Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T01:58:02.064Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

‘Public’ Security and Patron–Client Exchanges in Latin America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 April 2013

Abstract

Notwithstanding the democratization processes that have taken place since the 1980s, clientelism continues to be an important political practice throughout contemporary Latin America. By offering an analysis of the changing patterns of patron–client exchanges in Mexico City, this article demonstrates how the repercussions of the local democratization process expanded clientelist practices to the realm of public security provision. This expansion, it is argued, is related to efforts of the local government to regain previous levels of political control over the local police forces that had been undermined by the fragmentation of long-standing national patron–client structures under authoritarian rule. Additionally, it is demonstrated that in an increasingly insecure urban environment, local politicians and brokers realized the political gains to be derived from expanding clientelist exchanges to the realm of security provision.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Government and Opposition Ltd 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Markus-Michael Müller is a senior researcher at the Centre for Area Studies, at the University of Leipzig. Contact email: markus.michael.muelller@uni-leipzig.de.

References

Alvarado Mendoza, A. (2008), ‘El acceso a la justicia en una sociedad en transición’, in A. Alvarado Mendoza (ed.), La reforma de justicia en México (Mexico City: El Colegio de México): 3194.Google Scholar
Arias, E.D. (2006), Drugs and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro: Trafficking, Social Networks and Public Security (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).Google Scholar
Arias, E.D.Goldstein, D.E. (2010) (eds), Violent Democracies in Latin America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).Google Scholar
Auyero, J. (2000), Poor People's Politics: Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy of Evita (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).Google Scholar
Auyero, J. (2004), Clientelismo político: Las caras ocultas (Buenos Aires: Capital Intelectual).Google Scholar
Auyero, J. (2007), Routine Politics and Violence in Argentina: The Gray Zone of State Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Bergman, M. (2007), Seguridad pública y estado en México (Mexico City: Fontamara).Google Scholar
Bruhn, K. (2008), Urban Protest in Mexico and Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Brusco, V., Nazareno, M.Stokes, S.C. (2004), ‘Vote Buying in Argentina’, Latin American Research Review, 39(2): 6688.Google Scholar
Chevigny, P. (1995), Edge of the Knife: Police Violence in the Americas (New York: Free Press).Google Scholar
Clarke, C. (2006), ‘Politics, Violence and Drugs in Kingston, Jamaica’, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 25(3): 420440.Google Scholar
Cornelius, W.A. (1975), Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City (Stanford: Stanford University Press).Google Scholar
Cornelius, W.A. (1999), ‘Subnational Politics and Democratization: Tensions between Center and Periphery in the Mexican Political System’, in W.A. Cornelius, T.A. Eisenstadt and J. Hindley (eds), Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.–Mexican Studies): 318.Google Scholar
La Crónica de hoy (2008), ‘Vinculaban al nuevo jefe de la PGJDF con plagiarios’, La Crónica de hoy, 31 July.Google Scholar
Darden, K. (2008), ‘The Integrity of Corrupt States: Graft as an Informal State Institution’, Politics & Society, 36(1): 3559.Google Scholar
Davis, D.E. (2003), ‘Law Enforcement in Mexico: Not Yet Under Control’, NACLA Report on the Americas, 37(2): 1724.Google Scholar
Davis, D.E. (2006), ‘Undermining the Rule of Law: Democratization and the Dark Side of Police Reform in Mexico’, Latin American Politics and Society, 48(1): 5586.Google Scholar
Davis, D.E. (2010a), ‘The Political and Economic Origins of Violence and Insecurity in Contemporary Latin America: Past Trajectories and Future Prospects’, in E.D. Arias and D.E. Goldstein (eds), Violent Democracies in Latin America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press): 3562.Google Scholar
Davis, D.E. (2010b), ‘Policing and Populism in the Cárdenas and Echeverría Administrations’, in A.M. Kiddle and María L.O. Muñoz (eds), Populism in Twentieth Century Mexico: The Presidencies of Lázaro Cárdenas and Luis Echeverría (Tucson: University of Arizona Press): 135158.Google Scholar
Denissen, I. (2007), ‘New Forms of Political Inclusion: Competitive Clientelism: The Case of Iztapalapa, Mexico City’, in Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (ed.), Quality and Effectiveness, a Rich Menu for the Poor: Food for Thought on Effective Aid Policies (The Hague: Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), www.minbuza.nl/en/appendices/key-topics/the-essays.html.Google Scholar
