Abstract
Materials and processes used for medical applications should have specific attributes. For bone repair and reconstruction, controlled open porosity and osteoconductivity are essential apart from mechanical strength and biocompatibility. Several forms of calcium phosphates are often used for these applications, considering properties similar to bone minerals, but often in combinations with other biopolymers. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) are identified as a suitable combination for the current research, considering specific properties both individually and in combinations, when processed by different means for specific medical applications. Specific responses of the biocomposite material formed by mechanically mixing the two materials in the powder form to selective laser sintering (SLS) under varying conditions are investigated. The results indicate the suitability of the material system for SLS, while controlled porosity and mechanical property combinations are possible by optimizing material composition and process parameters.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P. Ducheyne, K. Healy, D.E. Hutmacher, D.W. Grainger, and C.J. Kirkpatrick, eds.: Comprehensive Biomaterials, Vol. 3 (Elsevier, New York, NY, 2011); pp. 257–276.
B.D. Ratner, A.S. Hoffman, F.J. Schoen, and J.E. Lemons, eds.: Biomaterials Science, An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, 3rd ed. (Elsevier, New York, NY, 2013); p. 1573.
F. Barrère, C.A. van Blitterswijk, and K. de Groot: Bone regeneration molecular and cellular interactions with calcium phosphate ceramics. Int. J. Nanomed. 1(3), 317–332Sep 2006.
J.R. Porter, T.T. Ruckh, and K.C. Popat: Bone tissue engineering: A review in bone biomimetics and drug delivery strategies. Biotechnol. Prog. 25(6), 1539–1560 (2009).
A.C. Taş, F. Korkusuz, M. Timuçin, and N. Akkaş: An investigation of the chemical synthesis and high-temperature sintering behaviour of calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) bioceramics. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 8, 91–96 (1997).
M. Kitamura, C. Ohtsuki, S. Ogata, M. Kamitakahara, and M. Tanihara: Microstructure and bioresorbable properties of α-TCP ceramic porous body fabricated by direct casting method. Mater. Trans. 45, 983–988 (2004).
J.O. Hollinger and G.C. Battistone: Biodegradable bone repair materials. Synthetic polymers and ceramics. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 207, 290–305 (1986).
X. Yu, E.A. Botchwey, E.M. Levine, S.R. Pollack, and C.T. Laurencin: Bioreactor-based bone tissue engineering: The influence of dynamic flow on osteoblast phenotypic expression and matrix mineralization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101, 11203–11208 (2004).
G. Lewis: Properties of antibiotic-loaded acrylic bone cements for use in cemented arthroplasties. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., Part B 89B(2), 558–574 (2009), ISSN: 1552-4973.
M. Puska, A. Kokkari, T. Närhi, and P. Vallittu: Mechanical properties of oligomer modified acrylic bone cement. Biomaterials 24(3), 417–425 (2003), ISSN: 0142-9612.
B. Flautre, M. Descamps, C. Delecourt, M. Blary, and P. Hardouin: Porous HA ceramic for bone replacement: Role of the pores and interconnections–experimental study in the rabbit. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 12, 679–682 (2001).
G. Daculsi and N. Passuti: Effect of the macroporosity for osseous substitution of phosphate calcium ceramics. Biomaterials 11, 86–87 (1990).
G. Daculsi, N. Passuti, S. Martin, C. Deudon, R.Z. Legeros, and S. Raher: Macroporous calcium-phosphate ceramic for long-bone surgery in humans and dogs clinical and histological study. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 24, 379–396 (1990).
C.P.A.T. Klein, K. de Groot, C. Weiqun, L. Yubao, and Z. Xingdong: Osseous substance formation in calcium phosphate ceramics in soft tissues. Biomaterials 15, 31–34 (1994).
M. Descamps, O. Richart, P. Hardouin, J.C. Hornez, and A. Leriche: Synthesis of macroporous b-tricalcium phosphate with controlled porous architectural. Ceram. Int. 34, 1131–1137 (2008).
T. Adachi, Y. Osako, M. Tanaka, M. Hojo, and S.J. Hollister: Framework for optimal design of porous scaffold microstructure by computational simulation of bone regeneration. Biomaterials 27, 3964–3972 (2006).
S. Saha and S. Pal: Mechanical properties of bone cement; a review. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 18, 435–462 (1984).
W.J. Malony, M.A. Jasty, A. Rosenberg, and W.H. Harris: Bone lysis in well-fixed cemented femoral component. J. Bone Jt. Surg. 72B, 966–970 (1990).
I. Ahato: Reverse engineering the ceramic art of algae. Science 286, 1059–1061 (1999).
F. Popişter, D. Popescu, and D. Hurgoiu: A new method for using reverse engineering in case of ceramic tiles. Qual. Access Success 13, 409–412 (2012).
