Abstract
Two-dimensional crystals are an important class of materials for novel physics, chemistry, and engineering. Germanane (GeH), the germanium-based analogue of graphane (CH), is of particular interest due to its direct band gap and spin-orbit coupling. Here, we report the successful co-deposition growth of CaGe2 films on Ge(111) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy and their subsequent conversion to germanane by immersion in hydrochloric acid. We find that the growth of CaGe2 occurs within an adsorption-limited growth regime, which ensures stoichiometry of the film. We utilize in situ reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) to explore the growth temperature window and find the best RHEED patterns at 750 °C. Finally, the CaGe2 films are immersed in hydrochloric acid to convert the films to germanane. Auger electron spectroscopy of the resulting film indicates the removal of Ca, and RHEED patterns indicate a single-crystal film with an in-plane orientation dictated by the underlying Ge(111) substrate. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy indicate that the resulting films are indeed germanane. Ex situ atomic force microscopy shows that the grain size of the germanane is on the order of a few micrometers, being primarily limited by terraces induced by the miscut of the Ge substrate. Thus, optimization of the substrate could lead to the long-term goal of large area germanane films.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We acknowledge the technical assistance of Hua Wen and Yunqiu Kelly Luo. This work was supported by ARO (Grant No. W911NF-11-1-0182), NSF (Grant No. DMR-MRSEC 0820414), UC Labs (Grant No. 12-LR-239009), ONR (Grant No. N00014-12-1-0469), and ENCOMM. JEG acknowledges the support of ARO (Grant No. W911-NF-12-1-0481).
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Pinchuk, I.V., Odenthal, P.M., Ahmed, A.S. et al. Epitaxial co-deposition growth of CaGe2 films by molecular beam epitaxy for large area germanane. Journal of Materials Research 29, 410–416 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.2