Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-94d59 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T23:09:03.510Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Visual attention-related processing in Alzheimer's disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2008

Andrea Tales*
Affiliation:
Department of Experimental Psychology, Bristol University, UK
Gillian Porter
Affiliation:
Department of Experimental Psychology, Bristol University, UK
*
Address for correspondence: A Tales, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK. Email: Andrea.Tales@bristol.ac.uk

Extract

The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves neuropsychological testing to assess the integrity of higher order cerebral functions such as memory, cognition, visual perception, language and executive function. However, the onset of AD is insidious and diagnosing the very early stages may be precluded as such tests may lack the necessary sensitivity and specificity. This, together with the potential for similar shortcomings in relation to assessing disease progression and response to treatment, has prompted the search for disease markers based on abnormalities in additional aspects of brain processing. One area receiving increasing investigation is the integrity of visual and visual-attention-related processing.

Type
Neuropsychiatry of old age
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Braak, H, Braak, E. Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol 1991; 82 (4): 239–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Kurylo, DD, Corkin, S, Rizzo III, JF, Growdon, JH. Greater relative impairment of object recognition than of visuo-spatial abilities in Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropsychology 1996; 10 (1): 7481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3Leuba, G, Saini, K. Pathology of subcortical visual centers in relation to cortical degeneration in Alzheimer-disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1995; 21 (5): 410–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4McKee, AC, Au, R, Cabral, HJ et al. Visual association pathology in preclinical Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65 (6): 621–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Bell, KFS, Bennett, DA, Cuello, AC. Paradoxical upregulation of glutamatergic presynaptic boutons during mild cognitive impairment. J Neurosci 2007; 27 (40): 10810–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Dannhauser, TM, Walker, Z, Stevens, T, Lee, L, Seal, M, Shergill, SS. The functional anatomy of divided attention in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Brain 2005; 128: 1418–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Mapstone, M, Dickerson, K, Duffy, CJ. Distinct mechanisms of impairment in cognitive ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2008; 131: 1618–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Parasuraman, R, Greenwood, PM, Haxby, JV, Grady, CL. Visuospatial attention in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Brain 1992; 115: 711–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Selkoe, DJ. Alzheimer's disease is a synaptic failure. Science 2002; 98 (5594): 789–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Bentley, P, Driver, J, Dolan, RJ. Cholinesterase inhibition modulates visual and attentional brain responses in Alzheimer's disease and health. Brain 2008; 131: 409–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Bentley, P, Vuilleumier, P, Thiel, CM, Driver, J, Dolan, RJ. Cholinergic enhancement modulates neural correlates of selective attention and emotional processing. Neuroimage 2003; 20: 5870.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Furey, ML, Pietrini, P, Haxby, JV. Cholinergic enhancement and increased selectivity of perceptual processing during working memory. Science 2000; 290 (5500): 2315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Nobili, L, Sannita, WG. Cholinergic modulation, visual function and Alzheimer's dementia. Vision Res 1996; 37 (24): 3559–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14Parasuraman, R, Espeseth, T. Genetic and neuroimaging studies of cholinergic-neurotrophic modulation of visual attention. Prog Natural Sci 2007; Special Issue: 1–18.Google Scholar
15Alescio-Lautier, B, Michel, BF, Herrera, C et al. Visual and visuospatial short-term memory in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: role of attention. Neuropsychologia 2007; 45 (8): 1948–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Berti, S, Schroger, E. Distraction effects in vision: behavioral and event-related potential indices. NeuroReport 2004; 15 (4): 665–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Caterini, F, Della Sala, S, Spinnler, H, Stangalino, C, Turnbull, OH. Object recognition and object orientation in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 2002; 16 (2): 146–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Cronin-Golomb, A, Gilmore, GC. Visual factors in cognitive dysfunction and enhancement in Alzheimer's disease. In Soraci, SA, Murata-Soraci, K (eds). Visual Information Processing. Westport CT: Praeger, 2003: 334.Google Scholar