D. Bombač, M. Brojan, P. Fajfar, F. Kosel, and R. Turk: Review of materials in medical applications. RMZ–Mater. Geoenviron. 54(4), 471–499 (2007).
J.M. Williams, A. Adewunmi, R.M. Schek, C.L. Flanagan, P.H. Krebsbach, S.E. Feinberg, S.J. Hollister, and S. Das: Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering. Biomaterials 26, 4817–4827 (2005).
K.H. Tan, C.K. Chua, K.F. Leong, C.M. Cheah, P. Cheang, M.S. Abu Bakar, and S.W. Cha: Scaffold development using selective laser sintering of polyetheretherketone–hydroxyapatite biocomposite blends. Biomaterials 24(18), 3115–3123 (2003).
C.K. Chua, K.F. Leong, F.E. Wiria, K.C. Tan, and M. Chandrasekara: Fabrication of poly(vinyl alcohol)/hydroxyapatite in tissue engineering. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Competitive manufacturing, World Scientific Publishing Company: Steilhenbosch, 2004.
S. Das, S.J. Hollister, C. Flanagan, A. Adewunmi, K. Bark, C. Chen, K. Ramaswamy, D. Rose, and E. Widjaja: Computational design freeform fabrication and testing of Nylon-6 tissue engineering scaffolds. In Rapid prototyping technologies. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 758, 3–5 December 2002, 205–210.
N.K. Vail, L.D. Swain, W.C. Fox, T.B. Aufdlemorte, G. Lee, and J.W. Barlow: Materials for bio-medical applications. Mater. Des. 20, 123–132 (1999).
L. Hao, M.M. Savalani, Y. Zhang, K.E. Tanner, and R.A. Harris: Selective laser sintering of hydroxyapatite reinforced polyethylene composites for bioactive implants and tissue scaffold development. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H 220, 521 (2006).
F. Alessandro, R. Luca: Characterization of laser energy consumption in sintering of polymer based powders. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 212, 917–926 (2012).
J.D. Williams and C.R. Dechard: Advances in modelling the effects of selected parameters on the SLS process. Rapid Prototyping J. 4, 90–100 (1998).
I. Shishkovsky, Yu. Morozov, and I. Smurov: Nanostructural self-organization under selective laser sintering of exothermic powder mixtures. J. Appl. Surf. Sci. 225, 5565–5568 (2009).
J.T. Rimell and P.M. Marquis: Selective laser sintering of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene for clinical applications. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 53, 414–420 (2000).
E. Berry, J.M. Brown, M. Connell, C.M. Craven, N.D. Efford, A. Radjenovic, and M.A. Smith: Preliminary experience with medical applications of rapid prototyping by selective laser sintering. Med. Eng. Phys. 19, 90–96 (1997).
B. Caulfield, P.E. McHugh, and S. Lohfeld: Dependence of mechanical properties of polyamide components on build parameters in the SLS process. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 182, 477–488 (2007).
N. Woicke, T. Wagner, and P. Eyerer: Carbon assisted laser sintering of thermoplastic polymers. In Annual Technical Conference–ANTEC, Boston, MA, 2005.
V.M. Khumalo, J. Karger Kocsis, and R. Thoman: Polyethylene synthetic boehmite alumina nanocomposites: Structure, thermal and rheological properties. Express Polym. Lett. 5, 264–274 (2010).
L. Di Silvio, M.J. Dalby, and W. Bonfield: Osteoblast behaviour on HA/PE composite surfaces with different HA volumes. Biomaterials 23, 101–107 (2002).
B. Kasemo and J. Lausmaa: Surface science aspects on inorganic biomaterials. Crit. Rev. Biocompat. 2, 335–380 (1986).
E.K. Sichel and M. Dekker, eds.: Carbon Black-Polymer Composites: The Physics of Electrically Conducting Composites (Plastics Engineering). (Dekker, New York, NY, 1982).
J.P. Vacanti, M.A. Morse, W.M. Saltzman, A.J. Domb, A. Perez-Atayde, and R. Langer: Selective cell transplantation using bioabsorbable artificial polymers as matrices. J. Pediatr. Surg. 23, 3–9 (1988).
A.G. Mikos, G. Sarakinos, M.D. Lyman, D.E. Ingber, J.P. Vacanti, and R. Langer: Prevascularization of porous biodegradable polymers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 42, 716–723 (1993).
B.D. Boyan, T.W. Hummert, D.D. Dean, and Z. Schwartz: Role of material surfaces in regulating bone and cartilage cell response. Biomaterials 17, 137–146 (1996).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Velu, R., Singamneni, S. Selective laser sintering of polymer biocomposites based on polymethyl methacrylate. Journal of Materials Research 29, 1883–1892 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.211
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.211