Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-ws8qp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T07:20:14.974Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The genetics of serum lipid responsiveness to dietary interventions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

Jose M. Ordovas*
Affiliation:
Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, JM-USDA HNRCA at Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Jose M. Ordovas, fax + 1 617 556 3103, email Ordovas-li@hnrc.tufts.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

CHD is a multifactorial disease that is associated with non-modifiable risk factors, such as age, gender and genetic background, and with modifiable risk factors, including elevated total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Lifestyle modification should be the primary treatment for lowering cholesterol values. The modifications recommended include dietary changes, regular aerobic exercise, and normalization of body weight. The recommended dietary changes include restriction in the amount of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol together with an increase in the consumption of complex carbohydrate and dietary fibre, especially water-soluble fibre. However, nutrition scientists continue to question the value of these universal concepts and the public health benefits of low-fat diets, and an intense debate has been conducted in the literature on whether to focus on reduction of total fat or to aim efforts primarily towards reducing the consumption of saturated and trans fats. Moreover, it is well known that there is a striking variability between subjects in the response of serum cholesterol to diet. Multiple studies have examined the genediet interactions in the response of plasma lipid concentrations to changes in dietary fat and/or cholesterol. These studies have focused on candidate genes known to play key roles in lipoprotein metabolism. Among the gene loci examined, APOE has been the most studied, and the current evidence suggests that this locus might be responsible for some of the inter-individual variability in dietary response. Other loci, including APOA4, APOA1, APOB, APOC3, LPL and CETP have also been found to account for some of the variability in the fasting and fed states.

Type
Micronutrient Group Symposium on ‘Dietary determinants of lipoprotein-mediated cardiovascular risk’
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1999

References

Aalto-Setälä, K, Kontula, K, Mänttäri, M, Huttunen, J, Manninen, V, Koskinen, P & Frick, HM (1991) DNA polymorphisms of apolipoprotein B and AI/CIII genes and response to gemfibrozil treatment. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 50, 208214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aalto-Setälä, K, Tikkanen, M, Taskinen, MR, Nieminen, M, Homberg, P & Kontula, K (1988) Xbal and c/g polymorphism of the apolipoprotein B gene locus are associated with serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels in Finland. Atherosclerosis 74, 4754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akita, H, Chiba, H, Tsuji, M, Hui, SP, Takahashi, Y, Matsuno, K & Kobayashi, K (1995) Evaluation of G-to-A substitution in the apolipoprotein A-I gene promoter as a determinant of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in subjects with and without cholesteryl ester transfer protein deficiency. Human Genetics 96, 521526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altshuler, D, Kruglyak, L & Lander, E (1998) Genetic polymorphisms and disease. New England Journal of Medicine 338, 1626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angotti, E, Mele, E, Costanzo, F & Avvedimento, EV (1994) A polymorphism (G → A transition) in the -78 position of the apolipoprotein A-I promoter increases transcription efficiency. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, 1737117374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, H, Saku, K, Liu, R, Funke, H, Von Eckardstein, A & Arakawa, K (1993) Polymorphic site study at codon 347 of apolipoprotein A-IV in a Japanese population. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1174, 279281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barre, DE, Guerra, R, Verstraete, R, Wang, Z, Grundy, SM & Cohen, JC (1994) Genetic analysis of a polymorphism in the human apolipoprotein A-I gene promoter: effect on plasma HDL-cholesterol levels. Journal of Lipid Research 35, 12921296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beisiegel, U, Weber, W, Ihrke, G, Herz, J & Stanley, KK (1989) The LDL-receptor-related protein, LRP, is an apolipoprotein E-binding protein. Nature 341, 162164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berg, K (1986) DNA polymorphism at the apolipoprotein B locus is associated with lipoprotein level. Clinical Genetics 30, 515520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergeron, N & Havel, RJ (1996) Prolonged postprandial responses of lipids and apolipoproteins in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of individuals expressing an apolipoprotein ε4 allele. Journal of Clinical Investigation 97, 6572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackhart, BD, Ludwig, EM, Pierotti, VR, Caiati, L, Onasch, MA, Powell, L, Pease, R, Knott, TJ, Chu, ML, Mahley, RW, Scott, J, McCarthy, BJ & Levy-Wilson, B (1986) Structure of the human apolipoprotein B gene. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261, 1536415367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blankenhorn, DH, Alaupovic, P, Wickham, E, Chin, HP & Azen, SP (1990) Prediction of angiographic change in native human coronary arteries and aortocoronary bypass grafts. Lipid and nonlipid factors. Circulation 81, 470476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boerwinkle, E, Brown, SA, Rohrbach, K, Gotto, AM Jr & Patsch, W (1991) Role of apolipoprotein E and B gene variation in determining response of lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein levels to increased dietary cholesterol. American Journal of Human Genetics 49, 11451154.Google Scholar
Boerwinkle, E, Brown, S, Sharrett, AR, Heiss, G & Patsch, W (1994) Apolipoprotein E polymorphism influences postprandial retinyl palmitate but not triglyceride concentrations. American Journal of Human Genetics 54, 341360Google Scholar