19Kavcic, V, Duffy, CJ. Attentional dynamics and visual perception: mechanisms of spatial disorientation in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2003; 126: 1173–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Mosimann, UP, Felblinger, J, Ballinari, P, Hess, CW, Muri, RM. Visual exploration behaviour during clock reading in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2004; 127: 431–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Scinto, LFM. Pupillary cholinergic hypersensitivity predicts cognitive decline in community dwelling elders. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29: 222–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Singh, V, Chertkow, H, Lerch, JP, Evans, AC, Dorr, AE, Kabani, NJ. Spatial patterns of cortical thinning in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2006; 129: 2885–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23van Rhijn, SJ, Glosser, G, de Vries, JJ, Clark, CM, Newberg, AB, Alavi, A. Visual processing impairments and decrements in regional brain activity in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2004; 26 (1): 1123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Doherty, JR, Rao, AL, Mesulam, MM, Nobre, AC. Synergistic effect of combined temporal and spatial expectations on visual attention. J Neurosci 2005; 25 (36): 8259–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Fernandez-Duque, D, Black, SE. Attentional networks in normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 2006; 20 (2): 133–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Parasuraman, R, Greenwood, PM. Visual attention, genetics and Alzheimer's disease. In Cronin-Golomb, A, Hof, PR (eds). Vision in Alzheimer's Disease. Basel, Karger, 2004: 271–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Findlay, JM, Gilchrist, ID. Visual search. In Findlay, JM (ed). Active Vision: the Psychology of Looking and Seeing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003: 127–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Posner, MI. Orienting of attention. Q J Exp Psychol 1980; 32: 325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Desimone, R, Duncan, J. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Ann Rev Neurosci 1995; 18: 193222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Oberlin, BG, Alford, JL, Marrocco, RT. Normal attention orienting but abnormal stimulus alerting and conflict effect in combined subtype of ADHD. Behav Brain Res 2005; 165 (1): 111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Perry, RJ, Hodges, JR. Attention and executive deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 1999; 122: 383404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Corbetta, M, Shulman, GL. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Rev Neurosci 2002; 3 (3): 201–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Muller, NG, Ebeling, D. Attention-modulated activity in visual cortex – more than a simple ‘spotlight’. NeuroImage 2008; 40: 818–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Pinsk, MA, Doniger, GM, Kastner, S. Push–pull mechanism of selective attention in human extrastriate cortex. J Neurophysiol 2004; 92: 622–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Corbetta, M, Miezin, FM, Dobmeyer, S, Shulman, GL, Petersen, SE. Selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, colour, and speed – functional anatomy by positron emission tomography. J Neurosci 1991; 11 (8): 2383–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Cave, KR, Pashler, H. Visual selection mediated by location-selective successive visual objects. Perception Psychophys 1995; 57 (4): 421–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37Fan, J, Byrne, J, Worden, MS et al. The relation of brain oscillations to attentional networks. J Neurosci 2007; 27 (23): 6197–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Fan, J, McCandliss, BD, Fossella, J, Flombaum, JI, Posner, MI. The activation of attentional networks. NeuroImage 2005; 26 (2): 471–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Posner, MI, Petersen, SE. The attention system of the human brain. Ann Rev Neurosci 1990; 13: 2542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Foldi, NS, Lobosco, JJ, Schaefer, LA. The effect of attentional dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: theoretical and practical implications. In Helm-Estabrooks, N, Bernstein Ratner, N, Murray, LL (eds). Seminars in Speech and Language, volume 23: Attention: Its Neuroanatomical Bases, Forms, Disorders, Assessments, and Treatment in Adults with Specific Neurological Disorders. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 2002: 139–50.Google Scholar
