Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-ws8qp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T18:10:10.778Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Use of ‘natural’ products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 November 2007

J.-P. Jouany*
Affiliation:
INRA, UR1213 Herbivores, Site de Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
D. P. Morgavi
Affiliation:
INRA, UR1213 Herbivores, Site de Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
Get access

Abstract

The banning in 2006 of the use of antibiotics as animal growth promoters in the European Union has increased demand from producers for alternative feed additives that can be used to improve animal production. This review gives an overview of the most common non-antibiotic feed additives already being used or that could potentially be used in ruminant nutrition. Probiotics, dicarboxylic acids, enzymes and plant-derived products including saponins, tannins and essential oils are presented. The known modes of action and effects of these additives on feed digestion and more especially on rumen fermentations are described. Their utility and limitations in field conditions for modern ruminant production systems and their compliance with the current legislation are also discussed.

Type
Full Paper
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abreu, A, Carulla, JE, Lascano, CE, Diaz, TE, Kreuzer, M, Hess, HD 2004. Effects of Sapindus saponaria fruits on ruminal fermentation and duodenal nitrogen flow of sheep fed a tropical grass diet with and without legume. Journal of Animal Science 82, 13921400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aerts, RJ, Barry, TN, McNabb, WC 1999. Polyphenols and agriculture: beneficial effects of proanthocyanidins in forages. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 75, 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ando, S, Nishida, T, Ishida, M, Kochi, M, Kami, Y, Se, S 2001. Transmission of herb essential oil to milk and change of milk flavor by feeding dried herbs to lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Japanese Society of Food Science and Technology 48, 142145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ando, S, Nishida, T, Ishida, M, Hosoda, K, Bayaru, E 2003. Effect of peppermint feeding on the digestibility ruminal fermentation and protozoa. Livestock Production Science 82, 245248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armanious, MW, Britton, WM, Fuller, HL 1973. Effect of methionine and choline on tannic acid and tannin toxicity in the laying hen. Poultry Science 52, 21602168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Assa, Y, Chet, I, Gestetner, B, Govrin, R, Birk, Y, Bondi, A 1975. The effect of alfalfa saponins on growth and lysis of Physarum polycephalum. Archives of Microbiology 103, 7781.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Athanasiadou, S, Kyriazakis, I 2004. Plant secondary metabolites: antiparasitic effects and their role in ruminant production systems. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63, 631639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aufrere, J, Poncet, C, Gayraud, P, Dudilieu, M, Laget, M, Berthon, D, Baumont, R 2006. Nutritional interest of growing mixtures of grasses and legumes with and without tannins. In Sustainable grassland productivity (ed. J Llovers, A Gonzales-Rodriguez, Q Vasquez-Yanez, J Pinero, L Olea and MJ Poblaciones), Proceedings of the 21st General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Badajoz, Spain, pp. 360–362.Google Scholar
Bampidis, VA, Christodoulou, V, Christaki, E, Florou-Paneri, P, Spais, AB 2005a. Effect of dietary garelic bulb and garlic husk supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 121, 273283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bampidis, VA, Christodoulou, V, Florou-Paneri, P, Christaki, E, Spais, AB, Chtzopoulou, X 2005b. Effect of dietary dried oregano leaves supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of growing lambes. Animal Feed Science and Technology 121, 285295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, TN, Manley, TR 1986. Interrelationships between the concentrations of total condensed tannin, free condensed tannin and lignin in Lotus sp. and other possible consequences in ruminant nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 37, 248254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, TN, McNabb, WC 1999. The implications of condensed tannins on the nutritive value of temperate forages fed to ruminants. The British Journal of Nutrition 81, 263272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batta, R, Krishnamoorthy, U, Mohammed, F 2000. Effect of feeding tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed husk as a source of tannin on dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and production performance of crossbred dairy cows in mid-lactation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 83, 6774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchemin, KA, Morgavi, DP, McAllister, TA, Yang, WZ, Rode, LM 2001. The use of enzymes in ruminant diets. In Recent advances in animal nutrition (ed. PC Garsworthy and J Wiseman), pp. 297322. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.Google Scholar
Beauchemin, KA, Colombatto, D, Morgavi, DP, Yang, WZ 2003. Use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to improve feed utilization by ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 81, E37E47.Google Scholar
Beauchemin, KA, Colombatto, D, Morgavi, DR, Yang, WZ, Rode, LM 2004. Mode of action of exogenous cell wall degrading enzymes for ruminants. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, 1322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bechman, TJ, Chambers, JV, Cunningham, MD 1977. Influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus on performance of young dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 60 (Suppl. 1), 74.Google Scholar
Beeman, K 1985. The effect of Lactobacillus spp. on convalescing calves. Agri-practice 6, 810.Google Scholar
Benchaar, C, Whyte, TD, Berthiaume, R, Petit, HV, Ouellet, DR, Chouinard, PY 2003. Effects of dietary addition of essential oils and monensin on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, milk production and milk composition of Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science 81 (Suppl. 1), 274.Google Scholar
Benchaar, C, Charmley, E, Duynisveld, JL 2004. Feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in beef steers fed a total mixed ration supplemented with monensin or different doses of essential oils. Journal of Animal Science 82 (Suppl. 1), 207.Google Scholar
Benchaar, C, Petit, HV, Berthiaume, R, Whyte, TD, Chouinard, PY 2006a. Effects of addition of essential oils and monensin premix on digestion, ruminal fermentation, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 43524364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanluet N, Frehner M, Losa R and Archain D 2002. Evaluation of the feed additive CRINA® Ruminants in feed rations for sheep. Rencontres Recherches Ruminants, p. 323.Google Scholar
Bontempo, V, Di Giancamillo, A, Savoini, G, Dell’Orto, V, Domeneghini, C 2006. Live yeast dietary supplementation acts upon intestinal morpho-functional aspects and growth in weanling piglets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 129, 224236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooker, JD, O’Donovan, L, Skene, I, Sellick, G 2000. Mechanisms of tannin resistance and detoxification in the rumen. In Tannins in livestock and human nutrition (ed. JD Brooker), Proceedings of the International Workshop, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 117122.Google Scholar
Bruce BB, Gilliland SE, Bush LJ and Staley TE 1979. Influence of feeding cattle cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus on faecal flora of young dairy calves. Annual Oklahoma Animal Science Research Report, p. 207.Google Scholar
Bruneton, J 2005. Pharmacognosie, phytochimie, plantes médicinales, Tec & Doc, Paris.Google Scholar