Boerwinkle, E & Chan, L (1989) A three codon insertion/deletion polymorphism in the signal peptide region of the human apolipoprotein B gene directly typed by the polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Research 17, 4003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bohn, M, Bakken, A, Erikssen, J & Berg, K (1994) The apolipoprotein B signal peptide insertion/deletion polymorphism is not associated with myocardial infarction in Norway. Clinical Genetics 45, 255259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohn, M & Berg, K (1994) The Xbal polymorphism at the apolipoprotein B locus and risk of atherosclerotic disease. Clinical Genetics 46, 7779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, AJ & Roberts, DCK (1991) The effect of fasting triacylglyceride concentration and apolipoprotein E polymorphism on postprandial lipemia. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 11, 17371744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruns, GA, Karathanasis, SK & Breslow, JL (1984) Human apolipoprotein Al-CIII gene complex is located in chromosome 11. Arteriosclerosis 4, 97104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, CD, Wareham, NJ, Mistry, PK, Phillips, DIW, Martensz, ND, Halsall, D, Talmud, PJ, Humphries, SE & Hales, CN (1996) The association between free fatty acid concentrations and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the postprandial state is altered by a common deletion polymorphism of the apoB signal peptide. Atherosclerosis 127, 3542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campos, H, Lopez-Miranda, J, Rodriguez, C, Albajar, M, Schaefer, EJ & Ordovas, JM (1997) Urbanization elicits a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile in carriers of the apolipoprotein A-IV-2 allele than in A-IV-1 homozygotes. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 17, 10741081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlsson, P, Darnfors, C, Olofsson, SO & Bjursell, G (1986) Analysis of the human apolipoprotein B gene: complete structure of the B74 region. Gene 49, 2951.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carmena, R, Roederer, G, Mailloux, H, Lussier-Cacan, S & Davignon, J (1993) The response to lovastatin treatment in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is modulated by apolipoprotein E polymorphism. Metabolism 42, 895901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carmena-Ramon, RF, Ascaso, JF, Real, JT, Ordovas, JM & Carmena, R (1998 a) Genetic variation at the ApoA-IV gene locus and response to diet in familial hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 18, 12661274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carmena-Ramon, RF, Ordovas, JM, Ascaso, JF, Real, J, Priego, MA & Carmena, R (1998 b) Influence of genetic variation at the apoA-I gene locus on lipid levels and response to diet in familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 139, 107113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chamberlain, JC, Thorn, JA, Morgan, R, Bishop, A, Stocks, J, Rees, A, Oka, K & Galton, DJ (1991) Genetic variation at the lipoprotein lipase gene associates with coronary arteriosclerosis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 285, 275279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Civeira, F, Pocovi, M, Cenarro, A, Garces, C & Ordovas, JM (1993) Adenine for guanine substitution -78 base pairs to the apolipoprotein(APO) A-I gene: relation with high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apoA-I concentrations. Clinical Genetics 44, 307312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clifton, PM, Abbey, M, Noakes, M, Beltrame, S, Rumbelow, N & Nestel, PJ (1995) Body fat distribution is a determinant of the high-density lipoprotein response to dietary fat and cholesterol in women. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 15, 10701078.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cobb, MM & Risch, N (1993) Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol responsiveness to diet in normolipidemic subjects. Metabolism 42, 713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cobb, MM, Teitlebaum, H, Risch, N, Jekel, J & Ostfeld, A (1992) Influence of dietary fat, apolipoprotein E phenotype, and sex on plasma lipoprotein levels. Circulation 86, 849857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connor, WE & Connor, SL (1997 a) Should a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet be recommended for everyone? The case for a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. New England Journal of Medicine 337, 562563.Google ScholarPubMed
Connor, WE & Connor, SL (1997 b) Should a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet be recommended for everyone? Discussion. New England Journal of Medicine 337, 566567.Google Scholar
Crews, DE, Kamboh, MI, Mancilha-Carvalho, JJ & Kottke, B (1993) Population genetics of apolipoprotein A-4, E, and H polymorphisms in Yanomami Indians of northwestern Brazil: associations with lipids, lipoproteins, and carbohydrate metabolism. Human Biology 65, 211224.Google Scholar
Dallongeville, J & Fruchart, JC (1998) Postprandial dyslipidemia: a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 42, 111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dammerman, M, Sandkuijl, LA, Halaas, JL, Chung, W & Breslow, JL (1993) An apolipoprotein CIII haplotype protective against hypertriglyceridemia is specified by promoter and 3′ untranslated region polymorphisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90, 45624566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davignon, J, Gregg, RE & Sing, CF (1988) Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 8, 121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Bruin, TWA, Mailly, F, Van Barlingen, HHJJ, Fisher, R, Cabezas, MC, Talmud, P, Dallinga-Thie, GM & Humphries, SE (1996) Lipoprotein lipase gene mutations D9N and N291S in four pedigrees with familial combined hyperlipidaemia. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 26, 631639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Knijff, P, Johansen, LG, Rosseneu, M, Frants, RR, Jespersen, J & Havekes, LM (1992) Lipoprotein profile of a Greenland Inuit population. Influence of anthropometric variables, Apo E and A4 polymorphism, and lifestyle. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 12, 13711379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Knijff, P, Rosseneu, M, Beisiegel, U, De Keersgieter, W, Frants, RR & Havekes, LM (1988) Apolipoprotein A-IV polymorphism and its effect on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations. Journal of Lipid Research 29, 16211627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, LB, Shannon, BM, Tershakovec, AM, Bennett, MJ, Coates, PM & Cortner, JA (1997) Effects of family history of heart disease, apolipoprotein E phenotype, and lipoprotein(a) on the response of children's plasma lipids to change in dietary lipids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66, 12071217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dreon, DM, Fernstrom, HA, Miller, B & Krauss, RM (1995) Apolipoprotein E isoform phenotype and LDL subclass response to a reduced-fat diet. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 15, 105111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Driscoll, DM & Casanova, E (1990) Characterization of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing activity in enterocyte extracts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 2140121403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dullaart, RP, Hoogenberg, K, Riemens, SC, Groener, JE, Van, TA, Sluiter, WJ & Stulp, BK (1997) Cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene polymorphism is a determinant of HDL cholesterol and of the lipoprotein response to a lipid-lowering diet in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 46, 20822087.