41Almkvist, O. Functional brain imaging as a looking-glass into the degraded brain: reviewing evidence from Alzheimer disease in relation to normal aging. Acta Psychologica 2000; 105 (2–3): 255–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Amieva, H, Phillips, LH, Della Sala, S, Henry, JD. Inhibitory functioning in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2004; 127: 949–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Baddeley, A, Bressi, S, Della Sala, S, Logie, R, Spinnler, H.The decline of working memory in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 1991; 114: 2521–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Baddeley, AD, Baddeley, HA, Bucks, RS, Wilcock, GK. Attentional control in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2001; 124: 1492–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Belleville, S, Chertkow, H, Gauthier, S. Working memory and control of attention in persons with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology 2007; 21 (4): 458–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Berardi, AM, Parasuraman, R, Haxby, JV. Sustained attention in mild Alzheimer's disease. Dev Neuropsychol 2005; 28 (1): 507–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Della Sala, S, Logie, RH. Theoretical and practical implications of dual-task performance in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2001; 124: 1479–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48Drzezga, A, Grimmer, T, Peller, M et al. Impaired cross-modal inhibition in Alzheimer disease. Plos Medicine 2005; 2 (10): 986–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Gorus, E, De Raedt, R, Lambert, M, Lemper, JC, Mets, T. Attentional processes discriminate between patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and cognitively healthy elderly. Int Psychogeriat 2006; 18 (3): 539–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Hodges, JR. Alzheimer's centennial legacy: origins, landmarks and the current status of knowledge concerning cognitive aspects. Brain 2006; 129: 2811–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Ramsden, CM, Kinsella, GJ, Ong, B, Storey, E. Performance of everyday actions in mild Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 2008; 22 (1): 1726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Sebastian, MV, Menor, J, Elosua, MR. Attentional dysfunction of the central executive in AD: evidence from dual task and perseveration errors. Cortex 2006; 42: 1015–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Spieler, DH, Balota, DA, Faust, ME. Stroop performance in healthy younger and older adults and in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. J Exp Psychol – Human Perception and Performance 1996; 22 (2): 461–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Downar, J, Crawley, AP, Mikulis, DJ, Davis, KD. A multimodal cortical network for the detection of changes in the sensory environment. Nature Neurosci 2000; 3 (3): 277–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55Arguin, M, Joanette, Y, Cavanagh, P. Visual search for feature and conjunction targets with an attention deficit. J Cog Neurosci 1993; 5 (4): 436–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Li, Z. A saliency map in primary visual cortex. Trends Cog Sci 2002; 6: 916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Näätänen, R, Paavilainen, P, Rinne, T, Alho, K. The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 12: 2544–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58Tales, A, Newton, P, Troscianko, T, Butler, S. Mismatch negativity in the visual modality. NeuroReport 1999; 10 (16): 3363–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Daffner, KR, Rentz, DM, Scinto, LFM, Faust, R, Budson, AE, Holcomb, PJ. Pathophysiology underlying diminished attention to novel events in patients with early AD. Neurology 2001; 56: 1377–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Treisman, A. Features and Objects: The Fourteenth Bartlett Memorial Lecture. Q J Exp Psychol 1988; 40A (2): 201–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61Foster, JK, Behrmann, M, Stuss, DT. Visual attention deficits in Alzheimer's disease: simple versus conjoined feature search. Neuropsychology 1999; 13 (2): 223–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62Tales, A, Butler, SR, Fossey, J, Gilchrist, ID, Jones, RW, Troscianko, T. Visual search in Alzheimer's disease: a deficiency in processing conjunctions of features. Neuropsychologia 2002; 1440: 19.Google Scholar