Bureau, DP, Harris, AM, Young, Cho C 1998. The effects of purified alcohol extracts from soy products on feed intake and growth of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mukiss). Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 161, 2743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, S 2004. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods – a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology 94, 223253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Busquet, M, Calsamiglia, S, Ferret, A, Cardozo, PW, Kamel, C 2005a. Effects of cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil on rumen microbial fermentation in a dual flow continuous culture. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 25082516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busquet, M, Calsamiglia, S, Ferret, A, Carro, MD, Kamel, C 2005b. Effect of garlic oil and four of its compounds on rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 43934404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Busquet, M, Calsamiglia, S, Ferret, A, Kamel, C 2006. Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 761771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buts, JP, Dekeyser, N, Stilmant, C, Delem, E, Smets, F, Sokal, E 2006. Saccharomyces boulardii produces in rat small intestine a novel protein phophatase that inhibits E. coli endotoxin by dephosphorylation. Pediatric Research 60, 2429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butter, NL, Dawson, JM, Wakelin, D, Buttery, PJ 2000. Effect of dietary tannin and protein concentration on nematode infection (T. colubriformis) in lambs. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 134, 8999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calabrese, EJ, Baldwin, LA 2003. Toxicology rethinks its central belief. Nature 421, 691692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callaway, ES, Martin, SA 1997. Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on ruminal bacteria that utilize lactate and digest cellulose. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 20352044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callaway, TR, Martin, SA, Wampler, JL, Hill, NS, Gill, GM 1997. Malate content of forage varieties commonly fed to cattle. Journal Dairy Science 80, 16511655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calsamiglia, S, Castillejos, L, Busquet, M 2005. Alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in cattle. In Recent advances in animal nutrition (ed. PC Garnsworthy and J Wiseman), pp. 129167. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.Google Scholar
Cardozo, PW, Calsamiglia, S, Ferret, A, Kamel, C 2005. Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts at different pH on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of a high-concentrate diet for beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 83, 25722579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardozo, PW, Calsamiglia, S, Ferret, A, Kamel, C 2006. Effects of alfalfa extract, anise, capsidium, and a mixture of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on ruminal fermentation and protein degradation in beef heifers fed a high-concentrate diet. Journal of Animal Science 84, 28012808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carro, MD, Ranilla, MJ 2003. Influence of different concentrations of disodium fumarate on methane production and fermentation of concentrate feeds by rumen microorganisms in vitro. The British Journal of Nutrition 90, 617623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castillejos, LS, Calsamiglia, S, Ferret, A, Losa, R 2005. Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds and the type of diet on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow from a continuous culture system. Animal Feed Science and Technology 119, 2941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castillejos, LS, Calsamiglia, S, Ferret, A, Losa, R 2006. Effects of dose and adaptation time of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 132, 186201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamberlain, DG, Thomas, PC, Henderson, FG 1983. Volatile fatty acid proportions and lactic acid metabolism in the rumen of sheep and cattle receiving silage diets. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 101, 4758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chao, SC, Young, DG, Oberg, CG 2000. Screening for inhibitory activity of essential oil on selected bacteria, fungi and viruses. Journal of Essential Oil Research 12, 639649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chao, AC, Nguyen, JV, Broughall, M, Recchia, J, Kensil, CR, Daddona, PE, Fix, JA 1998. Enhancement of intestinal model compound transport by DS-1, a modified Quillaja saponin. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 87, 13951399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaucheyras, F, Fonty, G, Bertin, G, Salmon, JM, Gouet, P 1996. Effects of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Levucell SC1), a microbial additive for ruminants, on lactate metabolism in vitro. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, 927933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheeke, PR 1996. Biological effects of feed and forage saponins and their impact on animal production. In Saponins used in food and agriculture (ed. GR Waller and Y Yamasaki), pp. 377386. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheeke PR 1999. Actual and potential applications of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria saponins in human and animal nutrition. Proceedings of the American Society of Animal Science, pp. 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, RTJ, Reid, CS 1974. Foamy bloat of cattle. A review. Journal of Dairy Science 57, 753785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colombatto, D, Hervas, G, Yang, WZ, Beauchemin, KA 2003a. Effects of enzyme supplementation of a total mixed ration on microbial fermentation in continuous culture, maintained at high and low pH. Journal of Animal Science 81, 26172627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colombatto, D, Morgavi, DP, Furtado, AF, Beaucheminm, KA 2003b. Screening of exogenous enzymes for ruminant diets: relationship between biochemical characteristics and in vitro ruminal degradation. Journal of Animal Science 81, 26282638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coop, RL, Kyriazakis, IK 2001. Influence of host nutrition on the development and consequences of nematode parasitism in ruminants. Trends in Parasitology 17, 325330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cordell, GA 2000. Biodiversity and drug discovery – a symbiotic relationship. Phytochemistry 55, 463480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, PM, Naidu, AS 2000. Phyto-phenols. In Natural food antimicrobial systems (ed. AS Naidu), pp. 265294. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
Decruyenaere, V, Remond, D, Zimmer, N, Poncet, CJebri, , Thewis, A 1996. Effet des tannins de châtaignier sur la digestion in sacco et in vivo des matières azotées chez les ruminants. Rencontres Recherches Ruminants 3, 9396.Google Scholar
DeFrain, JM, Hippen, AR, Kalscheur, KF, Tricarico, JM 2005. Effects of dietary {alpha}-amylase on metabolism and performance of transition dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 44054413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diaz, A, Avendano, M, Escobar, A 1993. Evaluation of Sapindus saponaria as a defaunating agent and its effects on different ruminal digestion parameters. Livestock Research for Rural Development 5, 2731.Google Scholar
Dollahite, JW, Pigeon, RF, Camp, BJ 1962. The toxicity of gallic acid, pyrogallol, tannic acid, and Quercus havardi in the rabbit. American Journal of Veterinary Research 23, 12641272.Google ScholarPubMed
Doreau, M, Jouany, J-P 1998. Effect of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on nutrient digestion in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 32143322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durand, D, De La Torre, A, Picaud, T, Compan, H, Bauchart, D 2002. Phytotherapia and hepatic steatosis in high producing dairy cows. Rencontres Recherches Ruminants 9, 228.Google Scholar