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eichner, JE, Kuller, LH, Ferrell, RE & Kamboh, MI (1989) Phenotypic effects of apolipoprotein structural variation on lipid profiles: II. Apolipoprotein A-IV and quantitative lipid measures in the healthy women study. Genetic Epidemiology 6, 493499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Expert Panel on High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (1993) Summary of the second report of the National Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel 11). Journal of the American Medical Association 269, 30153023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferns, GAA, Ritchie, C, Stocks, J & Galton, DJ (1985) Genetic polymorphisms of apolipoprotein C-III and insulin in survivors of myocardial infarction. Lancet ii, 300303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fielding, CJ, Shore, VG & Fielding, PE (1972) A protein co-factor of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 46, 14931498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, EA, Blum, CB, Zannis, VI & Breslow, JL (1983) Independent effects of dietary saturated fat and cholesterol on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoprotein E. Journal of Lipid Research 24, 10391048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, L, FitzGerald, GA & Lawn, RM (1987) Two polymorphisms in the han lipoprotein lipase gene. Nucleic Acids Research 15, 7675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, DJ, Griffin, BA, Holmes, AP, Lindsay, GM, Gaffney, D, Packard, CJ & Shepherd, J (1994) Regulation of plasma HDL cholesterol and subfraction distribution by genetic and environmental factors: Associations between the Taql B RFLP in the CETP gene and smoking and obesity. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 14, 336344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, DJ, Packard, CJ, Shepherd, J & Gaffney, D (1990) Polymorphisms in the gene coding for cholesteryl ester transfer protein are related to plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and transfer protein activity. Clinical Science 79, 575581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedl, W, Ludwig, EH, Paulweber, B, Sandhofer, F & McCarthy, B (1990) Hypervariability in a minisatellite 3′ of the apolipoprotein B gene in patients with coronary heart disease compared with normal controls. Journal of Lipid Research 31, 659665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedlander, Y, Berry, EM, Eisenberg, S, Stein, Y & Leitersdorf, E (1995) Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in response to a dietary challenge: analysis of four candidate genes. Clinical Genetics 47, 112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fumeron, F, Betoulle, D, Luc, G, Behague, I, Ricard, B, Poirier, O, Jemaa, R, Evans, A, Arveiler, D, Marques-Vidal, P, Bard, JM, Fruchart, JC, Ducimetière, P, Apfelbaum, M & Cambien, F (1995) Alcohol intake modulates the effect of a polymorphism of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene on plasma high density lipoprotein and the risk of myocardial infarction. Journal of Clinical Investigation 96, 16641671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaddi, A, Ciarrocchi, A, Matteucci, A, Rimondi, S, Ravaglia, G, Descovich, GC & Sirtori, CR (1991) Dietary treatment for familial hypercholesterolemia-differential effects of dietary soy protein according to the apolipoprotein E phenotypes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 11911196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genest, JJ, Ordovas, JM, McNamara, JR, Robbins, AM, Meade, T, Cohn, SD, Salem, D, Wilson, PWF, Masharani, U, Frossard, P & Schaefer, EJ (1990) DNA polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein B gene in patients with premature coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 82, 717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ginsberg, HN, Karmally, W, Siddiqui, M, Holleran, S, Tall, AR, Rumsey, SC, Deckelbaum, RJ, Blaner, WS & Ramakrishnan, R (1994) A dose-response study of the effects of dietary cholesterol on fasting and postprandial lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in healthy young men. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 14, 576586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glatz, JFC, Demacker, PNM, Turner, PR & Katan, MB (1991) Response of serum cholesterol to dietary cholesterol in relation to apolipoprotein E phenotype. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 1, 1317.Google Scholar
Goldberg, IJ, Scheraldi, CA, Yacoub, LK, Saxena, U & Bisgaier, CL (1990) Lipoprotein apoC-II activation of lipoprotein lipase. Modulation by apolipoprotein A-IV. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 42664272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, PH, Glickman, RM, Riley, JW & Quinet, E (1980) Human apolipoprotein A-IV. Intestinal origin and distribution in plasma. Journal of Clinical Investigation 65, 911919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanis, CL, Douglas, TC & Hewett-Emmett, D (1991) Apolipoprotein A-IV protein polymorphism: frequency and effects on lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins among Mexican-Americans in Starr County, Texas. Human Genetics 86, 323325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hannuksela, ML, Liinamaa, MJ, Kesäniemi, YA & Savolainen, MJ (1994) Relation of polymorphisms in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene to transfer protein activity and plasma lipoprotein levels in alcohol drinkers. Atherosclerosis 110, 3544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hegele, RA, Huang, LS & Herbert, PN (1986) Apolipoprotein B gene DNA polymorphisms associated with myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 315, 15091515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heinzmann, C, Ladias, JA, Antonarakis, SE, Kirchgessner, T, Schotz, MC & Lusis, AJ (1987) RFLP for human lipoprotein lipase gene; Hindlll. Nucleic Acids Research 15, 6763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heliö, T, Ludwig, EH, Palotie, A, Koskinen, P, Paulweber, B, Kauppinen-Mäkelin, R, Manninen, V, Manttari, M, Frick, MH, Ehnholm, C & Tikkanen, MJ (1991) Apolipoprotein B gene 3′ hypervariable region polymorphism and myocardial infarction in dyslipidemic Finnish men participating in a primary prevention trial. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 1, 178182.Google Scholar
Hixson, JE, McMahan, CA, McGill, HC Jr, Strong, JP & PDAY Research Group (1992) Apo B insertion/deletion polymorphisms are associated with atherosclerosis in young black but not young white males. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 12, 10231029.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoeg, JM, Sviridov, DD, Tennyson, GE, Demosky, SJJr, Meng, MS, Bojanovski, D, Safonova, IG, Repin, VS, Kuberger, MB, Smirnov, VN, Higuchi, K, Gregg, RE & Brewer, HB (1990) Both apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100 are synthesized and secreted by the human intestine. Journal of Lipid Research 31, 17611769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffer, MJV, Bredie, SJH, Boomsma, DI, Reymer, PWA, Kastelein, JJP, de Knijff, P, Demacker, PNM, Stalenhoef, AFH, Havekes, LM & Frants, RR (1996) The lipoprotein lipase (Asn291 → Ser) mutation is associated with elevated lipid levels in families with familial combined hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis 119, 159167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, LS, de Graaf, J & Breslow, JL (1988) Apo B gene RFLP in exon 26 changes amino acid 3611 from Arg to Gln. Journal of Lipid Research 29, 6367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphries, SE, Fisher, R, Mailly, F, Peacock, R, Talmud, P, Karpe, F, Hamsten, A & Miller, GJ (1996) Gene-environment interaction in determining plasma lipids and dietary response: The effect of common mutations in the gene for lipoprotein lipase (D9N and N291S). In Nutrition, Genetics and Heart Disease, pp. 279295 [Pennington Biomedical Research Center, editors]. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press.Google Scholar