63Tales, A, Muir, J, Jones, R, Bayer, A, Snowden, RJ. The effects of saliency and task difficulty on visual search performance in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2004; 42 (3): 335–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Pazo-Alvarez, P, Cadaveira, F, Amenedo, E. MMN in the visual modality: a review. Biol Psychol 2003; 63 (3): 199236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Lorenzo-Lopez, L, Amenedo, E, Pazo-Alvarez, P, Cadaveira, F. Pre-attentive detection of motion direction changes in normal aging. NeuroReport 2004; 15 (17): 2633–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Tales, A, Troscianko, T, Wilcock, GK, Newton, R, Butler, SR. Age-related changes in the preattentional detection of visual change. NeuroReport 2002; 13 (7): 969–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Tales, A, Butler, S. Visual mismatch negativity highlights abnormal preattentive visual processing in Alzheimer's disease. NeuroReport 2006; 17 (9): 887–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Tales, A, Haworth, J, Wilcock, G, Newton, P, Butler, S. Visual mismatch negativity highlights abnormal pre-attentive visual processing in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46 (5): 1224–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Berger, A, Henik, A, Rafal, R. Competition between endogenous and exogenous orienting of visual attention. J Exp Psychol – General 2005; 134 (2): 207–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70Arrington, CM, Carr, TH, Mayer, AR, Rao, SM. Neural mechanisms of visual attention: Object-based selection of a region in space. J Cog Neurosci 2000; 12: 106–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Corbetta, M, Kincade, JM, Ollinger, JM, McAvoy, MP, Shulman, GL. Voluntary orienting is dissociated from target detection in human posterior parietal cortex. Nature Neurosci 2000; 3 (5): 521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Daffner, KR, Mesulam, MM, Holcomb, PJ et al. Disruption of attention to novel events after frontal lobe injury in humans. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2000; 68 (1): 1824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Fernandez-Duque, D, Posner, MI. Brain imaging of attentional networks in normal and pathological states. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2001; 23 (1): 7493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Jennings, JM, Dagenbach, D, Engle, CM, Funke, LJ. Age-related changes and the Attention Network Task: An examination of alerting, orienting, and executive function. Aging Neuropsychol Cog 2007; 14 (4): 353–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Posner, MI, Dehaene, S. Attentional networks. Trends Neurosci 1994; 17 (2): 75–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Meltzer, CC, Zubieta, JK, Brandt, J, Tune, LE, Mayberg, HS, Frost, JJ. Regional hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease as measured by positron emission tomography after correction for effects of partial volume averaging. Neurology 1996; 47 (2): 454–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Bentley, P, Husain, M, Dolan, RJ. Effects of cholinergic enhancement on visual stimulation, spatial attention and spatial working memory. Neuron 2004; 41: 969–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Davidson, MC, Marrocco, RT. Local infusion of scopolamine into lateral intraparietal cortex alters covert orienting in rhesus monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2003; 89 (6): 3354.Google Scholar
79Herholz, K, Weisenbach, S, Kalbe, E. Deficits of the cholinergic system in early AD. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46 (6): 1642–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Lawrence, AD, Sahakian, BJ. Alzeimer-disease, attention and the cholinergic system. Alzheimer Disease Assoc Disorders 1995; 9: 43–9.Google ScholarPubMed
81Mesulam, M. The cholinergic lesion of Alzheimer's disease: Pivotal factor or side show? Learning & Mem 2004; 11 (1): 43–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82Sharp, SI, Francis, PT, Ballard, CG. Neurochemistry of severe dementia. Rev Clin Gerontol 2005; 15: 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83Posner, MI, Walker, JA, Friedrich, FJ, Rafal, RD. Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention. J Neurosci 1984; 4 (7): 1863–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Festa-Martino, E, Ott, BR, Heindel, WC. Interactions between phasic alerting and spatial orienting: effects of normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 2004; 18 (2): 258–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85Jonides, J. Voluntary versus automatic control over the minds eye. In Long, J, Baddeley, A (eds). Attention and Performance. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1981.Google Scholar
86Rafal, RF, Henik, A. The neurology of inhibition. Integrating controlled and automatic processes. In Dagenbach, D, Carr, T (eds). Inhibitory Processes in Attention, Memory and Language. San Diego: Academic Press, 1994.Google Scholar
