Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-10T10:24:14.830Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Low protein diets for broilers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2007

U. AFTAB ,
M. ASHRAF  and
Z. JIANG
U. AFTAB*
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
M. ASHRAF
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Z. JIANG
Affiliation:
Ajinomoto Co (Thailand) Ltd.
*
*Corresponding author: usamaaftab@yahoo.com
Get access

Abstract

A review of the literature regarding Low Protein diets (LCP) for broilers reveals that by using crystalline amino acids, dietary CP could be reduced in each phase safely by a factor of 10% (a figure fairly consistent with turkeys but quite low with that found for ducks and swine) from the respective NRC (1994) levels; the calculated minimum dietary CP levels thus appeared to be 20.7, 18.0, and 16.2% respectively for 0-21, 21-42 and 42-56 days of age. It is, however, noted that the magnitude of protein reduction, without affecting the growth performance of broilers, could have been increased depending upon the EAA concentration and balance of LCP vs. control-CP diets as well as the response criteria used (gain vs. composition of gain). Further reduction in dietary protein results in depressed live/carcass yield in almost all cases. Depressed feed intake appears partially to explain the negative effect of LCP diets in some cases. Addition of NEAA-like glycine above the current NRC recommendations has shown partially to alleviate the negative effect of LCP diets indicating imprecision of our knowledge about NEAA (like glycine, serine and proline etc) requirements of broilers under these conditions. The dietary NEAA/EAA ratio seems to be an important, though poorly understood, factor in defining the performance of broilers fed on LCP diets. It seems that regardless of the absolute amounts of dietary amino acids, performance tend to be depressed when NEAA/EAA ratio is decreased from 50/50; thus the NEAA level of about 50% of protein seems “minimum” state of adequacy. More work is needed before a precise role of the ratio of nitrogen coming from NEAA vs. EAA is proposed. A wider NE:ME in LCP diets seems to explain the higher body fat accretion on these diets; more work on how dietary NE:ME ratio modulates the growth performance of broilers, and how it interacts with different genetic stocks (lean vs. fat lines) is warranted.