Durand-Chaucheyras, F, Fonty, G, Bertin, G, Theveniot, M, Gouet, P 1998. Fate of Levucell® SCI-1077 yeast additive during digestive transit in lambs. Reproduction Nutrition Development 38, 275280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duval, SM, Newbold, CJ, McEwan, NR, Graham, RC, Wallace, RJ 2004. Effect of a specific blend of essential oils on the colonization of substrates by rumen microorganisms. Reproduction Nutrition Development 44 (Suppl. 1), S35.Google Scholar
Edwards, JE, McEwan, NR, Travis, AJ, Wallace, RJ 2004. 16S rDNA library-based analysis of ruminal bacterial diversity. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 86, 263281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elam, NA, Gleghorn, JF, Rivera, JD, Galyean, ML, Defoor, PJ, Brashears, MM, Younts-Dahl, SM 2003. Effects of live cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus (strains NP45 and NP51) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii on performance, carcass, and intestinal characteristics, and E. coli strain O157 shedding of finishing beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 81, 26862698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elgayyar, M, Droughon, FA, Golden, DA, Mount, JR 2001. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms. Journal of Food Protection 64, 10191024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellinger, DK, Muller, LD, Glandz, PJ 1978. Influence of feeding fermented colostrum and Lactobacillus acidophilus on faecal flora and selected blood parameters of young dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 61 (Suppl. 1), 126.Google Scholar
Emmanuel, DGV, Jafari, A, Beauchemin, KA, Leedle, JAZ, Ametaj, BN 2007. Feeding live cultures of Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces an inflammatory response in feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science 85, 233239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ephraim, E, Odenyo, A, Ashenafi, M 2005. Screening for tannin degradation by rumen and faecal samples of wild and domestic animals in Ethiopia. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 21, 803809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eryavuz, A, Dehority, BA 2004. Effects of Yucca schidigera extract on the concentration of rumen microorganisms in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 117, 215222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eun, J-S, Beauchemin, KA, Hong, S-H, Bauer, MW 2006. Exogenous enzymes added to untreated or ammoniated rice straw: effects on in vitro fermentation characteristics and degradability. Animal Feed Science and Technology 131, 87102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farag, RS, Shalaby, AS, El-Baroty, GA, Ibrahim, NA, Ali, MA, Hassan, EM 2004. Chemical and biological evaluation of the essential oils of different Melaleuca species. Phytotherapy Research 18, 3035.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez M, Lopez S, Rodriguez AB, Garcia-Gonzales R, Frehner M, Gonzales JS 2005. Efecto del aditivo CRINA® sobre la actividad fermentativa ruminal in vitro. XI Jornadas sobre Produccion Animal, vol. I and II, Zaragoza, Spain, 11–12 May 2005, pp. 566–568.Google Scholar
Field, JA, Kortekaas, S, Lettinga, G 1989. The tannin theory of methanogenic toxicity. Biological Wastes 29, 241262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frutos, P, Raso, M, Hervas, G, Mantecon, AR, Perez, V, Giraldez, FJ 2004. Is there any detrimental effect when a chestnut hydrolysable tannin extract is included in the diet of finishing lambs?. Animal Research 53, 127136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukuda, S, Suzuki, Y, Murai, M, Asanuma, N, Hino, T 2006. Isolation of a novel strain of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens that isomerizes linoleic acid to conjugated linoleic acid without hydrogenation, and its utilization as a probotic for animals. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, 784794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, R 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66, 365378.Google Scholar
Gallardo, MR, Castillo, AR, Bargo, F, Abdala, AA, Maciel, MG, Perez-Monti, H, Castro, HC, Castelli, ME 2005. Monensin for lactating dairy cows grazing mixed-alfalfa pasture and supplemented with partial mixed ration. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 644652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Gonzales R, Dehority BA and Lopez S 2005. Ruminal bacteria counts from in vitro cultures upon the addition of medicinal plants that modify the fermentation. XI Jornadas sobre Produccion Animal, vol. I and II, Zaragoza, Spain, 11–12 May 2005, pp. 614–616.Google Scholar
Gee, JM, Price, KR, Ridout, CL, Johnson, IT, Fenwick, GR 1989. Effects of some purified saponins on transmural potential difference in mammalian small intestine. Toxicology In vitro 3, 8590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gee, JM, Wal, JM, Miller, K, Atkinson, H, Grigoriadou, F, Wijnands, MVW 1997. Effect of saponin on the transmucosal passage of β-lactoglobulin across the proximal small intestine of normal and β-lactoglobulin-sensitive rats. Toxicology 117, 219228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Getachew, G, Makkar, HPS, Becker, K 2001. Method of polyethylene glycol application to tannin-containing browes to improve microbial fermentation and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis from tannin-containing browses. Animal Feed Science and Technology 92, 5157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goad, DW, Goad, CL, Nagaraja, TG 1998. Ruminal microbial and fermentative changes associated with experimentally induced subacute acidosis in steers. Journal of Animal Science 76, 234241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goetsch, AL, Owens, FN 1985. Effects of sarsaponin on digestion and passage rates in cattle fed medium to low concentrates. Journal of Dairy Science 68, 23772384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomez, L, Bogaert, C, Jouany, J-P, Lassalas, B 1991. The influence of lasalocid and cationomycin on nitrogen digestion in sheep; comparison of methods for estimating microbial nitrogen. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, 389399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodrich, RD, Garrett, JE, Gast, DR, Kirick, MA, Larson, DA, Meiske, JC 1984. Influence of monensin on the performance of cattle. Journal of Animal Science 58, 14841498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greathead, H 2003. Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, 279290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffin, SG, Wyllie, SG, Marham, JL, Leach, DN 1999. The role of structure and molecular properties of terpenoids in determining their antimicrobial activity. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 14, 322332.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haslam, E 1988. Plant polyphenols (syn. vegetable tannins) and chemical defense – a reappraisial. Journal of Chemical Ecology 14, 17891805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Headon, DR, Buggle, K, Nelson, A, Killen, G 1991. Glycofractions of yucca plant and their role in ammonia control. In Proceedings of the Alltech’s Seventh Annual Symposium of Biotechnology Feed Industry (ed. TP Lyons), pp. 95108. Alltech Technical Publications, Nicholasville, Kentucky.Google Scholar