87Caffara, P, Riggio, L, Malvezzi, L, Scaglioni, A, Freedman, M. Orientation of visual attention in Alzheimer's disease: its implication in favour of the interhemispheric balance. Neuropsychiat Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1997; 10: 90–5.Google Scholar
88Calderon, J, Perry, RJ, Erzinclioglu, SW, Berrios, GE, Dening, TR, Hodges, JR. Perception, attention, and working memory are disproportionately impaired in dementia with Lewy bodies compared with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2001; 70 (2): 157–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89Faust, ME, Balota, DA. Inhibition of return and visuospatial attention in healthy older adults and individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychology 1997; 11 (1): 1329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90Festa, EK, Ott, BR, Heindel, WC. Considering phasic alerting in Alzheimer's disease: Comment on Tales et al (2006). Neuropsychology 2006; 20 (6): 757–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91Maruff, P, Malone, V, Currie, J. Asymmetries in the covert orienting of visual spatial attention to spatial and non-spatial cues in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 1995; 118: 1421–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92Tales, A, Snowden, RJ. Alerting and orienting in Alzheimer's disease: Are they interdependent? Reply to Festa et al (2006). Neuropsychology 2006; 20 (6): 761–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93Tales, A, Snowden, RJ, Brown, M, Wilcock, G. Alerting and orienting in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 2006; 20 (6): 752–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94Tales, A, Muir, JL, Bayer, A, Jones, R, Snowden, RJ. Phasic visual alertness in Alzheimer's disease and ageing. NeuroReport 2002; 13 (18): 2557–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95Tales, A, Snowden, RJ, Haworth, J, Wilcock, G. Abnormal spatial and non-spatial cueing effects in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neurocase 2005; 11 (1): 8592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Boxer, AL, Garbutt, S, Rankin, KP et al. Medial versus lateral frontal lobe contributions to voluntary saccade control as revealed by the study of patients with frontal lobe degeneration. J Neurosci 2006; 26 (23): 6354–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97Bylsma, FW, Rasmusson, DX, Rebok, GW, Keyl, PM, Tune, L, Brandt, J. Changes in visual fixation and saccadic eye movements in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Psychophysiol 1995; 19: 3340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98Fletcher, WA, Sharpe, JA. Saccadic eye movement dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1986; 20: 464–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99Mosimann, UP, Muri, RM, Burn, DJ, Felblinger, J, O'Brien, JT, McKeith, IG. Saccadic eye movement changes in Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain 2005; 128: 1267–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Pirozzolo, FJ, Hansch, EC. Oculomotor reaction time in dementia reflects degree of cerebral dysfunction. Science 1981; 214: 349–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101Scinto, LFM, Daffner, KR, Castro, L, Weintraub, S, Vavrik, M, Mesulam, M. Impairment of spatially directed attention in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease as measured by eye movements. Arch Neurol 1994; 51: 682–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102Shafiq-Antonacci, R, Maruff, P, Masters, C, Currie, J. Spectrum of saccade system function in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 1272–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103Abel, LA, Unverzagt, F, Yee, RD. Effects of stimulus predictability and interstimulus gap on saccades in Alzheimer's disease. Dementia Geriat Cog Disord 2002; 13 (4): 235–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104Crawford, TJ, Higham, S, Renvoise, T et al. Inhibitory control of saccadic eye movements and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiat 2005; 57: 1052–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105Thulborn, KR, Martin, C, Voyvodic, JT. Functional MR imaging using a visually guided saccade paradigm for comparing activation patterns in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and in cognitively able elderly volunteers. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21: 524–31.Google ScholarPubMed
106Jones, A, Friedland, RP, Koss, B, Stark, L, Thompkins-Ober, BA. Saccadic intrusions in Alzheimer-type dementia. J Neurol 1983; 229: 189–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107Hutton, JT, Nagel, JA, Loewenson, RB. Eye-tracking dysfunction in Alzheimer-type dementia. Neurology 1984; 34: 99102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108Chun, MM, Wolfe, JM. Visual attention. In Goldstein, B (ed). Handbook of Perception. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2001: 272310.Google Scholar