Keywords

low crude protein (CP)crystalline amino acidbroilers
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 62 , Issue 4 , December 2006 , pp. 688 - 701
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABEBE, S. and MORRIS, T.R. (1990) Note on the effect of protein concentration on responses to dietary lysine by chicks. British Poultry Science 31: 255–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AFTAB, U., ASHRAF, M. and JIANG, Z. (2004a) Low protein diets for broilers. Part 1. Asian Poultry Magazine, October, 2004; pages 24–26.Google Scholar
AFTAB, U., ASHRAF, M. and JIANG, Z. (2004b) Low protein diets for broilers. Part 2. Asian Poultry Magazine, November-December, 2004; pages 20–24.Google Scholar
ALLEMAN, F., MICHEL, J., CHAGNEAU, A.M. and LECLERCQ, B. (2000) The effect of dietary protein independent of essential amino acids on growth and body composition in genetically lean and fat chickens. British Poultry Science 41: 214–218.Google Scholar
ALETOR, V.A., HAMID, I.I., NIESS, E. and PFEFFER, E. (2000) Low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets in broiler chickens: Effect on performance, carcass characteristics, whole body composition and efficiencies nutrient utilization. Journal Science Food Agriculture 80: 547–554.Google Scholar
AUSTIC, R.E., KEENE, J.C. and YUAN, J.-H. (2000) Effect of dietary protein level on amino acid imbalance and toxicity. Proc. Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers (Rochester, NY) October 24–26, 2000.Google Scholar
BAEZA, R. and LECLERCQ, B. (1998) Use of industrial amino acids to allow low protein concentrations in finishing diets for growing Muscovy ducks. British Poultry Science 39: 90–96.Google Scholar
BAKER, D.H. and HAN, Y. (1994) Ideal amino acid profile for broiler chicks during first three weeks post hatching. Poultry Science 73: 1441–1447.Google Scholar
BEDFORD, M.R. and SUMMERS, J.D. (1985) Influence of the ratio of essential to nonessential amino acids on performance and carcass composition of the broiler chick. British Poultry Science 26: 483–451.Google Scholar
BEDFORD, M.R. and SUMMERS, J.D. (1988) The effect of essential to nonessential amino acid ratio on turkey performance and carcass composition. Canadian Journal Animal Science 68: 899–906.Google Scholar
BREGENDAHL, K., SELL, J.L. and ZIMMERMAN, D.R. (2002) Effect of low protein diet on performance and body composition of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 81: 1156–1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CAUWENBERGHE, S.V. and BURNHAM, D. (2001) New developments in amino acid and protein nutrition of poultry, as related to optimal performance and reduced nitrogen excretion. 13th European Symposium Poultry Nutrition Oct 2001 (Blankenberg, Belgium).Google Scholar
CAHANER, A., PINCHASOV, Y., NIR, I. and NITSAN, Z. (1995) Effect of dietary protein under high ambient temperature on body weight, breast meant yield, and abdominal fat deposition of broiler stocks differing in growth rate and fatness. Poultry Science 74: 968–975.Google Scholar
CORZO, A., KIDD, M.T., BURNHAM, D.J. and KERR, J.B. (2004) Dietary glycine needs of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 83: 1382–1384.Google Scholar
DEAN, D.W., BIDNER, T.D. and SOUTHERN, L.L. (2006) Glycine supplementation of low protein, amino acid-supplemented diets supports equal performance of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 85: 288–296.Google Scholar
FANCHER, B.I. and JENSEN, L.S. (1989a) Dietary Protein level and essential amino acids content: Influence upon female broiler performance during the grower period. Poultry Science 68: 897–908.Google Scholar
FANCHER, B.I. and JENSEN, L.S. (1989b) Male broiler performance during the starting and growing periods as affected by dietary protein, essential amino acids, and potassium levels. Poultry Science 68: 1385–1395.Google Scholar
FATUFE, A.A. and RODEHUTSCORD, M. (2005) Growth, body composition, and marginal efficiency of methionine utilization are affected by nonessential amino acid nitrogen supplementation in male broiler chicken. Poultry Science 84: 1584–1592.Google Scholar
GOUS, R.M. and MORRIS, T.R. (2005) Nutritional interventions in alleviating the effects of high temperatures in broiler production. World's Poultry Science Journal 61(3): 463–475.Google Scholar
HAN, Y. and BAKER, D.H. (1991) Lysine requirements of fast- and slow-growing broiler chicks. Poultry Science 70: 2108–2114.Google Scholar
HAN, Y., SUZUKI, H., PARSONS, C.M. and BAKER, D.H. (1992) Amino acid fortification of a low-protein corn and soybean meal diet for chicks. Poultry Science 71: 1168–1178.Google Scholar
HAN, Y. and BAKER, D.H. (1993) Effect of sex, heat stress, body weight, and genetic strain on the dietary lysine requirement of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 72: 701–708.Google Scholar
HUSSEIN, A.S., CANTOR, A.H., PESCATORE, A.J., GATES, R.S., BURNHAM, D., FORD, M.J. and PATON, N.D. (2001) Effect of low protein diets with amino acid supplementation on broiler growth. Journal Applied Poultry Research 10: 354–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HUYGHEBAERT, G. and PACK, M. (1996) Effects of dietary protein content, addition of nonessential amino acids and dietary methionine to cystine balance on responses to dietary sulfur-containing amino acids in broilers. British Poultry Science 37: 623–639.Google Scholar