Hervás, G, Frutos, P, Giráldez, FJ, Mantecón, AR, del Pino, MCA 2003. Effect of different doses of Quebracho tannins extract on rumen fermentation in ewes. Animal Feed Science and Technology 109, 6578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horvath, PJ 1981. The nutritional and ecological significance of Acer- tannins and related polyphenols. MSc thesis,Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Hoste, H, Jackson, F, Athanasiadou, S, Thamsborg, SM, Hoskin, SO 2006. The effects of tannin-rich plants on parasitic nematodes in ruminants. Trends in Parasitology 22, 253261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hristov, AN, McAllister, TA, Cheng, K-J 1998. Stability of exogenous polysaccharide-degrading enzymes in the rumen. Animal Feed Science and Technology 76, 161168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hristov, AN, McAllister, TA, Van Herk, FH, Cheng, KJ, Newbold, CJ, Cheeke, PR 1999. Effect of Yucca schidigera on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in heifers. Journal of Animal Science 77, 25542563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hristov, AN, Ivan, M, Neill, L, McAllister, TA 2003. A survey of potential bioactive agents for reducing protozoal activity in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology 105, 163184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, W, WU, Y, Liu, J, Guo, Y, Ye, J 2005. Tea saponin affect in vitro fermentation and methanogenesis in faunated and defaunated rumen fluid. Journal of Zhejiang University Science 6B, 787792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussain, I, Cheeke, PR 1995. Effect of Yucca shidigera extract on rumen and blood profiles of steers fed concentrate- or roughage-based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 51, 231242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutching, MR, Athanasiadou, S, Kyriazakis, I, Gordon, IJ 2003. Can animals use foraging behaviour to combat parasites? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, 361370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, I, Gee, JM, Price, KR, Curl, C, Fenwick, GR 1986. Influence of saponins on gut permeability and active nutrient transport in vitro. Journal of Nutrition 116, 22702277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, WT, Lyttleton, JW 1971. Bloat in cattle. XXXIV. A survey of legume forages that do and do not produce bloat. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 14, 101107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, ET, Mangan, JL 1977. Complexes of the condensed tannins of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) with fraction 1 leaf protein and with submixilary mucoprotein, and their reversal by polyethylene glycol and pH. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 28, 126136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonsson, E, Olson, I 1985. The effect of performance, health and faecal microflora of feeding Lactobacillus strains to neonatal calves. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, 7176.Google Scholar
Jouany, J-P 1996. Effect of rumen protozoa on nitrogen utilization by ruminants. Journal of Nutrition 126, 1335S1346S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jouany, J-P 2006. Optimizing rumen functions in the close-up transition period and early lactation to drive dry matter intake and energy balance in cows. Animal Reproduction Science 96, 250264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jouany J-P, Fonty G, Lassalas B, Doré J, Gouet and Bertin G 1991. Effect of live yeast cultures on feed degradation in the rumen assessed by in vitro measurements. In Proceedings of the 21st Biennial Conference on Rumen Function (ed. JB Russell), p. 7 (abstr.). Chicago, USA.Google Scholar
Jouany, J-P, Mathieu, F, Senaud, J, Bohatier, J, Bertin, G, Mercier, M 1998a. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae on the digestion of nitrogen in the rumen of defaunated and refaunated sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 75, 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jouany, J-P, Mathieu, F, Senaud, J, Bohatier, J, Bertin, G, Mercier, M 1998b. The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus orizae on the digestion of the cell wall fraction of a mixed diet in defaunated and refaunated sheep rumen. Reproduction Nutrition Development 38, 401416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jouany, J-P, Mathieu, F, Sénaud, J, Bohatier, J, Bertin, G, Mercier, M 1999a. Influence of protozoa and fungal additives on ruminal pH and redox potential. South African Journal of Animal Science 29, 6566.Google Scholar
Jouany, J-P, Mathieu, F, Sénaud, J, Bohatier, J, Bertin, G, Mercier, M 1999b. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus orizae on the population of rumen microbes and their polysaccharidase activities. South African Journal of Animal Science 29, 67.Google Scholar
Katz, JA 2006. Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 40, 249255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killeen, GF, Madigan, CA, Connolly, CR, Walsh, GA, Clark, C, Hynes, MJ, Timmins, BF, James, P, Headon, DR, Power, RF 1998. Antimicrobial saponins of Yucca schidigera and the implications of their in vitro properties for their in vivo impact. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46, 31783186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klita, PT, Mathison, GW, Fenton, TW, Hardin, RT 1996. Effects of alfalfa root saponins on digestive function in sheep. Journal of Animal Science 74, 11441156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koukiekolo, R, Cho, HY, Kosugi, A, Inui, M, Yukawa, H, Doi, RH 2005. Degradation of corn fiber by Clostridium cellulovorans cellulases and hemicellulases and contribution of scaffolding protein CbpA. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 35043511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krause, KM, Combs, DK, Beauchemin, KA 2003. Effects of increasing levels of refined cornstarch in the diet of lactating dairy cows on performance and ruminal pH. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 13411353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krehbiel, CR, Rust, SR, Zhang, G, Gilliland, SE 2003. Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: performance response and mode of action. Journal of Animal Science 81, 120132.Google Scholar
Kung, LJ 1998. Direct-fed microbials and enzymes for dairy cows. In Mid-south ruminant nutrition conference (ed. ER Jordan), pp. 6977. Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas.Google Scholar
Larue, R, Yu, Z, Parisi, VA, Egan, AR, Morrison, M 2005. Novel microbial diversity adherent to plant biomass in the herbivore gastrointestinal tract, as revealed by ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis and rrs gene sequencing. Environmental Microbiology 7, 530543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, HG, Cheng, SS, Chang, ST 2005. Antifungal property of the essential oils and their constituents from Cinnamomum osmophloeum leaf against tree pathogenic fungi. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 85, 20472053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LiGuo, Y, HengMin, T 2005. Application test of origanum oil and bambermycin in dairy cattle production. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medecine 41, 2022.Google Scholar
Lila, ZA, Mohammed, N, Kanda, S, Kamada, T, Itabashi, H 2003. Effect of sarsaponin on ruminal fermentation with particular reference to methane production in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 33303336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linehan, B, Scheifinger, CC, Wolin, MJ 1978. Nutritional requirements of Selenomonas ruminantium for growth on lactate, glycerol, or glucose. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 35, 317322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez, S, Valdez, C, Newbold, CJ, Wallace, RJ 1999. Influence of sodium fumarate addition on rumen fermentation in vitro. The British Journal of Nutrition 81, 5964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lowe, LB, Ball, GJ, Carruthers, VR, Dobos, RC, Lynch, GA, Moate, PJ, Poole, PR, Valentine, SC 1991. Monensin controlled-release intraruminal capsule for control of bloat in pasture dairy cows. Australian Veterinary Journal 68, 1720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, CD, Jorgensen, NA 1987. Alfalfa saponins affect site and extent of digestion in ruminants. Journal of Nutrition 117, 919927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macheboeuf, D, Papon, Y, Arturo-Schaan, M, Mercier, A, Mousset, J-L, Jouany, J-P 2004. Comparison of dose–response effects of thymol and thyme essential oils on in vitro rumen fermentations. Reproduction Nutrition Development 44 (Suppl. 1), S39S40.Google Scholar