109Cormack, F, Gray, A, Ballard, C, Tovee, MJ. A failure of ‘pop-out’ in visual search tasks in dementia with Lewy Bodies as compared to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriat Psychiat 2004; 19 (8): 763–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110Hao, J, Li, K, Li, K et al. Visual attention deficits in Alzheimer's disease: an fMRI study. Neurosci Lett 2005; 385: 1823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Levinoff, EJ, Li, KZH, Murtha, S, Chertkow, H. Selective attention impairments in Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for dissociable components. Neuropsychology 2004; 18 (3): 580–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112Duncan, J, Humphreys, GW. Visual-search and stimulus similarity. Psychol Rev 1989; 96 (3): 433–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113Festa, EK, Insler, RZ, Salmon, DP, Paxton, J, Hamilton, JM, Heindel, WC. Neocortical disconnectivity disrupts sensory integration in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 2005; 19 (6): 728–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114Porter, G, Leonards, U, Wilcock, G, Haworth, J, Troscianko, T, Tales, A. New insights into feature and conjunction search: II. Evidence from Alzheimer's disease (under review).Google Scholar
115Salthouse, TA. Aging and measures of processing speed. Biol Psychol 2000; 54: 3554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116Pignatti, R, Rabuffetti, M, Imbornone, E et al. Specific impairments of selective attention in mild Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2005; 27: 436–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
117Amieva, H, Lafont, S, Dartigues, JF, Fabrigoule, C. Selective attention in Alzheimer's Disease: Analysis of errors in Zazzo's cancellation task. Brain Cog 1999; 40: 26100.Google Scholar
118Foldi, NS, Schaefer, LA, White, REC et al. Effects of graded levels of physical similarity and density on visual selective attention in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 2005; 19 (1): 517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
119Gainotti, G, Marra, C, Villa, G. A double dissociation between accuracy and time of execution on attentional tasks in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Brain 2001; 124: 731–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120Rosler, A, Mapstone, M, Hays-Wicklund, A, Gitelman, DR, Weintraub, S. The ‘zoom lens’ of focal attention in visual search: changes in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 2005; 41: 512–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
121Rosler, A, Mapstone, ME, Hays, AK et al. Alterations of visual search strategy in Alzheimer's disease and aging. Neuropsychology 2000; 14 (3): 398408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
122LaBar, KS, Mesulam, MM, Gitelman, DR, Weintraub, S. Emotional curiosity: modulation of visuospatial attention by arousal is preserved in aging and early-stage Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38: 1734–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
123Mapstone, M, Rosler, A, Hays, A, Gitelman, DR, Weintraub, S. Dynamic allocation of attention in aging and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2001; 58: 1443–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
124Greenwood, PM, Parasuraman, R, Alexander, GE. Controlling the focus of spatial attention during visual search: effects of advanced aging and Alzheimer disease. Neuropsychology 1997; 11 (1): 312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
125Levy, JA, Parasuraman, R, Greenwood, PM, Dukoff, R, Sunderland, T. Acetylcholine affects the spatial scale of attention: evidence from Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 2000; 14 (2): 288–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
126Parasuraman, R, Greenwood, PM, Alexander, GE. Selective impairment of spatial attention during visual search in Alzheimer's disease. NeuroReport 1995; 6 (14): 1861–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
127Parasuraman, R, Greenwood, PM, Alexander, GE. Alzheimer's disease constricts the dynamic range of spatial attention in visual search. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38: 1126–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128Navon, D. Forest before trees: precedence of global features in visual perception. Cog Psychol 1977; 9 (3): 353–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