JIANG, Q., FRITTS, C.A. and WALDROUP, P.W. (2001) Effects of glycine and threonine supplementation on performance of broiler chicks fed low in crude protein. Poultry Science 80(Suppl 1): 379. (abstr.).Google Scholar
JIANG, Q., WALDROUP, P.W. and FRITTS, C.A. (2005) Improving utilization of diets low in crude protein fro broiler chicken, 1. Evaluation of specific amino acid supplementation to diets low in crude protein. International Journal Poultry Science 4(3): 115–122.Google Scholar
JEROCH, H. and PACK, M. (1995) Effects of dietary sulfur amino acids and crude protein on the performance of finisher broilers. Archiv für Tierernahrung 48: 109–118.Google Scholar
KEREN-ZVI, S., NITSAN, Z., NIR, I., CAHANER, A. and ZOREF, Z. (1992) Effect of different dietary levels of protein on fat deposition in broilers divergently selected for high or low abdominal adipose tissue. British Poultry Science 33: 517–524.Google Scholar
KIDD, M.T., KERR, J.B. and ANTHONY, N.B. (1997) Dietary interactions between lysine and threonine in broilers. Poultry Science 76: 608–614.Google Scholar
KIDD, M.T. and FANCHER, B.I. (2001) Lysine needs of broiler chickens and subsequent effect during growing period. Journal Applied Poultry Research 10: 385–393.Google Scholar
LE BELLEGO, L. and NOBLET, J. (2002) Performance and utilization of dietary energy and amino acids in piglets fed low protein diets. Livestock Production Science 76: 45–58.Google Scholar
LECLERCQ, B., CHAGNEAU, A.A., COCHARD, T. and KHOURY, J. (1994) Comparative response of genetically lean and fat chickens to lysine, arginine, and non-essential amino acid supply. I. Growth and body composition. British Poultry Science 35: 687–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LEMME, A., FRAKENPOHL, U., PETRI, A. and MEYER, H. (2004) Effect of reduced dietary protein concentrations with amino acid supplementation on performance and carcass quality in turkey toms 14 to 140 days of age. International Journal Poultry Science 3(6): 391–399.Google Scholar
LENIS, N.P., VAN DIEPEN, H.T., BIKKER, P., JONGBLOED, A.W. and VAN DER MEULEN, J. (1999) Effect of the ratio between essential and nonessential amino acids in the diet on utilization of nitrogen and amino acids by growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 77: 1777–1787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MACK, S., BERCOVICI, D., DE GROOTE, G., LECLERCQ, B., PACK, M., SCHUTTE, J.B. and Van CAUWENBERGHE, (1999) Ideal amino acid profile and dietary lysine specifications for broiler chicks from 20 to 40 days of age. British Poultry Science 40: 457–465.Google Scholar
MORAN, E.T. Jr., BUSHONG, R.D. and BILGILI, S.F. (1992) Reducing dietary crude protein for broilers while satisfying amino acid requirements by least-cost formulation: live performance, litter composition, and yield of fast-food carcass cuts at six weeks. Poultry Science 71: 1687–1694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MORRIS, T.R., GOUS, R.M. and ABEBE, S. (1992) Effects of dietary protein concentration on the response of growing chicks to methionine. British Poultry Science 33: 795–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MORRIS, T.R., GOUS, R.M. and FISHER, C. (1999) An analysis of hypothesis that amino acid requirements for chicks should be stated as proportion of dietary protein. World's Poultry Science Journal 55: 7–22.Google Scholar
MUSHARAF, N.A. and LATSHAW, J.D. (1999) Heat increment as affected by protein and amino acid nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal 55 (3): 233–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NRC (1994) Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
PARR, J.F. and SUMMERS, J.D. (1991) The effect of minimizing amino acid excesses in broiler diets. Poultry Science 70: 1540–1549.Google Scholar
PINCHASOV, Y., MENDONCA, C.X. and JENSEN, L.S. (1990) Broiler chick response to low protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acid. Poultry Science 69: 1950–1955.Google Scholar
SI, J., FRITTS, C.A., BURNHAM, D.J. and WALDROUP, P.W. (2004) Extent to which crude protein may be reduced in corn-soybean meal broiler diets through amino acid supplementation. International Journal Poultry Science 3(1): 46–50.Google Scholar
STERLING, K.G., VEDENOV, D.V., PESTI, G.M. and BAKALLI, R.I. (2005) Economically optimal dietary crude protein and lysine levels for starting broiler chicks. Poultry Science 84: 29–36.Google Scholar
SURISDIARTO, and FARRELL, D.H. (1991) The relationships between dietary crude protein and dietary lysine requirement by broiler chicks on diets with and without the “Ideal” amino acid balance. Poultry Science 70: 830–836.Google Scholar
URDANETA-RINCON, M. and LEESON, S. (2004) Muscle (pectoralis major) protein turnover in young broiler chickens fed graded levels of lysine and crude protein. Poultry Science 83: 1897–1903.Google Scholar
URDANETA-RINCON, M., DE LANG, K., LUIS, PENA-ORTEGA and LEESON, S. (2005). Lysine requirements of young broiler chickens are affected by level of dietary protein. Canadian Journal Animal Science 85: 195–204.Google Scholar
WANG, T.C. and FULLER, M.F. (1989) The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs.1. experiments by amino acid deletion. British Journal Nutrition 62: 77–89.Google Scholar