Dewey, M. (2011), Fragile States, Robust Structures: Illegal Police Protection in Buenos Aires, GIGA Working Paper (Hamburg).Google Scholar
Durand Ponte, V.M. (2007), ‘Gobiernos de izquierda y democracia: ciudadanos o clients’, in R. Bartra (ed.), Izquierda, Democracia y Crisis Política en México (Mexico City: Nuevo Horizonte): 153166.Google Scholar
Eckstein, S. (1988), The Poverty of Revolution: The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Escobar, C. (2002), ‘Clientelism and Citizenship: The Limits of Democratic Reform in Sucre, Colombia’, Latin American Perspectives, 29(5): 2047.Google Scholar
Fischer, B. (2008), Citizenship and Inequality in Twentieth-Century Rio de Janeiro (Stanford: Stanford University Press).Google Scholar
Fox, J. (1994), ‘The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico’, World Politics, 46(2): 151184.Google Scholar
Frankema, E. (2009), Has Latin America Always Been Unequal: A Comparative Study of Asset and Income Inequality in the Long Twentieth Century (Leiden: Brill).Google Scholar
Garcia-Guadilla, M.P.Perez, C. (2002), ‘Democracy, Decentralisation and Clientelism: New Relationships and Old Practices’, Latin American Perspectives, 29(5): 90102.Google Scholar
Gay, R. (1999), ‘The Broker and the Thief: A Parable (Reflections on Popular Politics in Brazil)’, Luso-Brazilian Review, 36(1): 4970.Google Scholar
Grindle, M.S. (1977), Bureaucrats, Politicians, and Peasants in Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press).Google Scholar
Hilgers, T. (2008), ‘Causes and Consequences of Political Clientelism: Mexico's PRD in Comparative Perspective’, Latin American Politics and Society, 50(4): 123153.Google Scholar
Hilgers, T. (2009), ‘Who is Using Whom? Clientelism from the Client's Perspective’, Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research, 15(1): 5176.Google Scholar
Hilgers, T. (2011), ‘La relation complexe entre clientélisme et démocratie’, Politique et Sociétés, 30(2): 123146.Google Scholar
Hinton, M.S. (2006), The State on the Streets: Police and Politics in Argentina and Brazil (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).Google Scholar
Instituto Federal Electoral (2011), ‘Political Parties Juridical and Financing and Conditions of Equity in the Electoral Contest’, www.ife.org.mx/portal/site/ifev2/Political_Parties_Juridical_and_Financing_and_conditions_of_equity.Google Scholar
La Jornada (2010), ‘Difícil, abatir la corrupción que hay en la SSP-DF: Mondragón’, La Jornada, 25 January.Google Scholar
Kalmanowiecki, L. (2000), ‘Police, Politics, and Repression in Modern Argentina’, in C.A. Aguirre and R. Buffington (eds), Reconstructing Criminality in Latin America (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources): 195218.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, H.Wilkinson, S.I. (2007), ‘Citizen–Politician Linkages: An Introduction’, in H. Kitschelt and S.I. Wilkinson (eds), Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition (New York: Cambridge University Press): 149.Google Scholar
Koonings, K.Kruijt, D. (1999), ‘Introduction: Violence and Fear in Latin America’, in K. Koonings and D. Kruijt (eds), Societies of Fear: The Legacy of Civil War, Violence and Terror in Latin America (London: Zed Books): 130.Google Scholar
Koonings, K.Kruijt, D.(2007), ‘Introduction: The Duality of Latin American Cityspaces’, in K. Koonings and D. Kruijt (eds), Fractured Cities: Social Exclusion, Urban Violence and Contested Spaces in Latin America (London: Zed Books): 1114.Google Scholar
Kruijt, D. (2011), ‘Uncivil Actors and Violence Systems in the Latin American Urban Domain’, Iberoamericana, 41: 8398.Google Scholar
Levitsky, S. (2003), Transforming Labor-based Parties in Latin America. Argentine Peronism in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Loader, I.Walker, N. (2007), Civilizing Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Lodola, G. (2010), ‘The Politics of Subnational Coalition Building: Gubernatorial Redistributve Strategies in Argentina and Brazil’, PhD dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Lyrintzis, C. (1984), ‘Political Parties in Post-Junta Greece: A Case of “Bureaucratic Clientelism”?’, West European Politics, 7(2): 99118.Google Scholar
Magaloni, B. (2007), Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and its Demise in Mexico (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Martínez de Murguía, B. (1999), La policía en México: Orden social o criminalidad? (Mexico City: Planeta).Google Scholar
Moreira Alves, M.H.Evanson, P. (2011), Living in the Crossfire: Favela Residents, Drug Dealers, and Police Violence in Rio de Janeiro (Temple, PA: Temple University Press).Google Scholar