129Filoteo, JV, Delis, DC, Masman, PJ, Demadura, T, Butters, N, Salmon, DP. Directed and divided attention in Alzheimer's disease: impairment in shifting of attention to global and local stimuli. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1992; 14 (6): 871–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130Slavin, MJ, Mattingley, JB, Bradshaw, JL, Storey, E. Local-global processing in Alzheimer's disease: an examination of interference, inhibition and priming. Neuropsychologia 2002; 40: 1173–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
131Belleville, S, Bherer, L, Lepage, E, Chertkow, H, Gauthier, S. Task switching capacities in persons with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46: 2225–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
132Danckert, J, Maruff, P, Crowe, S, Currie, J. Inhibitory processes in covert orienting in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 1998; 12: 225–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
133Posner, MI, Cohen, Y. Components of visual orienting. In Bouma, H, Bouwhuis, TU (eds). Attention and Performance. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1984.Google Scholar
134Reuter-Lorenz, PA, Jha, AP, Rosenquist, JN. What is inhibited in inhibition of return? J Exp Psychol: Human Perception and Performance 1996; 22: 367–78.Google ScholarPubMed
135Wolfe, JM. Moving towards solutions to some enduring controversies in visual search. Trends Cog Sci 2003; 7: 70–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
136Chica, AB, Lupianez, J, Bartolomeo, P. Dissociating inhibition of return from endogenous orienting of spatial attention: Evidence from detection and discrimination tasks. Cog Neuropsychol 2006; 23: 1015–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
137Lupianez, J, Klein, RM, Bartolomeo, P. Inhibition of return: Twenty years after. Cog Neuropsychol 2006; 23: 1003–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
138Vivas, AB, Humphreys, GW, Fuentes, LJ. Abnormal inhibition of return: A review and new data on patients with parietal lobe damage. Cog Neuropsychol 2006; 23: 1049–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
139Klein, RM. Inhibition of return. Trends Cog Sci 2000; 4: 138–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
140Langley, LK, Fuentes, LJ, Hochhalter, AK, Brandt, J, Overmier, JB. Inhibition of return in aging and Alzheimer's disease: performance as a function of task demands and stimulus timing. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2001; 23 (4): 431–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
141Coslett, HB, Stark, M, Rajaram, S, Saffran, EM. Narrowing the spotlight: a visual attentional disorder in presumed Alzheimer's disease. Neurocase 1995; 1: 305–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
142Piccini, C, Lauro-Grotto, R, Del Viva, MM, Burr, D. Agnosia for global patterns: when the cross-talk between grouping and selective visual attention fails. Cog Neuropsychol 2003; 20 (1): 325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
143Stehli Nguyen, A, Chubb, C, Huff, FJ. Visual identification and spatial location in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Cog 2003; 52: 155–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
144Grande, L, McGlinchey-Berroth, R, Milberg, W, D'Esposito, M. Facilitation of unattended semantic information in Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from a selective attention task. Neuropsychology 1996; 10 (4): 475–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
145Kim, EJ, Lee, BH, Seo, SW et al. Attentional distractibility by optokinetic stimulation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2007; 69: 1105–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
146Simone, PM, Baylis, GC. Selective attention in a reaching task: effects of normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease. J Exp Psychol: Human Perception and Performance 1997; 23 (3): 595608.Google Scholar
147Vaughan, FL, Hughes, EA, Jones, RSP, Woods, RT, Tipper, SP. Spatial negative priming in early Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for reduced cognitive inhibition. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2006; 12: 416–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
148Ko, PC, Higgins, JA, Kilduff, PT, Milberg, W, McGlinchey, R. Evidence for intact selective attention in Alzheimer's disease patients using a location priming task. Neuropsychology 2005; 19 (3): 381–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
149Castel, AD, Balota, DA, Hutchison, KA, Logan, JM, Yap, MJ. Spatial attention and response control in healthy younger and older adults and individuals with Alzheimer's disease: evidence for disproportionate selection impairments in the Simon task. Neuropsychology 2007; 21 (2): 170–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
150Currie, J, Ramsden, B, McArthur, C, Maruff, P. Validation of a clinical antisaccadic eye movement test in the assessment of dementia. Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 644–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