Macheboeuf, D, Lassalas, B, Ranilla, MJ, Carro, MD, Morgavi, D 2006a. Dose–response effect of diallyl disulfide on ruminal fermentation and methane production in vitro. Reproduction Nutrition Development 46 (Suppl. 1), S103.Google Scholar
Macheboeuf, D, Ranilla, MJ, Carro, MD, Tejido, ML, Lassalas, B, Morgavi, D 2006b. Combination of feed additives to meet production and environment targets in ruminants – in vitro optimization. Reproduction Nutrition and Development 46 (Suppl. 1), S103S104.Google Scholar
Mader, TL, Brumm, MC 1987. Effect of feeding sarsaponin in cattle and swine diets. Journal of Animal Science 65, 915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahzounieh, M, Karimi, I, Salehi, TZ, Marjanian, R 2006. The preventive effect of Saccharomyces boulardii in pathogenesis of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected rats. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9, 632635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makkar, HPS 2003. Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research 49, 241256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makkar, HPS, Singh, B 1991. Effect of drying conditions on tannin, fibre and lignin levels in mature oak (Quercus incana) leaves. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture 54, 323328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makkar HPS and Becker K 1996a. A bioassay for tannins. In Polyphenols communications. Proceedings of the XVIIIth International Conference on Polyphenols, vol. 96, July 15–18 1996. Bordeaux, France, pp. 197–198.Google Scholar
Makkar, HPS, Becker, K 1996b. Effect of pH, temperature, and time on inactivation of tannins and possible implications in detannification studies. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44, 12911295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makkar, HPS, Becker, K 1997. Degradation of quillaja saponins by mixed culture of rumen microbes. Letters in Applied Microbiology 25, 243245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Makkar, HPS, Singh, B, Dawra, RK 1988. Effect of tannin-rich leaves of oak (Quercus incand) on various microbial enzyme activities of the bovine rumen. British Journal of Nutrition 60, 287296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makkar, HPS, Becker, K, Abel, HJ, Szeletti, C 1995. Degradation of condensed tannins by rumen microbes exposed to quebracho tannins (QT) in rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) and effects of QT on fermentation processes in the RUSITEC. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 69, 495500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makkar, HPS, Blümel, M, Becker, K 1998. Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol with tannins and their implications in gas production and true digestibility in in vitro techniques. British Journal of Nutrition 73, 897913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manero, A, Vilanova, X, Cerda-Cuellar, M, Blanch, AR 2006. Vancomycin- and erythromycin-resistant enterococci in a pig farm and its environment. Environmental Microbiology 8, 667674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcinakova, M, Somonova, M, Laukova, A 2004. Probiotic properties of Enterococcus faecium EF9296 strain isolated from silage. Acta Veterinaria Brno 73, 513519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marden, J-P, Bayourthe, C 2005. Live yeasts – ruminal O2 scavenger and pH stabiliser. Feed Mix 13, 24.Google Scholar
Martin, SC 1998. Manipulation of ruminal fermentation with organic acids: a review. Journal of Animal Science 76, 31233132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, SA, Streeter, MN, Nisbet, DJ, Hill, G, Williams, SE 1999. Effects of dl-malate on ruminal metabolism and performance of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet. Journal of Animal Science 77, 10081015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattson, MP, Cheng, A 2006. Neurohormetic phytochemicals: low-dose toxins that induce adaptative neuronal stress responses. Trends in Neurosciences 29, 632639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAllister, TA, Annett, C, Cockwill, CL, Olson, ME, Wang, Y, Cheeke, PR 2001. Studies on the use of Yucca schidigera to control giardiosis. Veterinary Parasitology 97, 8599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDougall, S, Young, L, Anniss, FM 2004. Production and health of pasture-fed dairy cattle following oral treatment with the ionophore lasalocid. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 29672976.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwan, NR, Graham, RC, Wallace, RJ, Losa, R, Williams, P, Newbold, CJ 2002a. Effect of essential oils on ammonia production by rumen microbes. Reproduction Nutrition Development 42 (Suppl. 1), S65.Google Scholar
McEwan, NR, Graham, RC, Wallace, RJ, Losa, R, Williams, P, Newbold, CJ 2002b. Effect of essential oils on protein digestion in the rumen. Reproduction Nutrition Development 42 (Suppl. 1), S65S66.Google Scholar
McIntosh, FM, Williams, P, Losa, R, Wallace, RJ, Beever, DA, Newbold, CJ 2003. Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 50115014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKie, MR, Brown, DL, Melesse, A, Odenyo, AA 2004. Rumen microbes from African ruminants can degrade Acacia angustissima diamino acids. Animal Feed Science and Technology 117, 179195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, LR, McAllister, TA, Berg, BP, Majak, W, Acharya, SN, Popp, JD, Coulman, BE, Wang, Y, Cheng, KJ 2000. A review of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminal fermentation and bloat in grazing cattle. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, 469485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McSweeney, CS, Palmer, B, McNeil, DM, Krause, DO 2001. Microbial interactions with tannins: nutritional consequences for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 91, 8393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meagher, LP, Lane, G, Sivakumaran, S, Tavendale, MH, Fraser, K 2004. Characterization of condensed tannins from Lotus species by thiolytic degradation and electrospray mass spectrometry. Animal Feed Science and Technology 117, 151163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehansho, H, Butler, LG, Carlson, DM 1987. Dietary tannins and salivary proline-rich proteins: interactions, induction, and defense mechanisms. Annual Review of Nutrition 7, 423440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melendez, P, Goff, JP, Risco, CA, Archbald, LF, Littell, RC, Donovan, GA 2006. Effect of administration of a controlled-release monensin capsule on incidence of calving-related disorders, fertility, and milk yield in dairy cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 67, 537543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milgate, J, Roberts, DCK 1995. The nutritional and biological significance of saponins. Nutrition Research 15, 12231249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Min, BR, Attwood, GT, Reilly, K, Sun, W, Peters, JS, Barry, TN, McNabb, WC 2002. Lotus corniculatus condensed tannins decrease in vivo populations of proteolytic bacteria and affect nitrogen metabolism in the rumen of sheep. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, 911921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Min, BR, Barry, TN, Attwood, GT, McNabb, WC 2003. The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 106, 319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Min, BR, Pinchak, WE, Fulford, JD, Puchala, R 2005. Wheat pasture bloat dynamics, in vitro ruminal gas production, and potential bloat mitigation with condensed tannins. Journal of Animal Science 83, 13221331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molan, AL, Waghorn, GC, Min, BR, McNabb, WC 2000. The effect of condensed tannins from seven herbages on Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae in vitro and on pasture. Veterinary Parasitology 105, 269283.Google Scholar