Müller, M.-M. (2010), ‘Community Policing in Latin America: Lessons from Mexico City’, European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 88: 2133.Google Scholar
Müller, M.-M. (2012a), Public Security in the Negotiated State: Policing in Latin America and Beyond (Basinsgtoke: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar
Müller, M.-M. (2012b), ‘Transformaciones del clientelismo: Democratización, (in)seguridad y políticas urbanas en el Distrito Federal’, Foro Internacional, 52(4): 836863.Google Scholar
Müller, M.-M. (2012c), ‘Addressing an Ambivalent Relationship: Policing and the Urban Poor in Mexico City’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 44(2): 319345.Google Scholar
Penfold-Becerra, M. (2007), ‘Clientelism and Social Funds: Evidence from Chávez's Misiones’, Latin American Politics and Society, 49(4): 6384.Google Scholar
Perlman, J. (2010), Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Piccato, P. (2001), City of Suspects: Crime in Mexico City, 1900–1931 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).Google Scholar
Pimentel, S.A. (2000), ‘The Nexus of Organized Crime and the Organization of Crime in Mexico’, in J. Bailey and R. Godson (eds), Organized Crime and Democratic Governability: Mexico and the U.S.–Mexican Borderlands (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press): 3357.Google Scholar
Quintana Taborga, J.R. (2003), Policía y democracia en Bolivia: Una política institucional pendiente. Resultados preliminares (La Paz: Programa de investigación estratégica en Bolivia).Google Scholar
La Razón (2011), ‘Opera en tepito jefe policiaco que estuvo preso’, La Razón, 10 January.Google Scholar
Reiner, R. (2010), The Politics of the Police (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Reveles Vázquez, F. (2004) (ed.), Partido de la Revolución Democrática: Los problemas de la institucionalización (Mexico City: Ediciones Gernika).Google Scholar
Rodríguez Alosno, J.A. (2011), Entre el cártel y la democracia. Los partidos políticos en México (Ciudad Juárez: Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez).Google Scholar
Roldán, M. (2002), Blood and Fire: La Violencia in Antioquia, Colombia, 1946–1953 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).Google Scholar
Saín, M. (2002), Seguridad, democracia y reforma del sistema policial en Argentina (Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica).Google Scholar
Saín, M. (2004), Política, policía y delito: La red bonarense (Buenos Aires: Capital intelectual).Google Scholar
Saín, M. (2008), El Leviatán azul (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI).Google Scholar
Saín, M. (2010), Reforma policial en América Latina: Una mirada crítica desde el progresismo (Buenos Aires: Prometeo).Google Scholar
Scherlis, G. (2008), ‘Machine Politics and Democracy: The Deinstitutionalization of the Argentine Party System’, Government and Opposition, 43(4): 579598.Google Scholar
Schütze, S. (2005), Die andere Seite der Demokratisierung: Die Veränderungen von politischer Kultur aus der Perspektive der sozialen Bewegung der Siedlerinnen von Santo Domingo, Mexiko-Stadt (Berlin: Tranvía).Google Scholar
Scott, J. (1972), ‘Patron–Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia’, American Political Science Review, 66(1): 91113.Google Scholar
Scott, J. (1990), Domination and the Art of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar
SSPDF (Secretary of Public Security of the Federal District) (2009), ‘Seguridad: A TU ALCANCE’, leaflet distributed by local police department, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Stokes, S.C. (2005), ‘Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina’, American Political Science Review, 99(3): 315325.Google Scholar
Stokes, S.C. (2009), ‘Political Clientelism’, in S. Stokes and B. Carles (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Political Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 604627.Google Scholar
Tello, N. (2012), ‘Police Reforms: The Voice of Police and Residents in Mexico City’, Policing and Society, 22(1): 1427.Google Scholar
Uildriks, N. (2010), Mexico's Unrule of Law: Implementing Human Rights in Police and Judicial Reform under Democratization (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books).Google Scholar
El Universal (2007), ‘Consignan a comandante judicial por presunta extorsión’, El Universal, 22 March.Google Scholar
Ward, P. (1990), Mexico City: The Production and Reproduction of an Urban Environment (London: Belhaven Press).Google Scholar
Zárate Hernández, J.E.J. (2005), ‘Caciques and Leaders in the Era of Democracy’, in A. Knight and W. Pansters (eds), Caciquismo in Twentieth-Century Mexico (London: Institute for the Study of the Americas): 249271.Google Scholar
Znoj, H. (2008), ‘Deep Corruption in Indonesia: Discourses, Practices, Histories’, in M Nuijten and G Anders (eds), Corruption and the Secret of Law (Aldershot: Ashgate): 5374.Google Scholar