Hunninghake, DB, Stein, EA, Dujovne, CA, Harris, WS, Feldman, EB, Miller, VT, Tobert, JA, Laskarzewski, PM, Quiter, E, Held, J, Taylor, AM, Hopper, S, Leonard, SB & Brewer, BK (1993) The efficacy of intensive dietary therapy alone or combined with lovastatin in outpatients with hypercholesterolemia. New England Journal of Medicine 328, 12131219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, Y, Azrolan, N, O'Connell, A, Walsh, A & Breslow, JL (1990) Hypertriglyceridemia as a result of human apo CIII gene expression in transgenic mice. Science 249, 790793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jansen, S, Lopez-Miranda, J, Ordovas, JM, Zambrana, JL, Marin, C, Ostos, MA, Castro, P, McPherson, R, Lopez Segura, F, Blanco, A, Jimenez Pereperez, JA & Perez-Jimenez, F (1997 a) Effect of 360His mutation in apolipoprotein A-IV on plasma HDL-cholesterol response to dietary fat. Journal of Lipid Research 38, 19952002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jansen, S, Lopez-Miranda, J, Salas, J, Ordovas, JM, Castro, P, Marin, C, Ostos, MA, Lopez-Segura, F, Jimenez-Pereperez, JA, Blanco, A & Perez-Jimenez, F (1997 b) Effect of 347-serine mutation in apoprotein A-IV on plasma LDL cholesterol response to dietary fat. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 17, 15321538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeenah, M, Kessling, A, Miller, N & Humphries, SE (1990) G to A substitution in the promoter region of the apoliprotein AI gene is associated with elevated serum apolipoprotein AI and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Molecular Biology and Medicine 7, 233241.Google Scholar
Jenkins, DJA, Hegele, RA, Jenkins, AL, Connelly, PW, Hallak, K, Bracci, P, Kashtan, H, Corey, P, Pintilia, M, Stern, H & Bruce, R (1993) The apolipoprotein E gene and the serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to dietary fiber. Metabolism 42, 585593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jukema, JW, Van Boven, AJ, Groenemeijer, B, Zwinderman, AH, Reiber, JHC, Bruschke, AVG, Henneman, JA Molhoek, GP, Bruin, T, Jansen, H, Gagné, E, Hayden, MR & Kastelein, JJP (1996) The Asp9Asn mutation in the lipoprotein lipase gene is associated with increased progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 94, 19131918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamboh, MI, Hamman, RF, Iyengar, S, Aston, CE & Ferrell, RE (1991) Apolipoprotein A-IV polymorphism, and its role in determining variation in lipoprotein-lipid, glucose and insulin levels in normal and non-insulin-dependent diabetic individuals. Atherosclerosis 91, 2534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamboh, MI, Iyengar, S, Aston, CE, Hamman, RF & Ferrell, RE (1992) Apolipoprotein A-IV genetic polymorphism and its impact on quantitative traits in normoglycemic and non-insulin-dependent diabetic Hispanics from the San Luis Valley, Colorado. Human Biology 64, 605616.Google Scholar
Kaprio, J, Ferrell, RE, Kottke, BA, Kamboh, MI & Sing, CF (1991) Effects of polymorphisms in apolipoproteins E, A-IV, and H on quantitative traits related to risk for cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 11, 13301348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karathanasis, SK (1985) Apolipoprotein multigene family: tandem organization of human apolipoprotein A-I, C-III and A-IV genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82, 63746378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katan, MB, Grundy, SM & Willett, WC (1997 a) Should a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet be recommended for everyone? Beyond low-fat diets. New England Journal of Medicine 337, 563566.Google ScholarPubMed
Katan, MB, Grundy, SM & Willett, WC (1997 b) Should a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet be recommended for everyone? Discussion. New England Journal of Medicine 337, 566567.Google Scholar
Kesaniemi, YA, Ehnholm, C & Miettinen, TA (1987) Intestinal cholesterol absorption efficiency in man is related to apoprotein E phenotype. Journal of Clinical Investigation 80, 578581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessling, A, Ouellette, S, Bouffard, O, Chamberland, A, Bétard, C, Selinger, E, Xhignesse, M, Lussier-Cacan, S & Davignon, J (1991) Patterns of association between genetic variability in apolipoprotein (apo) B, apo AI-CIII-AIV, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene regions and quantitative variation in lipid and lipoprotein traits: Influence of gender and exogenous hormones. American Journal of Human Genetics 50, 92106.Google Scholar
Kondo, I, Berg, K, Drayna, DT & Lawn, RM (1989) DNA polymorphism at the locus for human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein levels. Clinical Genetics 35, 4956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kowal, RC, Herz, J, Weisgraber, KH, Mahley, RW, Brown, MS & Goldstein, JL (1990) Opposing effects of apolipoprotein E and C on lipoprotein binding to low density lipoprotein receptor related protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 1077110779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuivenhoven, JA, de Knijff, P, Boer, JMA, Smalheer, HA, Botma, GJ, Seidell, JC, Kastelein, JJP & Pritchard, PH (1997) Heterogeneity at the CETP gene locus - Influence on plasma CETP concentrations and HDL cholesterol levels. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 17, 560568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuivenhoven, JA, Jukema, JW, Zwinderman, AH, de Knijff, P, McPherson, R, Bruschke, AV, Lie, KI & Kastelein, JJ (1998) The role of a common variant of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene in the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine 338, 8693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lau, PP, Xiong, W, Zhu, H-J, Chen, S-H & Chan, L (1991) Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing is an intranuclear event that occurs posttranscriptionally coincident with splicing and polyadenylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 2055020554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Law, A, Wallis, SC, Powell, LM, Pease, RJ, Brunt, H, Priestley, LM, Knott, TJ, Scott, J, Altman, DG, Miller, GJ, Rajput, J & Miller, NE (1986) Common DNA polymorphism within coding sequence of apolipoprotein B gene associated with altered lipid levels. Lancet i, 13011302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, S, Lackner, KJ, Hospattanakar, AV, Anchors, JM, Sakaguchi, AY, Naylor, SL & Brewer, HB Jr (1985) Human apolipoprotein B-100: cloning, analysis of liver mRNA, and assignment of the gene to chromosome 2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82, 83408344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lefevre, M, Ginsberg, HN, Kris-Etherton, PM, Elmer, PJ, Stewart, PW, Ershow, A, Pearson, TA, Roheim, PS, Ramakrishnan, R, Derr, J, Gordon, DJ & Reed, R (1997) ApoE genotype does not predict lipid response to changes in dietary saturated fatty acids in a heterogeneous normolipidemic population. The DELTA Research Group. Dietary effects on lipoproteins and thrombogenic activity. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 17, 29142923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehtimäki, T, Frankberg-Lakkala, H, Solakivi, T, Koivisto, A, Laippala, P, Ehnholm, C, Jokela, H, Koivula, T & Nikkari, T (1997) The effect of short-term fasting, apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism, and sex on plasma lipids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66, 599605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehtimäki, T, Moilanen, T, Porkka, K, Åkerblom HK, Rönnemaa, T, Räsänen, L, Viikari, J, Ehnholm, C & Nikkari, T (1995) Association between serum lipids and apolipoprotein E phenotype is influenced by diet in a population-based sample of free-living children and young adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Journal of Lipid Research 36, 653661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehtimäki, T, Moilanen, T, Solakivi, T, Laippala, P & Ehnholm, C (1992) Cholesterol-rich diet induced changes in plasma lipids in relation to apolipoprotein E phenotype in healthy students. Annals of Medicine 24, 6166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, E, Rochette, C, Londono, I, Roy, CC, Milne, RW, Marcel, YL & Bendayan, M (1990) Apolipoprotein B-100: immunolocalization and synthesis in human intestinal mucosa. Journal of Lipid Research 31, 19371946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, WW, Dammerman, M, Smith, JD, Metzger, & Leff, T (1994) A common variant of the apo CIII promoter associated with hypertriglyceridemia is defective in its transcriptional response to insulin. Circulation 90, I-401 Abstr.Google Scholar
Li, WW & Dammerman, M, Smith, JD, Metzger, S, Halaas, JL, Breslow, JL & Leff, T (1994) Regulation of apolipoprotein CIII gene transcription by insulin: characterization of an insulin response element in the CIII promoter. Circulation 90, I-401 Abstr.Google Scholar
Loktionov, A, Bingham, SA, Vorster, H, Jerling, JC, Runswick, SA & Cummings, JH (1998) Apolipoprotein E genotype modulates the effect of black tea drinking on blood lipids and blood coagulation factors: a pilot study. British Journal of Nutrition 79, 133139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez-Miranda, J, Jansen, S, Ordovas, JM, Salas, J, Marin, C, Castro, P, Ostos, MA, Cruz, G, Lopez-Segura, F, Blanco, A, Jimenez-Pereperez, J & Perez-Jimenez, F (1997 a) Influence of the Sstl polymorphism at the apolipoprotein C-III gene locus on thee plasma low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol response to dietary monounsaturated fat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66, 97103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez-Miranda, J, Kam, N, Osada, J, Rodriguez, C, Fernandez, P, Contois, J, Schaefer, EJ & Ordovas, JM (1994 a) Effect of fat feeding on human intestinal apolipoprotein B mRNA levels and editing. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1214, 143147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez-Miranda, J, Ordovas, JM, Espino, A, Marin, C, Salas, J, Lopez-Segura, F, Jimenez-Pereperez, J & Perez-Jimenez, F (1994 b) Influence of mutation in human apolipoprotein A-1 gene promoter on plasma LDL cholesterol response to dietary fat. Lancet 343, 12461249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez-Miranda, J, Ordovas, JM, Mata, P, Lichtenstein, AH, Clevidence, B, Judd, JT & Schaefer, EJ (1994 c) Effect of apolipoprotein E phenotype on diet-induced lowering of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Journal of Lipid Research 35, 19651975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez-Miranda, J, Ordovas, JM, Ostos, MA, Marin, C, Jansen, S, Salas, J, Blanco-Molina, A, Jimenez-Pereperez, JA, Lopez-Segura, F & Perez-Jimenez, F (1997 b) Dietary fat clearance in normal subjects is modulated by genetic variation at the apolipoprotein B gene locus. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 17, 17651773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCombs, RJ, Marcadis, DE, Ellis, J & Weinberg, RB (1994) Attenuated hypercholesterolemic response to a high-cholesterol diet in subjects heterozygous for the apolipoprotein A-IV-2 allele. New England Journal of Medicine 331, 706710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahley, RW (1988) Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science 240, 622630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mailly, F, Fisher, RM, Nicaud, V, Luong, LA, Evans, AE, Marques-Vidal, P, Luc, G, Arveiler, D, Bard, JM, Poirier, O, Talmud, PJ & Humphries, SE (1996) Association between the LPL-D9N mutation in the lipoprotein lipase gene and plasma lipid traits in myocardial infarction survivors from the ECTIM study. Atherosclerosis 122, 2128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manttari, M, Kosninen, P, Enholm, C, Huttunen, JK & Manninen, V (1991) Apolipoprotein E polymorphism influences the serum cholesterol response to dietary intervention. Metabolism 40, 217221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, HW, Morrison, LC, Wu, LL, Anderson, JL, Corneli, PS, Stauffer, DM, Allen, A, Karagounis, LA & Ward, RH (1994) Apolipoprotein polymorphisms fail to define risk of coronary artery disease: Results of a prospective, angiographically controlled study. Circulation 89, 567577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, LJ, Connelly, PW, Nancoo, D, Wood, N, Zhang, ZJ, Maguire, G, Quinet, E, Tall, AR, Marcel, YL & McPherson, R (1993) Cholesteryl ester transfer protein and high density lipoprotein responses to cholesterol feeding in men: Relationship to apolipoprotein E genotype. Journal of Lipid Research 34, 437446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mata, P, Lopez-Miranda, J, Pocovi, M, Alonso, R, Lahoz, C, Marin, C, Garces, C, Cenarro, A, Perez-Jimenez, F, De Oya, M & Ordovas, JM (1998) Human apolipoprotein A-I gene promoter mutation influences plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol response to dietary fat saturation. Atherosclerosis 137, 367376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mata, P, Ordovas, JM, Lopez-Miranda, J, Lichtenstein, AH, Clevidence, BA, Judd, JT & Schaefer, EJ (1994) ApoA-IV phenotype affects diet-induced plasma LDL cholesterol lowering. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 14, 884891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattei, MG, Etienne, J, Chuat, JC, Nguyen, VC, Brault, D, Bernheim, A & Galibert, F (1993) Assignment of the human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene to chromosome band 8p22. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 63, 4546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meng, QH, Pajukanta, P, Valsta, L, Aro, A, Pietinen, P & Tikkanen, MJ (1997) Influence of apolipoprotein A-1 promoter polymorphism on lipid levels and responses to dietary change in Finnish adults. Journal of Internal Medicine 241, 373378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menzel, HJ, Boerwinkle, E, Schrangl-Will, S & Utermann, G (1988) Human apolipoprotein A-IV polymorphism: frequency and effect on lipid and lipoprotein levels. Human Genetics 79, 368372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menzel, HJ, Sigurdsson, G, Boerwinkle, E, Schrangl-Will, S, Dieplinger, H & Utermann, G (1990) Frequency and effect of human apolipoprotein A-IV polymorphism on lipid and lipoprotein levels in an Icelandic population. Human Genetics 84, 344346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miettinen, TA, Gylling, H & Vanhanen, H (1988) Serum cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol and apoprotein E phenotype. Lancet ii, 1261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miettinen, TA, Gylling, H, Vanhanen, H & Ollus, A (1992) Cholesterol absorption, elimination, and synthesis related to LDL kinetics during varying fat intake in men with different apoprotein E phenotypes. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 12, 10441052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minnich, A, DeLangavant, G, Lavigne, J, Roederer, G, Lussier-Cacan, S & Davignon, J (1995) G → A substitution at position −75 of the apolipoprotein A-I gene promoter – Evidence against a direct effect on HDL cholesterol levels. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 15, 17401745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monsalve, MV, Young, R, Jobsis, J, Wiseman, SA, Dhamu, S, Powell, JT, Greenhalgh, RM & Humphries, SE (1988) DNA polymorphism of the gene for apolipoprotein B in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis 70, 123129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myant, NB, Gallagher, J, Barbir, M, Thompson, GR, Wile, DB & Humphries, SE (1989) Restriction fragment length polymorphism in the apo B gene in relation to coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 71, 193201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Needham, EWA, Mattu, RK, Rees, A, Stocks, J & Galton, DJ (1994) A polymorphism in the human apolipoprotein AI promoter region: A study in hypertriglyceridaemic patients. Human Heredity 44, 9499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nikkilä, M, Solakivi, T, Lehtimäki, T, Koivula, T, Laippala, P & Astrom, B (1994) Postprandial plasma lipoprotein changes in relation to apolipoprotein E phenotypes and low density lipoprotein size in men with and without coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 106, 149157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nilsson-Ehle, P, Garfinkle, AS & Schotz, MC (1980) Lipolytic enzymes and plasma lipoprotein metabolism. Annual Review of Biochemistry 49, 667693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oka, K, Tkalcevic, GT, Wakano, T, Tucker, H, Ishimura-Oka, K & Brown, WV (1990) Structure and polymorphic map of human lipoprotein lipase. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1049, 2126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ordovas, JM, Cassidy, DK, Civeira, F, Bisgaier, CL & Schaefer, EJ (1989) Familial apolipoprotein A-I, C-III, and A-IV deficiency and premature atherosclerosis due to a deletion of a gene complex on chromosome 11. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264, 1633916342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ordovas, JM, Civeira, F, Garces, C & Pocovi, M (1991 a) Genetic variation at the apolipoprotein A-I, C-III, A-IV gene complex. In DNA Polymorphisms as Disease Markers, pp. 91105 [Galton, DJ, editor]. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ordovas, JM, Civeira, F, Genest, J Jr, Craig, S, Robbins, AH, Meade, T, Pocovi, M, Frossard, PM, Masharani, U, Wilson, PW Salem, DN, Ward, RH & Schaefer, EJ (1991 b) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein A-I, C-III, A-IV gene locus. Relationships with lipids, apolipoproteins, and premature coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 87, 7586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ordovas, JM, Litwack-Klein, L, Wilson, PWF, Schaefer, MM & Schaefer, EJ (1987) Apolipoprotein E isoform phenotyping methodology and population frequency with identification of apoE1 and apoE5 isoforms. Journal of Lipid Research 28, 371380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ordovas, JM, Lopez-Miranda, J, Perez-Jimenez, F, Rodriguez, CR, Park, J, Cole, T & Schaefer, EJ (1995) Effect of apolipoprotein E and A-IV phenotypes on the low density lipoprotein response to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy. Atherosclerosis 113, 157166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orth, M, Wahl, S, Hanisch, M, Friedrich, I, Wieland, H & Luley, C (1996) Clearance of post-prandial lipoproteins in normolipemics: Role of the apolipoprotein E phenotype. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1303, 2230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pagani, F, Giudici, GA, Baralle, FE & Vergani, C (1992) Association of a polymorphism in the apoA-I gene promoter with hyperalphalipoproteinemia. European Journal of Epidemiology 8, Suppl. 1, 5458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pagani, F, Sidoli, A, Giudici, GA, Barenghi, L, Vergani, C & Baralle, FE (1990) Human apolipoprotein A-I gene promoter polymorphism: Association with hyperalphalipoproteinemia. Journal of Lipid Research 31, 13711377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, S, Snook, JT, Bricker, L, Morroco, M, Van Voorhis, R, Stasny, E & Lee, MS (1996) Relative effects of high saturated fatty acid levels in meat, dairy products, and tropical oils on serum lipoproteins and low-density lipoprotein degradation by mononuclear cells in healthy males. Metabolism 45, 550558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasagian-Macaulay, A, Aston, CE, Ferrell, RE, McAllister, A, Wing, RR & Kuller, LH (1997) A dietary and behavioral intervention designed to lower coronary heart disease. Risk factors are unaffected by variation at the APOE gene locus. Atherosclerosis 132, 221227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paul-Hayase, H, Rosseneu, M, Robinson, D, Van Bervliet, JP, Deslypere, JP & Humphries, SE (1992) Polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein (apo) AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster: Detection of genetic variation determining plasma apo AI, apo CIII and apo AIV concentrations. Human Genetics 88, 439446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peacock, RE, Dunning, A, Hamsten, A, Tornvall, P, Humphries, S & Talmud, P (1992 a) Apolipoprotein B gene polymorphisms, lipoproteins and coronary atherosclerosis: A study of young myocardial infarction survivors and healthy population-based individuals. Atherosclerosis 92, 151164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peacock, RE, Hamsten, A, Johansson, J, Nilsson-Ehle, P & Humphries, SE (1994) Associations of genotypes at the apoliprotein AI-CIII-AIV, apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein lipase gene loci with coronary atherosclerosis and high density lipoprotein subclasses. Clinical Genetics 46, 273282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peacock, RE, Hamsten, A Nilsson-Ehle, P & Humphries, SE (1992 b) Associations between lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphisms and plasma correlations of lipids, lipoproteins and lipase activities in young myocardial infarction survivors and age-matched healthy individuals from Sweden. Atherosclerosis 97, 171185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pimstone, SN, Clee, SM, Gagné, SE, Miao, L, Zhang, HF, Stein, EA & Hayden, MR (1996) A frequently occurring mutation in the lipoprotein lipase gene (Asn291Ser) results in altered postprandial chylomicron triglyceride and retinyl palmitate response in normolipidemic carriers. Journal of Lipid Research 37, 16751684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pimstone, SN, Gagné, SE, Gagné, C, Lupien, PJ, Gaudet, D, Williams, RR, Kotze, M, Reymer, PWA, Defesche, JC, Kastelein, JJP, Moorjani, S & Hayden, MR (1995) Mutations in the gene for lipoprotein lipase - A cause for low HDL cholesterol levels in individuals heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 15, 17041712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rader, DJ, Schäfer, J, Lohse, P, Verges, B, Kindt, M, Zech, LA, Steinmetz, A & Brewer, HB Jr (1993) Rapid in vivo transport and catabolism of human apolipoprotein A-IV-1 and slower catabolism of the ApoA-IV-2 isoprotein. Journal of Clinical Investigation 92, 10091017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Régis-Bailly, A, Fournier, B, Steinmetz, J, Gueguen, R, Siest, G & Visvikis, S (1995) Apo B signal peptide insertion deletion polymorphism is involved in postprandial lipoparticles’ responses. Atherosclerosis 118, 2334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichl, D & Miller, NE (1989) Pathophysiology of reverse cholesterol transport: Insights from inherited disorders of lipoprotein metabolism. Arteriosclerosis 9, 785797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reymer, PWA, Groenemeyer, BE, Gagne, E, Miao, L, Appelman, EEG, Seidel, JC, Kromhout, D, Bijvoet, SM, Van de Oever, K, Bruin, T, Hayden, MR & Kastelein, JJP (1995) A frequently occurring mutation in the lipoprotein lipase gene (Asn291Ser) contributes to the expression of familial combined hyperlipidemia. Human Molecular Genetics 4, 15431549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reznik, Y, Pousse, P, Herrou, M, Morello, R, Mahoudeau, J, Drosdowsky, MA & Fradin, S (1996) Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in normotriglyceridemic non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients: Influence of apolipoprotein E polymorphism. Metabolism 45, 6371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saha, N, Tay, JSH & Chew, LS (1992) Influence of apolipoprotein B signal peptide insertion/deletion polymorphism on serum lipids and apolipoproteins in a Chinese population. Clinical Genetics 41, 152156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saha, N, Tay, JSH, Low, PS & Humphries, SE (1994) Guanidine to adenine (G/A) substitution in the promoter region of the apolipoprotein AI gene is associated with elevated serum apolipoprotein AI levels in Chinese non-smokers. Genetic Epidemiology 11, 255264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarkkinen, ES, Uusitupa, MIJ, Pietinen, P, Aro, A, Ahola, I, Penttilä, I, Kervinen, K & Kesäniemi, YA (1994) Long-term effects of three fat-modified diets in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 105, 923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savolainen, MJ, Rantala, M, Kervinen, K, Jarvi, L, Suvanto, K, Rantala, T & Kesäniemi, YA (1991) Magnitude of dietary effects on plasma cholesterol concentration: role of sex and apolipoprotein E phenotype. Atherosclerosis 86, 145152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaefer, EJ, Gregg, RE, Ghiselli, G, Forte, TM, Ordovas, JM, Zech, LA, Lindgren, FT & Brewer, HB Jr (1986) Familial apolipoprotein E deficiency. Journal of Clinical Investigation 78, 12061219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaefer, EJ, Lamon-Fava, S, Johnson, S, Ordovas, JM, Schaefer, MM, Castelli, WP & Wilson, PWF (1994) Apolipoprotein E phenotype affects plasma lipoprotein levels in a gender- and menopausal status-dependent manner. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 14, 11051113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaefer, EJ, Lichtenstein, AH, Lamon-Fava, S, Contois, JH, Li, Z, Rasmussen, H, McNamara, JR & Ordovas, JM (1995) Efficacy of a National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet in normolipidemic and hypercholesterolemic middle-aged and elderly men and women. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 15, 10791085.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sigurdsson, G Jr, Gudnason, V, Sigurdsson, G & Humphries, SE (1992) Interaction between a polymorphism of the Apo A-I promoter region and smoking determines plasma levels of HDL and Apo A-I. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 12, 10171022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, JD, Brinton, EA & Breslow, JL (1992) Polymorphism in the human apolipoprotein A-I gene promoter region. Association of the minor allele with decreased production rate in vivo and promoter activity in vitro. Journal of Clinical Investigation 89, 17961800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, O, Stein, Y, Lefevre, M & Roheim, PS (1986) The role of apolipoprotein A-IV in reverse cholesterol transport studied with cultured cells and liposomes derived from an ether analog of phosphatidylcholine. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 878, 713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinmetz, A, Barbaras, R, Ghalim, N, Clavey, V, Fruchart, JC & Ailhaud, G (1990) Human apolipoprotein A-IV binds to apolipoprotein A-I/A-II receptor sites and promotes cholesterol efflux from adipose cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 78597863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinmetz, A & Utermann, G (1985) Activation of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase by human apolipoprotein A-IV. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, 22582264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stocks, J, Thorn, JA & Galton, DJ (1992) Lipoprotein lipase genotypes for a common premature termination codon mutation detected by PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis and restriction digestion. Journal of Lipid Research 33, 853857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Superko, HR & Haskell, WL (1991) The effect of apolipoprotein E isoform difference on postprandial lipoproteins in patients matched for triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol. Artery 18, 315325.Google ScholarPubMed
