSimon and Schuster
Rosen Steven1972 War power and the willingness to sufferIn Peace, War, and NumbersBruce RussettBeverly Hills, CalifSage167-83
Russett BruceJohn R. Oneal2001 Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International OrganizationsNew YorkNorton
Schelling Thomas C.1960 The Strategy of ConflictCambridgeHarvard University Press
Schelling Thomas C.1966 Arms and InfluenceNew HavenYale University Press
Schultz Kenneth A.2001 Democracy and Coercive DiplomacyCambridgeCambridge University Press
Shimshoni Jonathan1990–91 Technology, military advantage, and World War I: A case for military entrepreneurship International Security 15 3187 215Google Scholar
Sills David L.1968 International Encyclopedia of the Social SciencesNew YorkMacMillan
Slantchev Branislav2001 The power to hurt: Costly conflict with completely informed states. Presented at the annual meeting of the Peace Science Society, 26–28 October, Atlanta, Ga
Smith Alastair1998 Fighting battles, winning wars Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 3301-20Google Scholar
Smith AlastairAllan C. Stam2002 Bargaining and the nature of warUnpublished manuscript New York University
Smith J. Maynard1974 The theory of games and the evolution of animal conflicts Journal of Theoretical Biology 47 1209-21Google Scholar
Snyder Glenn1961 Deterrence and Defense: Toward a Theory of National SecurityPrincetonPrinceton University Press
Snyder Jack1984 The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the Disasters of 1914IthacaCornell University Press
Snyder Jack2000 From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist ConflictNew YorkNorton
Snyder Jack2002 Anarchy and culture: Insights from the anthropology of war International Organization 56 17 45Google Scholar
Stam Allan C III1996 Win, Lose, or Draw: Domestic Politics and the Crucible of WarAnn ArborUniversity of Michigan Press
Stanley-Mitchell Elizabeth2002 Working out the inevitable: Chinese, Soviet, and U.S. decisions to end the Korean WarUnpublished manuscriptWashington, D.C.
Toft Monica Duffy2002 Indivisible territory and ethnic war Security Studies ForthcomingGoogle Scholar
Van Evera Stephen. 19991999 Causes of War: Power and the Roots of ConflictIthacaCornell University Press
Wagner R. Harrison2000 Bargaining and war American Journal of Political Science 44 3469-84Google Scholar
Walt Stephen M.1999 Rigor or rigor mortis?: Rational choice and security studies International Security 25 45 48Google Scholar
Walter Barbara F.2002 Reputation and war: Explaining the intractability of territorial conflict. Presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, 24–27 March
Waltz Kenneth N.1979 Theory of International PoliticsNew YorkRandom House
Wendt Alexander1999 Social Theory of International PoliticsCambridgeCambridge University Press
Werner Suzanne1998 Negotiating the terms of settlement: War aims and bargaining leverage Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 2321-43Google Scholar
Werner Suzanne1999a Choosing demands strategically: The distribution of power, the distribution of benefits, and the risk of conflict Journal of Conflict Resolution 43 6705-26Google Scholar
Werner Suzanne1999b The precarious nature of peace: Resolving the issues, enforcing the settlement, and renegotiating the terms American Journal of Political Science 43 3912-34Google Scholar
Werner Suzanne2000 Deterring intervention: The stakes of war and third-party involvement American Journal of Political Science 44 4720-32Google Scholar
Wittman Donald1979 How a war ends: A rational model approach Journal of Conflict Resolution 23 4743-63Google Scholar
Wittman Donald2001 War or peace? Unpublished manuscriptUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Cruz, Calif
Zartman I. William1989 Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in AfricaNew YorkOxford University Press