151Posner, MI.Chronometric Explorations of Mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978.Google Scholar
152Sturm, W, Willmes, K. On the functional neuroanatomy of intrinsic and phasic alertness. Neuroimage 2001; 14: S7684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
153Thiel, CM, Fink, GR. Visual and auditory alertness: Modality-specific and supramodal neural mechanisms and their modulation by nicotine. J Neurophysiol 2007; 97: 2758–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
154Berger, A, Posner, MI. Pathologies of brain attentional networks. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000; 24: 35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
155Fan, J, McCandliss, BD, Sommer, T, Raz, A, Posner, MI. Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. J Cog Neurosci 2002; 14: 340–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
156Haglund, M, Sĵbeck, M, Englund, E. Locus ceruleus degeneration is ubiquitous in Alzheimer's disease: Possible implications for diagnosis and treatment. Neuropathology 2006; 26: 528–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
157Hoogendijk, WJG, Feenstra, MGP, Botterblom, MHA et al. Increased activity of surviving locus ceruleus neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1999; 45: 8291.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
158Marrocco, RT, Witte, EA, Davidson, MC. Arousal systems. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1994; 4: 166–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
159Marrocco, RT, Davidson, MC. Neurochemistry of attention. In Parasuraman, R (ed). The Attentive Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.Google Scholar
160Witte, EA, Marrocco, RT. Alteration of brain noradrenergic activity in rhesus monkeys affects the alerting component of covert orienting. Psychopharmacology 1997; 132: 315–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
161Fernandez-Duque, D, Posner, MI. Relating the mechanisms of orienting and alerting. Neuropsychologia 1997; 35: 477–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
162Pate, DS, Margolin, DI, Friedrich, FJ, Bentley, EE. Decision-making and attentional processes in aging and in dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Cognitive Neuropsychology 1994; 11: 321–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
163Nebes, RD, Brady, CB. Phasic and tonic alertness in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 1993; 29: 7790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
164Galvin, JE, Cornblatt, B, Newhouse, P et al. Effects of galantamine on measures of attention. Alzheimer's Disease Assoc Disord 2008; 22: 30–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
165Mesulam, MM. From sensation to cognition. Brain 1998; 121: 1013–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
166Rizzo, M, Anderson, SW, Dawson, J, Myers, R, Ball, K. Visual attention impairments in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2000; 54: 1954–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
167Parasuraman, R, Haxby, JV. Attention and brain function in Alzheimer's disease: A review. Neuropsychology 1993; 7: 242–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
168Jones, GMM, van der Eerden, WJ. Designing care environments for persons with Alzheimer's disease: visuo-perceptual considerations. Rev Clin Gerontol 2008; 18: 1337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
169Broadbent, DEPerception and Communication. London: Pergamon, 1958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
170Brown, LB, Ott, BR. Driving and dementia: A review of the literature. J Geriat Psychiat Neurol 2004; 17: 232–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
171Frittelli, C, Borghetti, D, Iudice, G et al. Effects of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment on driving ability: a controlled clinical study by simulated driving test. Int J Geriat Psychiat 2009; 24: 232–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
172Kotecha, A, Spratt, A, Viswanathan, A. Visual function and fitness to drive. Br Med Bulletin 2008; 87: 163–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
173Ott, BR, Festa, EK, Amick, MM, Grace, J, Davis, JD, Heindel, WC. Computerized maze navigation and on-road performance by drivers with dementia. J Geriat Psychiat Neurol 2008; 21:1825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
174Ott, BR, Heindel, WC, Papandonatos, GD et al. A longitudinal study of drivers with Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2008; 70: 1171–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
175Erten-Lyons, D. When should patients with Alzhiemer's disease stop driving? Neurology 2008; 70: e457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
176Ey, UC, Rizzo, M. Driving and neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2008; 8: 377–83.Google Scholar