Molero, R, Ibars, M, Calsamiglia, S, Ferret, A, Losa, R 2004. Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on dry matter and crude protein degradability in heifers fed diets with different forage to concentrate ratios. Animal Feed Science and Technology 114, 91104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgavi, DP, Beauchemin, KA, Nsereko, VL, Rode, LM, Iwaasa, AD, Yang, WZ, McAllister, TA, Wang, Y 2000a. Synergy between ruminal fibrolytic enzymes and enzymes from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 13101321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgavi, DP, Newbold, CJ, Beever, DE, Wallace, RJ 2000b. Stability and stabilization of potential feed additive enzymes in rumen fluid. Enzyme Microbiology and Technology 26, 171177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgavi, DP, Beauchemin, KA, Nsereko, VL, Rode, LM, McAllister, TA, Iwaasa, AD, Wang, Y, Yang, WZ 2001. Resistance of feed enzymes to proteolytic inactivation by rumen microorganisms and gastrointestinal proteases. Journal of Animal Science 79, 16211630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mueller-Harvey, I 2006. Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture 86, 20102037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naguy, JG, Tengerdy, RP 1968. Antibacterial action of essential oils of Artemisia as an ecological factor. II – Antibacterial action of the volatile oils of Artemisia tridentata (Big Sagebrush) on bacteria from the rumen of mule deer. Applied Microbiology 16, 441444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newbold, CJ 1995. Microbial feed additives for ruminants. In Biotechnology in animal feeds and animal feeding (ed. RJ Wallace and A Chesson), pp. 259278. VCH, Weinheim, Germany.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newbold, CJ, Chamberlain, DG, Williams, AG 1985. Ruminal metabolism of lactic acid in sheep receiving a diet of sugar beet pulp and hay. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 44, 85A.Google Scholar
Newbold, CJ, Wallace, RJ, McIntosh, FM 1993. The stimulation of rumen bacteria by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent on the respiratory activity of the yeast. Journal of Animal Science 71 (Suppl.1), 280 (abstr.).Google Scholar
Newbold, CJ, El Hassan, SM, Wang, J, Ortega, M, Wallace, RJ 1997. Influence of foliage from African multipurpose trees on activity of rumen protozoa and bacteria. The British Journal of Nutrition 78, 237249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newbold, CJ, McIntosh, FM, Williams, P, Losa, R, Wallace, RJ 2004. Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 114, 105112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newbold, CJ, Lopez, S, Nelson, N, Ouda, JO, Wallace, RJ, Moss, AR 2005. Propionate precursors and other metabolic intermediates as possible alternative electron acceptors to methanogenesis in ruminal fermentation in vitro. The British Journal of Nutrition 94, 2735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ngamsaeng, A, Wanapat, M, Khampa, S 2006. Effects of Mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana) supplementation on rumen ecology, microbial protein synthesis, digestibility and voluntary feed intake in cattle. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5, 445452.Google Scholar
Nicholson, K, Butler, LG, Asquith, TN 1986. Glycoproteins from Colleptrichum graminicola that bind phenols: implications for survival and virulence of phytopathogenic fungi. Phytochemistry 76, 38243830.Google Scholar
Nisbet, DJ, Martin, SA 1994. Factors affecting l-lactate utilization by Selenomonas ruminantium. Journal of Animal Science 72, 13551361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nocek, JE, Kautz, WP 2006. Direct-fed microbial supplementation on ruminal digestion, health, and performance of pre- and postpartum dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 260266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nocek, JE, Kautz, WP, Leedle, JAZ, Allman, JG 2002. Ruminal supplementation of direct-fed microbials on diurnal pH variation and in situ digestion in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 429433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nsereko, VL, Morgavi, D, Beauchemin, KA, Rode, LM 2000a. Inhibition of ruminant feed enzyme polysaccharidase activities by extracts from silages. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, 523526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nsereko, VL, Morgavi, DP, Rode, LM, Beauchemin, KA, McAllister, TA 2000b. Effects of fungal enzyme preparations on hydrolysis and subsequent degradation of alfalfa hay fiber by mixed rumen microorganisms in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology 88, 153170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odenyo, AA, Osuji, PO, Karanfil, O 1997. Effect of multipurpose tree (MPT) supplements on ruminal ciliate protozoa. Animal Feed Science and Technology 67, 169180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odenyo, AA, McSweeneym, CS, Palmer, B, Negassa, D, Osuji, PO 1999. In vitro screening of rumen fluid samples from indigenous African ruminants provides evidence for rumen fluid with superior capacities to digest tannin-rich fodders. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 11471157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odenyo, AA, Osuji, PO, Reed, JD, Smith, AH, Mackie, RI, McSweeney, CS, Hanson, J 2003. Acacia angustissima: its anti-nutrients constituents; toxicity and possible mechanisms to alleviate the toxicity – a short review. Agroforestry Systems 59, 141147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Offer, NW 1990. Maximising fiber digestion in the rumen: the role of yeast culture. In Biotechnology in the feed industry (ed. TP Lyons), pp. 7996. Alltech Technical Publications, Nicholasville, Kentucky.Google Scholar
Offer NW, Bell JF and Roberts DJ 2005. The effects of feeding an essential oil feed additive on dairy cow performance. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science Annual Conference, 4–6th April 2005, p. 188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborne, JK, Mutsvanga, T, Alzahal, O, Duffield, T, Bagg, R, Dick, P, Vessie, G, McBride, BW 2004. Effects of monensin on ruminal forage degradability and total tract diet digestibility in lactating dairy cows during grain-induced subacute ruminal acidosis. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 18401847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pacheco-Soares, C, de Souza, W 2000. Localization of saponinsterol complexes and lectin-binding sites during interaction of Toxoplasma gondii with host cells. Parasitology Research 86, 529536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parveen, S, Lukasik, J, Scott, TM, Tamplin, ML, Portier, KM, Sheperd, S, Braun, K, Farrah, SR 2006. Geographical variation in antibiotic resistance profiles of E. coli isolated from swine poultry beef and dairy cattle farm water retention ponds in Florida. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, 5057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pell AN, Woolston TK, Nelson KE and Schofield P 2000. Tannins: biological activity and bacterial tolerance. In Tannins in livestock and human nutrition (ed. JD Brooker), Proceedings of the International Workshop, Adelaide, Australia, May 31–June 2 1999, pp. 111–116. .Google Scholar
Pen, B, Sar, C, Mwenya, B, Kuwaki, K, Morikawa, R, Takahashi, J 2006. Effects of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria extracts on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane emission. Animal Feed Science and Technology 129, 175186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pendleton, B 2000. The regulatory environment. In Direct-fed microbial, enzyme and forage additive compendium (ed. S Muirhead), pp. 4955. The Miller Publishing Company, Minnetonka, MN.Google Scholar
