Abstract
Carbon nitride powder with an atomic N/C ratio of 1 has been prepared by reaction of cyanuric chloride with sodium metal. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic data provide substantial evidence for a graphite-like sp2-bonded structure composed of building blocks of s-triazine rings bridged by carbon-carbon atoms in the bulk carbon nitride. The electron-microscopy results reveal that the material is spherical particles with an average diameter of 50 nm. The optical properties and thermal stability are also characterized. Based on the experimental results, it is deduced that the structure of as-prepared material carbon nitride has polyether structure.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.L. Cohen: Calculation of bulk moduli of diamond and Zinc-blende solids. Phys. Rev. B. 32, 7988 (1985).
A.Y. Liu and M.L. Cohen: Prediction of new low compressibility solids. Science 245, 841 (1989).
A.Y. Liu and M.L. Cohen: Structural properties and electronic structure of low-compressibility materials: beta-Si3N4 and hypothetical beta-C3N4. Phys. Rev. B. 41, 10727 (1990).
L.A. Bursill, PJ. Lin, V.N. Gurarie, A.V. Orlov, and S. Prawer: Carbon nitride films produced by high-energy shock plasma deposition. J. Mater. Res. 10, 2277 (1995).
K.M. Yu, M.L. Cohen, E.E. Haller, W.L. Wansen, A.Y. Liu, and I.C. Wu: Observation of crystalline C3N4. Phys. Rev. B 49, 5034 (1994).
CM. Niu, Y.Z. Lu, and CM. Lieber: Experimental realization of the covalent solid carbon nitride. Science 261, 334 (1993).
J. Peng, Y.F. Zhang, S.Z. Yang, and G.H. Chen: C-N-x thin films deposited by pulsed high energy plasma bombardment. Mater. Lett. 27, 125 (1996).
H.A. Ma, X.P. Jia, L.X. Chen, P.W. Zhu, W.L. Guo, X.B. Guo, Y.D. Wang, S.Q. Li, G.T. Zou, G. Zhang, and P. Bex: High-pressure pyrolysis study of C3N6H6: A route to preparing bulk C3N4. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14, 11269 (2002).
E. Wang: A new development in covalently bonded carbon nitride and related materials. Adv. Mater. 11, 1129 (1999).
V.N. Khabashesku, J.L. Zimmerman, and J.L. Margrave: Powder synthesis and characterization of amorphous carbon nitride. Chem. Mater. 12, 3264 (2000).
J.L. Zimmerman, R. Williams, V.N. Khabashesku, and J.L. Margrave: Synthesis of spherical carbon nitride nanostruc-tures. Nano Lett. 1, 731 (2001).
E.G. Gillan: Synthesis of nitrogen-rich carbon nitride networks from an energetic molecular azide precursor. Chem. Mater. 12, 3906 (2000).
D.R. Miller, J.J. Wang, and E.G. Gillan: Rapid, facile synthesis of nitrogen-rich carbon nitride powders. J. Mater. Chem. 12, 2463 (2002).
A. Andreyev, M. Akaishi, and D. Golberg: Sodium flux-assisted low-temperature high-pressure synthesis of carbon nitride with high nitrogen content. Chem. Phys. Lett. 372, 635 (2003).
Y.D. Li, Y.T. Qian, H.W. Liao, Y. Ding, L. Yang, CY. Xu, F.Q. Li, and G. Zhou: A reduction-pyrolysis-catalysis synthesis of diamond. Science 281, 246 (1998).
Y. Jiang, Y. Wu, S. Zhang, C. Xu, W. Yu, Y. Xie, and Y. Qian: A catalytic-assembly solvothermal route to multiwall carbon nanotubes at a moderate temperature. J. Am Chem. Soc. 122, 12383(2000).
CY. Lee, H.T. Chiu, C.W. Peng, M.Y. Yen, Y.H. Chang, and C.S. Liu: Polygon building block route to sp(2)-carbon-based materials. Adv. Mater. 13,1105(2001).
G. Hu, M.J. Cheng, D. Ma, and X.H. Bao: Synthesis of carbon nanotube bundles with mesoporous structure by a self-assembly solvothermal route. Chem. Mater. 15, 1470 (2003).
G. Hu, D. Ma, M.J. Cheng, L. Liu, and X.H. Bao: Direct synthesis of uniform hollow carbon spheres by a self-assembly template approach. Chem. Comm. 17 1948–1949 (2002).
K. Wygladacz, E. Malinowska, J. Szczygelska-Tao, and J. Biernat: Azothia- and azoxythiacrown ethers as ion carriers. Part I. Cationic response of membrane electrodes. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 39, 303 (2001).
F. Vögtle: Supramolecular Chemistry: An Introduction (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1993), p. 48.
S. Veprek, J. Wiedmann, and F.J. Glatz: Plasma chemical-vapor-deposition and properties of hard C3N4 thin-films. Vac. Sci. Tech-nol. A 13, 2914 (1995).
D. Lin-Vien, N.B. Colthup, W.G Fatelley, and J.G. Grasselli: The Handbook of Infrared and Raman Characteristic Frequencies of Organic Molecules (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1991).
M. Terrones, P. Redlich, N. Grobert, S. Trasobares, W-K. Hsu, H. Terrones, Y-Q. Zhu, J.P. Hare, C.L. Reeves, A.K. Cheetham, M. Rühle, H.W. Kroto, and D.R.M. Walton: Carbon nitride nanocomposites: Formation of aligned CxNy nanofibers. Adv. Mater. 11, 655 (1999).
B.L. Ivanov, L.M. Zambov, G.T. Georgiev, C. Popov, M.F. Plass, and W. Kulisch: Low-pressure CVD of carbon nitride using triazine-containing precursors. Chem. Vap. Deposition 5, 265 (1999).
D.N. Belton, S.J. Harris, S.J. Schemieg, A.M. Weiner, and T.A. Perry: In situ characterization of diamond nucleation and growth. Appl. Phys. Lett. 54, 416 (1989).
J.M. Lupton, L.R. Hemingway, I.D.W. Samuel, and P.L. Burn: Electroluminescence from a new distyrylbenzene based triazine dendrimer. J. Mater. Chem. 10, 867 (2000).
M. Zhang, Y. Nakayama, and M. Kume: Room-temperature electroluminescence from hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride film. Solid State Commun. 110, 679 (1999).
M. Zhang, Y. Nakayama, and S. Harada: Photoluminescence of hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride films after ultraviolet light irradiation and thermal annealing. J. Appl. Phys. 86, 4971 (1999).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mu, T., Huang, J., Liu, Z. et al. Synthesis and characterization of polyether structure carbon nitride. Journal of Materials Research 19, 1736–1741 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2004.0249
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2004.0249