Tall, A, Welch, C, Applebaum-Bowden, D & Wassef, M (1997) Interaction of diet and genes in atherogenesis. Report of an NHLBI working group. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 17, 33263331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talmud, PJ, Barni, N & Kessling, AM (1987) Apolipoprotein B gene variants are involved in the determination of serum cholesterol levels: a study in normo- and hyperlipidemic individuals. Atherosclerosis 67, 8189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talmud, PJ, Boerwinkle, E, Xu, C, Tikkanen, MJ, Pietinen, P, Huttunen, JK & Humphries, S (1992) Dietary intake and gene variation influence the response of plasma lipids to dietary intervention. Genetic Epidemiology 9, 249260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talmud, PJ, Peacock, R, Karpe, F, Hamsten, A & Humphries, S (1996) ApoB genetic variants modulate postprandial lipoprotein metabolism. In Nutrition, Genetics and Heart Disease, pp. 366378 [Pennington Biomedical Research Center, editors]. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press.Google Scholar
Talmud, PJ, Ye, S & Humphries, SE (1994) Polymorphism in the promoter region of the apolipoprotein AI gene associated with differences in apolipoprotein AI levels: The European Atherosclerosis Research Study. Genetic Epidemiology 11, 265280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorn, JA, Chamberlain, JC, Alcolado, JC, Oka, K, Chan, L, Stocks, J & Galton, DJ (1990) Lipoprotein and hepatic lipase gene variants in coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 85, 5560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tikkanen, MJ, Huttunen, JK, Enholm, C & Pietinen, P (1990 a) Apolipoprotein E4 homozygosity predisposes to serum cholesterol elevation during high fat diet. Arteriosclerosis 10, 285288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tikkanen, MJ, Xu, C-F, Hamalainen, T, Talmud, P, Sarna, S, Huttunen, JK, Pietinen, P & Humphries, S (1990 b) Xbal polymorphism of the apolipoprotein B gene influences plasma lipid response to diet intervention. Clinical Genetics 37, 327334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tso, TK, Park, S, Tsai, YH, Williams, G & Snook, JT (1998) Effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on serum lipoprotein response to saturated fatty acids. Lipids 33, 139148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuteja, R, Tuteja, N, Melo, C, Casari, G & Baralle, FE (1992) Transcription efficiency of human apolipoprotein A-I promoter varies with naturally occurring A to G transition. FEBS Letters 304, 98101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tybjaerg-Hansen, A, Nordestgaard, BG, Gerdes, LU, Faergeman, O & Humphries, SE (1993) Genetic markers in the apo AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster for combined hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and predisposition to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 100, 157169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uusitupa, MIJ, Ruuskanen, E, Mäkinen, E, Laitinen, J, Toskala, E, Kervinen, K & Kesäniemi, YA (1992) A controlled study on the effect of beta-glucan-rich oat bran on serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects: Relation to apolipoprotein E phenotype. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 11, 651659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visvikis, S, Cambou, JP, Arveiler, D, Evans, AE, Parra, HJ, Aguillon, D, Fruchart, JC, Siest, G & Cambien, F (1993) Apolipoprotein B signal peptide polymorphism in patients with myocardial infarction and controls. ‘The ECTIM study’. Human Genetics 90, 561565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Von Eckardstein, A, Funke, H, Schulte, M, Erren, M, Schulte, H & Assmann, G (1992) Nonsynonymous polymorphic sites in the apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV gene are associated with changes in the concentration of apo B- and apo A-I-containing lipoproteins in a normal population. American Journal of Human Genetics 50, 11151128.Google Scholar
Wang, CS, McConathy, WJ, Kloer, HU & Alaupovic, P (1985) Modulation of lipoprotein lipase activity by lipoproteins. Effect of apolipoprotein C-III. Journal of Clinical Investigation 75, 384390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberg, RB & Patton, CS (1990) Binding of human apolipoprotein A-IV to human hepatocellular plasma membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1044, 255261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weintraub, MS, Eisenberg, S & Breslow, JL (1987) Dietary fat clearance in normal subjects is regulated by genetic variation in apolipoprotein E. Journal of Clinical Investigation 80, 15711577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisgraber, KH, Mahley, RW, Kowal, RC, Herz, J, Goldstein, JL & Brown, MS (1990) Apolipoprotein C-I modulates the interaction of apolipoprotein E with beta-migrating very low density lipoproteins and inhibits binding of beta-VLDL to low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 2245322459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolever, TM, Hegele, RA, Connelly, PW, Ransom, TP, Story, J, Furumoto, EJ & Jenkins, DJ (1997) Long-term effect of soluble-fiber foods on postprandial fat metabolism in dyslipidemic subjects with apo E3 and apo E4 genotypes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66, 584590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, C-F, Angelico, F, Del Ben, M & Humphries, S (1993) Role of genetic variation at the apo AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster in determining plasma apo AI levels in boys and girls. Genetic Epidemiology 10, 113122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, C-F, Boerwinkle, E, Tikkanen, MJ, Huttunen, JK & Humphries, SE (1990 a) Genetic variation at the apolipoprotein gene loci contribute to response of plasma lipids to dietary change. Genetic Epidemiology 7, 261275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, C-F, Tikkanen, MJ, Butler, R, Huttunen, JK, Pietinen, P, Humphries, S & Talmud, P (1990 b) Apolipoprotein B signal peptide insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with Ag epitopes and involved in the determination of serum triglyceride levels. Journal of Lipid Research 31, 12551261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaiou, M, Visvikis, S, Gueguen, R, Parra, H-J, Fruchart, JC & Siest, G (1994) DNA polymorphisms of human apolipoprotein A-IV gene: frequency and effects on lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels in a French population. Clinical Genetics 46, 248254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zambón, D, Ros, E, Casals, E, Sanllehy, C, Bertomeu, A & Campero, I (1995) Effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on the serum lipid response to a hypolipidemic diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids in patients with hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 141148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zannis, VI, Cole, FS, Jackson, CL, Kurnit, DM & Karathanasis, SK (1985) Distribution of apolipoprotein A-I, C-II, C-III, and E mRNA in fetal human tissues. Time-dependent induction of apolipoprotein E mRNA by cultures of human monocyte-macrophages. Biochemistry 24, 44504455CrossRefGoogle Scholar