Peterson, RE, Klopfenstein, TJ, Erickson, GE, Folmer, J, Hinkley, S, Moxley, RA, Smith, DR 2007. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NP51 on E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding and finishing performance in beef feedlot cattle. Journal of Food Protection 70, 287291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinares-Patino, CS, Ulyatt, MJ, Waghorn, GC, Lassey, KR, Barry, TN, Holmes, CW, Johnson, DE 2003. Methane emission by alpaca and sheep fed on lucerne hay or grazed on pastures of perennial ryegrass/white clover or birdsfoot trefoil. Journal of Agricultural Science 140, 215226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raeth-Knight, ML, Linn, JG, Jung, HG 2007. Effect of direct-fed microbials on performance, diet digestibility, and rumen characteristics of Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 18021809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raibaud, P 1992. In Bacterial interactions in the gut (ed. R Fuller), pp. 928. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.Google Scholar
Ramirez-Restrepo, CA, Barry, TN 2005. Alternative temperate forages containing secondary compounds for improving sustainable productivity in grazing ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 120, 179201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, JD 1995. Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. Journal of Animal Science 73, 15161528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roger, V, Fonty, G, Komisarczuk-Bony, S, Gouet, P 1990. Effects of physicochemical factors on the adhesion to cellulose avicel of the ruminal bacteria Ruminococcus flavefaciens subsp. succinogenes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56, 30813087.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rojo, R, Mendoza, GD, Gonzalez, SS, Landois, L, Barcena, R, Crosby, MM 2005. Effects of exogenous amylases from Bacillus licheniformis and Aspergillus niger on ruminal starch digestion and lamb performance. Animal Feed Science and Technology 123–124, 655665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos-Buelga, C, Scalbert, A 2000. Proanthocyanidins and tannin-like compounds – nature, occurrence, dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 80, 10941117.3.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santoso, B, Mwenya, B, Sar, C, Gamo, Y, Kobayashi, T, Morikawa, R, Kimura, K, Mizukoshi, H, Takahashi, J 2004a. Effects of supplementing galacto-oligosaccharides, Yucca schidigera or nisin on rumen methanogenesis, nitrogen and energy metabolism in sheep. Livestock Production Science 91, 209217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santoso, B, Mwenya, B, Sar, C, Gamo, Y, Kobayashi, T, Morikawa, R, Takahashi, J 2004b. Effect of Yucca schidigera with or without nisin on ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed silage- and hay-based diets. Animal Science Journal 75, 525531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santoso, B, Mwenya, B, Sar, C, Takahashi, J 2006. Ruminal fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in sheep fed a silage-based diet supplemented with Yucca schidigera or Y. schidigera and nisin. Animal Feed Science and Technology 129, 187195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sauvant, D 2005. Rumen acidosis: modeling ruminant response to yeast culture. In Nutritional biotechnology in the feed and food industries (ed. TP Lyons and KA Jacques), pp. 221228. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.Google Scholar
Schmidt, RJ, Kleinschmit, DH, Ladd, JM, Lynch, JE, Kung, L, Williams, PG, Losa, R 2004. The effect of essential plant oils on milk production and composition from lactating dairy cows and on silage fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. Journal of Animal Science 82 (Suppl. 1), 129.Google Scholar
Schnitzler, P, Schon, K, Reichling, J 2001. Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture. Pharmazie 56, 343347.Google ScholarPubMed
Schulman, JH, Pethica, B, Few, AV, Salton, MRJ 1955. The physical chemistry of haemolysis and bacteriolysis by surface active agents and antibiotics. Progress in Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry 5, 4171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, S, Makkar, HPS, Becker, K 1998. Alfalfa saponins and their implication in animal nutrition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46, 131140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimada, T 2006. Salivary proteins as a defense against dietary tannins. Journal of Chemical Ecology 32, 11491163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, V, Morrissey, JP, Latijnhouwers, M, Csukai, M, Cleaver, A, Yarrow, C, Osbourn, A 2006. Dual effects of plant steroidal alkaloids on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, 24402732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivropoulou, A, Papanikolaou, E, Nikolaou, C, Kokkini, S, Lanaras, T, Arsenakis, M 1996. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of oreganum essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44, 12021205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sliwinski, BJ, Soliva, CR, Machmuller, A, Kreuzer, M 2002. Efficacy of plant extracts rich in secondary constituents to modify rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 101, 101114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sougioultzis, S, Simeonidis, S, Bhaskar, KR, Chen, XH, Anton, PM, Keates, S, Pothoulakis, C, Kelly, CP 2006. Saccharomyces boulardii produces a soluble anti-inflammatory factor that inhibits NF-kappa B-mediated IL-8 gene expression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 343, 6976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, DR, Allen, DT, Perry, EB, Bruner, JC, Gates, KW, Rehberger, TG, Mertz, K, Jones, D, Spicer, LJ 2006. Effects of feeding propionibacteria to dairy cows on milk yield, milk components, and reproduction. Journal of dairy Science 89, 111125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, CS 1977. Factors affecting the cellulolytic activity of rumen contents. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 33, 497502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stienezen, M, Waghorn, GC, Douglas, GB 1996. Digestibility and effects of condensed tannins on digestion of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) when fed to sheep. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 39, 215221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stromberg, BE, Schlotthauer, JC, Armstrong, BD, Brandt, WE, Liss, C 1982. Efficacy of lasalocid sodium against coccidiosis (Eimeria Zuernii and Eimeria bovis) in calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 43, 583585.Google ScholarPubMed
Tabanca, N, Demirci, B, Husnu Can Baser, K, Aytac, Z, Ekici, M, Khan, SI, Jacob, MR, Wedge, DE 2006. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Salvia macrochlamys and Salvia recognita essential oils. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 54, 65936597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanner, GJ, Moate, PJ, Davis, LH, Laby, RH, Yuguang, L, Larkin, PJ 1995. Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannin) destabilise plant protein foams in a dose dependent manner. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, 11011109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tavendale, MH, Meagher, LP, Pacheco, D, Walker, N, Attwood, GT, Sivakumaran, S 2005. Methane production from in vitro rumen incubations with Lotus pedunculatus and Meticago sativa, and effects of extractable condensed tannin fractions on methanogenesis. Animal Feed Science and Technolology 123/124, 403419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teferedegne, B 2000. New perspectives on the use of tropical plants to improve ruminant nutrition. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, 209214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terrill, TH, Waghorn, GC, Wooley, DJ, McNabb, WC, Barry, TN 1994. Assay and digestion of 14C-labelled condensed tannins in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 72, 467477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thalib, A, Widiawati, Y, Hamid, H, Suherman, D, Sabrani, M 1995. The effects of saponin from Sapindus rarak fruit on rumen microbes and host animal growth. Annales de Zootechnie 44 (Suppl.), 161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thalib, A, Widiawati, Y, Hamid, H, Suherman, D, Sabrani, M 1996. The effects of saponin from Sapindus rarak fruit on rumen microbes and performance of sheep. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 2, 1721.Google Scholar
Titi, HH 2003. Replacing soybean meal with sunflower meal with or without fibrolytic enzymes in fattening diets of goat kids. Small Ruminant Research 48, 4550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Titi, H, Lubbadeh, WF 2004. Effect of feeding cellulase enzyme on productive responses of pregnant and lactating ewes and goats. Small Ruminant Research 52, 137143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traore, F, Faure, R, Ollivier, E, Gasquet, M, Azas, N, Debrauwer, L, Keita, A, Timon-David, P, Balansard, G 2000. Structure and antiprotozoal activity of triterpenoid saponins from Glinus oppositifolius. Planta Medica 66, 368371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tricarico JM, Johnston JD, Dawson KA, Hanson KC, McLeod KR and Harmon DL 2005. The effects of an Aspergillus oryzae extract containing alpha-amylase activity on ruminal fermentation and milk production in lactating Holstein cows. Animal Science 81, 365–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valdez, FR, Bush, LJ, Goetsch, AL, Owens, FN 1986. Effect of steroidal sapogenins on ruminal fermentation and on production of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 69, 15681575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanbelle, M, Teller, E, Focant, M 1990. Probiotics in animal nutrition: a review. Archiv fur Tierernahrung 40, 543567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varga, G, Block, E, Williams, P, Cassidy, TW, Losa, R 2004. Effect of CRINA RUMINANTS, a mixture of essential oil components, on continuous culture fermentation and milk production of lactating cows. Journal of Animal Science 82 (Suppl. 1), 334.Google Scholar
Viallon, C, Martin, B, Verdier-Metz, I, Pradem, P, Garel, J-P, Coulon, J-B, Berdague, J-L 2000. Transfer of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes from forages into milk fat. Lait 80, 641653.Google Scholar
Waghorn, GC, Jones, WT 1989. Bloat in cattle. Potential of dock (Rumex obtusifolius) as an antibloating agent for cattle. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 32, 227235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waghorn, GC, McNabb, WC 2003. Consequences of plant phenolic compounds for productivity and health of ruminants. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, 383392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waghorn, GC, Ulyatt, MJ, John, A, Fisher, MT 1987. The effect of condensed tannins on the site of digestion of amino acids and other nutrients in sheep fed on Lotus corniculatus L. The British Journal of Nutrition 57, 115126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waghorn, GC, Shelton, ID, McNabb, WC 1994. Effects of condensed tannins in Lotus pedunculatus on its nutritive value for sheep. 1. Non-nitrogenous aspects. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 123, 99107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waghorn, GC, Tavendale, MH, Woodfield, DR 2002. Methanogenesis from forages fed to sheep. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grasslands Association 64, 167171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, RJ, Newbold, CJ, McKein, N 1990. Influence of ionophores and energy inhibitors on peptides metabolism by rumen bacteria. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 115, 285290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace RJ, Wood TA, Rowe A, Price J, Yanez DR, Williams SP and Newbold CJ 2006. Encapsulated fumaric acid as a means of decreasing ruminal methane emissions. International Congress Series Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture: An Update. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture, Zurich (ed. CR Soliva, J Takahashi and M Kreuzer), pp. 148–151. International Congress Series 1293, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y, McAllister, TA, Yanke, LJ, Cheeke, PR 2000. Effect of steroidal saponin from Yucca schidigera extract on ruminal microbes. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88, 887896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y, Green, D, McAllister, TA 2003. Effects of moisture, roller setting and saponin-based surfactant on barley processing, minimal degradation of barley, and growth performance by feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science 81, 21452154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y, Spratling, BM, ZoBell, DR, Wiedmeier, RD, McAllister, TA 2004. Effect of alkali pretreatment of wheat straw on the efficacy of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. Journal of Animal Science 82, 198208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, JW, Hill, GM, Utley, PR 1993. Peanut skins as a feed ingredient for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 590599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, LG, Greger, A, White, A, Nonnamaker, BJ 1978. In vitro studies on saponin–mineral complexation. Journal of Food Science 43, 13421343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, PEV, Tait, CAG, Innes, GM, Newbold, CJ 1991. Effects of the inclusion of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium) in the diet of dairy cows on milk yield and forage degradation and fermentation patterns in the rumen of sheep and steers. Journal of Animal Science 69, 30163026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wina E, Muetzel S, Hoffmann E and Becker K 2004. Saponin-containng methanol extract of Sapindus rarak improved sheep performance without affecting digestibility. In Deutscher Tropentag on Rural Poverty Reduction through Research for Development, 5–7 October 2004.Google Scholar
Wina, E, Muetzel, S, Hoffmann, E, Makkar, HPS, Becker, K 2005. Saponins containing methanol extract of Sapindus rarak affect microbial fermentation, microbial activity and microbial community structure in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology 121, 159174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wina, E, Muetzel, S, Becker, K 2006. The dynamics of major fibrolytic microbes and enzyme activity in the rumen in response to short- and long-term feeding of Sapindus rark saponins. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, 114122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiryawan, KG, Brooker, JD 1995. Probiotic control of lactate accumulation in acutely grain-fed sheep. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, 15551568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, SI, Waghorn, GC, Ulyatt, MJ, Lassey, KR 2001. Early indications that feeding Lotus will reduce methane emissions from ruminants. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 61, 2326.Google Scholar
Wu, Z, Sadik, M, Sleiman, FT 1994. Influence of Yucca extract on ruminal metabolism in cows. Journal of Animal Science 72, 10381042.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, S, Carlson, K 2004. Routine monitoring of antibiotics in water and wastewater with a radioimmunoassay technique. Water Research 38, 31553166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Younts-Dahl, SM, Osborn, GD, Galyean, ML, Rivera, JD, Loneragan, GH, Brashears, MM 2005. Reduction of E. coli O157 in finishing beef cattle by various doses of Lactobacillus acidophilus in direct-fed microbials. Journal of Food Protection 68, 610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, P, McKinnon, JJ, Maenz, DD, Olkowski, AA, Racz, VJ, Christensen, DA 2003. Enzymic release of reducing sugars from oat hulls by cellulase, as influenced by Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase and trichoderma xylanase. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 51, 218223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, P, McKinnon, JJ, Christensen, DA 2005. Improving the nutritional value of oat hulls for ruminant animals with pretreatment of a multienzyme cocktail: in vitro studies. Journal of Animal Science 83, 11331141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmer, N, Cordesse, R 1996. Digestibility and ruminal digestion of non-nitrogenous compounds in adult sheep and goats: effects of chestnut tannins. Animal Feed Science and Technology 61, 259273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar