Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-p566r Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T04:54:55.567Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Porcine models for the metabolic syndrome, digestive and bone disorders: a general overview

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2010

J. C. Litten-Brown*
Affiliation:
Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 237, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AR, UK
A. M. Corson
Affiliation:
Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 237, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AR, UK
L. Clarke
Affiliation:
Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 237, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AR, UK
Get access

Abstract

The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the role of pigs as a biomedical model for humans. The usefulness and limitations of porcine models have been discussed in terms of metabolic, cardiovascular, digestive and bone diseases in humans. Domestic pigs and minipigs are the main categories of pigs used as biomedical models. One drawback of minipigs is that they are in short supply and expensive compared with domestic pigs, which in contrast cost more to house, feed and medicate. Different porcine breeds show different responses to the induction of specific diseases. For example, ossabaw minipigs provide a better model than Yucatan for the metabolic syndrome as they exhibit obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension, all of which are absent in the Yucatan. Similar metabolic/physiological differences exist between domestic breeds (e.g. Meishan v. Pietrain). The modern commercial (e.g. Large White) domestic pig has been the preferred model for developmental programming due to the 2- to 3-fold variation in body weight among littermates providing a natural form of foetal growth retardation not observed in ancient (e.g. Meishan) domestic breeds. Pigs have been increasingly used to study chronic ischaemia, therapeutic angiogenesis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and abdominal aortic aneurysm as their coronary anatomy and physiology are similar to humans. Type 1 and II diabetes can be induced in swine using dietary regimes and/or administration of streptozotocin. Pigs are a good and extensively used model for specific nutritional studies as their protein and lipid metabolism is comparable with humans, although pigs are not as sensitive to protein restriction as rodents. Neonatal and weanling pigs have been used to examine the pathophysiology and prevention/treatment of microbial-associated diseases and immune system disorders. A porcine model mimicking various degrees of prematurity in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition has been established to investigate gut development, amino acid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Endoscopic therapeutic methods for upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding are being developed. Bone remodelling cycle in pigs is histologically more similar to humans than that of rats or mice, and is used to examine the relationship between menopause and osteoporosis. Work has also been conducted on dental implants in pigs to consider loading; however with caution as porcine bone remodels slightly faster than human bone. We conclude that pigs are a valuable translational model to bridge the gap between classical rodent models and humans in developing new therapies to aid human health.

Type
Full Paper
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdel-Aleem, S, St Louis, JD, Hughes, GC, Lowe, JE 1999. Metabolic changes in the normal and hypoxic neonatal myocardium. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 874, 254661.Google Scholar
Alam, TA, Baines, M, Parker, MC 2003. The management of gastric outlet obstruction secondary to inoperable cancer. Surgical Endoscopy 17, 320323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alkayed, NJ, Murphy, SJ, Traystman, RJ, Hurn, PD, Miller, VM 2000. Neuroprotective effects of female gonadal steroids in reproductively senescent female rats. Stroke 31, 161168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amoss, MS Jr, Ronan, SG, Beattie, CW 1988. Growth of Sinclair swine melanoma as a function of age, histopathological staging, and gonadal status. Cancer Research 48, 17081711.Google ScholarPubMed
Amusquivar, E, Sánchez, M, Hyde, MJ, Laws, J, Clarke, L, Herrera, E 2008. Influence of fatty acid profile of total parenteral nutrition emulsions on the fatty acid composition of different tissues of piglets. Lipids 43, 713722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Antipatis, C, Finch, AM, Ashworth, CJ 2008. Effect of controlled alterations in maternal dietary retinol on foetal and neonatal retinol status and pregnancy outcome in pigs. Livestock Science 118, 247254.Google Scholar
Anzenbacherová, E, Anzenbacher, P, Svoboda, Z, Ulrichová, J, Květina, J, Zoulová, J, Perlik, F, Martinkozá, J 2003. Minipig as a model for drug metabolism in man: comparison of in vitro and in vivo metabolism of propafenone. Biomedical Papers 147, 155159.Google Scholar
Ashworth, CJ 2006. Reproduction. In Whittemore’s science and practice of pig production (ed. I Kyriazakis and CT Whittemore), pp. 104147. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Assimos, DG, Boyce, WH, Lively, M, Weidner, N, Lewis, JC, Howard, G 1986. Porcine urologic models including jejunoileal bypass. In Swine in biological research (ed. ME Tumbleson), vol. 1, pp. 399424. Plenum Press, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Avon, SL, Wood, RE 2005. Porcine skin as in-vivo model for ageing of human bite marks. The Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology 23, 3039.Google Scholar
Barb, CR, Cox, NM, Carlton, CA, Chang, WJ, Randle, RF 1992. Growth hormone secretion, serum and cerebral spinal fluid insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations in pigs with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Experimental Biology and Medicine 201, 223228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauer, R, Walter, B, Hoppe, A, Gaser, E, Lampe, V, Kauf, E, Zwiener, U 1998. Body weight distribution and organ size in newborn swine (sus scrofa domestica) – a study describing an animal model for asymmetrical intrauterine growth retardation. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 50, 5965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bazer, FW, Ford, JJ, Kensinger, RS 2001. Reproductive Physiology. In Biology of the domestic pig (ed. WG Pond and HJ Mersmann), pp. 150224. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, USA.Google Scholar
Berg, RD 1995. Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract. Trends in Microbiology 3, 149154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bivin, WS, Crawford, MP, Brown, NR 1979. Morphophysiology. In The laboratory rat. Volume I: biology and diseases. American college of laboratory animal medicine series (ed. HIL Baker, JR Lindsey and SH Weisbroth), pp. 73103. Academic Press Inc., New York, USA.Google Scholar
Blecha, F 2001. Immunoglobulins. In Biology of the domestic pig (ed. WG Pond and HJ Mersmann), pp. 688711. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, USA.Google Scholar
Book, SA, Bustad, LK 1974. The fetal and neonatal pig in biomedical research. Journal of Animal Science 38, 9971002.Google Scholar
Borden, TA, Vermeulen, CW 1966. The renal papilla in the calculogenesis of oxamide stones. Investigative Urology 4, 125132.Google ScholarPubMed
Borum, PR 1993. Use of the colostrum-deprived piglets to evaluate parenteral feeding formulas. Journal of Nutrition 123, 391394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bousdras, VA, Cunningham, JL, Ferguson-Pell, M, Bamber, MA, Sindet-Pedersen, S, Blunn, G, Goodship, AE 2006. A novel approach to bite force measurements in a porcine model in vivo. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 35, 663667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyce, RW, Ebert, DC, Youngs, TA, Paddock, CL, Mosekilde, L, Stevens, ML, Gunderson, HJG 1995. Unbiased estimation of vertebral trabecular connectivity in calcium-restricted ovariectomized minipigs. Bone 16, 637642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brambilla, G, Cantafora, A 2004. Metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in highly inbred lines for intensive pig farming: how animal welfare evaluation could improve the basic knowledge of human obesity. Annali dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanità 40, 241244.Google ScholarPubMed
Bronaugh, RL, Stewart, RF, Congdon, ER 1982. Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies II. Animal models for human skin. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 62, 481488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buettner, R, Schölmerich, J, Cornelius Bollheimer, L 2007. High-fat diets: modeling the metabolic disorders of human obesity in rodents. Obesity 15, 798808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burrin, DG 2001. Nutrient requirements and metabolism. In Biology of the domestic pig (ed. WG Pond and HJ Mersmann), pp. 309389. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, USA.Google Scholar
Burrin, DG, Shulman, RJ, Storm, MC, Reeds, PJ 1991. Glutamine or glutamic acid effects on intestinal growth and disaccaridase activity in infant piglets receiving total parenteral nutrition. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 15, 262266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, JE, Sinkora, M, Wertz, N, Holtmeier, W, Lemke, CD 2006. Development of the neonatal B and T cell repertoire in swine: implications for comparative and veterinary immunology. Veterinary Research 37, 417441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caminos, JE, Nogueiras, R, Gallego, R, Bravo, S, Tovar, S, García-Caballero, T, Casanueva, FF, Diéguez, C 2005. Expression and regulation of adiponectin and receptor in human and rat placenta. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90, 42764286.Google Scholar
Canavan, JP, Flecknell, PA, New, JP, Alberti, KGMM, Home, PD 1997. The effect of portal and peripheral insulin delivery on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in a miniature pig model of human IDDM. Diabetologia 40, 11251134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caplan, MS, Miller-Catchpole, R, Kaup, S, Russell, T, Lickerman, M, Amer, M, Xiao, Y, Thomson, R 1999. Bifidobacterial supplementation reduces the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model. Gastroenterology 117, 577583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 2008. The world factbook. Retrieved June 28, 2009, from http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.htmlGoogle Scholar
Cheetham, S, Souza, M, Meulia, T, Grimes, S, Han, MG, Saif, LJ 2006. Pathogenesis of a genogroup II human novovirus in gnotobiotic pigs. Journal of Virology 80, 1037210381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, VK, Marks, JM, Wong, RC, McGee, MF, Faulx, AL, Isenberg, GA, Schomisc, SJ, Deng, CX, Ponsky, JL, Chak, A 2008. Creation of an effective and reproducible nonsurvival porcine model that simulates actively bleeding peptic ulcers. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 68, 548553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chien, PF, Smith, K, Watt, PW, Scrimgeour, CM, Taylor, DJ, Rennie, MJ 1993. Protein turnover in the human fetus studied at term using stable isotope tracer amino acids. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 265, E31E35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiu, YT, Liu, SI, Liu, M, Chen, SP, Lin, YH, Mao, SJT, Chu, R 1999. Characterization and quantitation of extracellular collagen matrix in myocardium of pigs with spontaneously occurring hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular Pathology 8, 169175.Google Scholar
Chiu, PWY, Hu, BMD, Lau, JYW, Sun, LCL, Sung, JJY, Chung, SSC 2006. Endoscopic plication of massively bleeding peptic ulcer by using the Eagle Claw VII device: a feasibility study in a porcine model. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 63, 681685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christoffersen, BO, Grand, N, Golozoubova, V, Svendsen, O, Raun, K 2007. Gender-associated differences in metabolic syndrome-related parameters in Gőttingen minipigs. Comparative Medicine 57, 493504.Google ScholarPubMed
Clarke, L, Kirth, K, Heasman, L, Juniper, DT, Budge, H, Stephenson, T, Symonds, ME 2000. Influence of relative size at birth on growth and glucose homeostasis in twin lambs during juvenile life. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 12, 6973.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cogliandolo, A, Scarmozzino, G, Pidoto, RR, Pollicino, A, Florio, MA 2004. Laparoscopic palliative gastrojejunostomy for advanced recurrent gastric cancer after Billroth I resection. Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques 14, 4346.Google Scholar
Cook, DJ, Guyatt, GH, Salena, BJ, Laine, LA 1992. Endoscopic therapy for acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 102, 139148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corson, AM, Laws, J, Laws, A, Litten, JC, Lean, IJ, Clarke, L 2008a. Percentile growth charts for biomedical studies using a porcine model. Animal 2, 17951801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corson, AM, Laws, J, Litten, JC, Dodds, PF, Lean, IJ, Clarke, L 2008b. Effect of dietary supplementation of different oils during the first or second half of pregnancy on the glucose tolerance of the sow. Animal 2, 10451054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corson, AM, Laws, J, Litten, JC, Lean, IJ, Clarke, L 2009. Intergenerational effects of birth weight on glucose tolerance and reproductive performance. Animal 3, 579591.Google Scholar
Cynthia, P, Smith, MS 2000. Information resources on swine in biomedical research. Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) resource series No. 11. United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA.Google Scholar
Darragh, AJ, Moughan, PJ 1995. The three-week-old piglet as a model animal for studying protein digestion in human infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 21, 387393.Google Scholar
Davis, TA, Suryawan, A, Orellana, RA, Nguyen, HV, Fiorotto, ML 2008. Postnatal ontogeny of skeletal muscle protein synthesis in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 86, E13E18.Google Scholar
Dawson, HD, Beshah, E, Nishi, S, Solano-Aguilar, G, Morimoto, M, Zhao, A, Madden, KB, Ledbetter, TK, Dubey, JP, Shea-Donohue, T, Lunney, JK, Urban, JF Jr 2005. Localized multi-gene expression patterns support an evolving TH1/Th2-like paradigm in response to infections with Toxoplasma gondii and Ascaris suum in pigs. Infection and Immunity 73, 11161128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Fronzo, RA, Ferrannini, E 1991. Insulin resistance, a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 14, 173194.Google Scholar
De Maria, EJ, Schweitzer, MA, Kellum, JM, Meador, J, Wolfe, L, Sugerman, HJ 2002. Hand-assisted laparoscopic gastric bypass does not improve outcome and increases costs when compared to open gastric bypass for the surgical treatment of obesity. Surgical Endoscopy 16, 14521455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Smet, BJGL, Van Der Zande, J, Van Der Helm, YJM, Kuntz, RE, Borst, C, Post, MJ 1998. The atherosclerotic Yucatan animal model to study the arterial response after balloon angioplasty: the natural history of remodeling. Cardiovascular Research 39, 224232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorman, DC, Dye, JA, Nassie, MP, Ekuta, J, Bolon, B, Medinsky, MA 1993. Acute methanol toxicity in minipigs. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 20, 341347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drake, A, Fraser, D, Weary, DM 2008. Parent-offspring resource allocation in domestic pigs. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 62, 309319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Draper, HH, Yuen, DE, Whyte, RK 1991. Calcium glycerophosphate as a source of calcium and phosphorus in total parenteral nutrition solutions. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 15, 176180.Google Scholar
Dunn, RM, Mancoll, J 1992. Flap models in the rat: a review and reappraisal. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 90, 319328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dvorak, CM, Hirsch, GN, Hyland, KA, Hendrickson, JA, Thompson, BS, Rutherford, MS, Murtaugh, MP 2006. Genomic dissection of mucosal immunobiology in the porcine small intestine. Physiological Genomics 28, 514.Google Scholar
Dyson, MC, Alloosh, M, Vuchetich, JP, Mokelke, EA, Sturek, M 2006. Components of metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease in female Ossabaw swine fed excess atherogenic diet. Comparative Medicine 56, 3545.Google Scholar
Eckel, RH, Grundy, SM, Zimmet, PZ 2005. The Metabolic Syndrome. The Lancet 365, 14151428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elahi, S, Brownlie, R, Korzeniowski, J, Buchanan, R, O’Connor, B, Peppler, MS, Halperin, SA, Lee, SF, Babiuk, LA, Gerdtz, V 2005. Infection of newborn piglets with Bordetella pertussis: a new model for pertussis. Infection and Immunity 73, 36363645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellner, SJ, Mendez, J, Vera, DR, Hoh, CK, Ashburn, WL, Wallace, AM 2004. Sentinel lymph node mapping of the colon and stomach using lymphoseek in a pig model. Annals of Surgical Oncology 11, 674681.Google Scholar
Evans, HE, Sack, WO 1973. Prenatal development of domestic and laboratory mammals: growth curves, external features and selected references. Anatomia, Histologia and Embryologia 2, 1145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finch, AM, Yang, LG, Nwagwu, MO, Page, KR, McArdle, HJ, Ashworth, CJ 2004. Placental transport of leucine in a porcine model of low birth weight. Reproduction 128, 229235.Google Scholar
Fodor, WL, Williams, BL, Matis, LA, Madrit, JA, Rollins, SA, Knights, JW, Velander, W, Squinto, P 1994. Expression of a functional human complement inhibitor in a transgenic pig as a model for the prevention of xenogeneic hyperacute organ rejection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 1115311157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowden, AL, Ward, JW, Wooding, FPB, Forhead, AJ, Constancia, M 2006. Programming placental nutrient transport capacity. Journal of Physiology 572, 515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, R 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66, 365378.Google Scholar
Gabel, H, Bitter-Suermann, H, Henriksson, C, Save-Soderbergh, J, Lundholm, K, Brynger, H 1985. Streptozotocin diabetes in juvenile pigs. Evaluation of an experimental model. Hormone and Metabolic Research 17, 275280.Google Scholar
Gal, D, Isner, MJ 1992. Atherosclerotic Yucatan microswine as a model for novel cardiovascular interventions and imaging. In Swine as models in biomedical research (ed. MM Swindle, DC Moody and LD Phillips), pp. 119140. Iowa State University, Ames, USA.Google Scholar
Gerrity, RG, Natarajan, R, Nadler, JL, Kimsey, T 2001. Diabetes-induced accelerated atherosclerosis in swine. Diabetes 50, 16541665.Google Scholar
Gill, HS, Guarner, F 2004. REVIEW. Probiotics and human health: a clinical perspective. Postgraduate Medical Journal 80, 516526.Google Scholar
Gluckman, PD 1986. The regulation of foetal growth. In Control and manipulation of animal growth (ed. PJ Buttery, DB Lindsay and NB Haynes), pp. 85104. Butterworth, London, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluckman, PD, Pinal, CS 2002. Maternal-placental-fetal interactions in the endocrine regulation of fetal growth: role of somatotrophic axes. Endocrine 19, 8190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godfrey, K, Robinson, S, Barker, DJP, Osmond, C, Cox, V 1996. Maternal nutrition in early and late pregnancy in relation to placental and fetal growth. British Medical Journal 312, 410414.Google Scholar
Goldberg, BB, Merton, DA, Liu, JB, Thakur, M, Murphy, GF, Needleman, L, Tornes, A, Forsberg, F 2004. Sentinel lymph nodes in a swine model with melanoma: contrast-enhanced lymphatic ultrasonography (US). Radiology 230, 727734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldspink, DF, Kelly, FJ 1984. Protein turnover and growth in the whole body, liver and kidney of the rat from the foetus to senility. Biochemical Journal 217, 507516.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, AM, Nguyen, TV, Azevedo, MS, Jeong, K, Agarib, F, Iosef, C, Chang, K, Lovgren-Bengtsson, K, Morein, B, Saif, LJ 2004. Antibody responses to human rotovirus (HRV) in gnotobiotic pigs following a new prime/boost vaccine strategy using oral attenuated HRV priming and intranasal VP2/6 rotavirus-like particle (VLP) boosting with ISCOM. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 135, 361372.Google Scholar
Grussner, R, Nakhleh, R, Grussner, A, Tomadze, G, Diem, P, Sutherland, D 1993. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in pigs. Hormone and Metabolic Research 24, 199203.Google Scholar
Hackman, E, Emanuel, I, Belle, G, Daling, J 1983. Maternal birth weight and subsequent pregnancy outcome. Journal of American Medical Association 250, 20162019.Google Scholar
Halsted, CH, Villanueva, JA, Devlin, AM, Chandler, CJ 2002. Metabolic interactions of alcohol and folate. Journal of Nutrition 132, 2367S2372S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamad, MA, Mentges, B, Buess, G 2003. Laparoscopic sutured anastomosis of the bowel. Surgical Endoscopy 17, 18401844.Google Scholar
Hansen, BC 1999. The metabolic syndrome X. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 892, 124.Google Scholar
Harrison, M, Langley-Evans, SC 2009. Intergenerational programming of impaired nephrogenesis and hypertension in rats following maternal protein restriction during pregnancy. British Journal of Nutrition 101, 10201030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasslung, F, Wallgren, P, Ladekjaer-Hansen, AS, Bøtner, A, Nielsen, J, Wattrang, E, Allan, GM, NcNeilly, F, Ellis, J, Timmusk, S, Belák, K, Segall, T, Melin, L, Berg, M, Fossum, K 2005. Experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs in Sweden and Denmark with a Swedish isolate of porcine circovirus type 2. Veterinary Microbiology 106, 4960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herpin, P, Damon, M, Le Dividich, J 2002. Development of thermoregulation and neonatal survival in pigs. Livestock Production Science 78, 2545.Google Scholar
Hill, M 2008. Rat Development. Retrieved October 30, 2009, from http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/OtherEmb/Rat.htmGoogle Scholar
Hoet, JJ, Hanson, MA 1999. Intrauterine nutrition: its importance during critical periods for cardiovascular and endocrine development. Journal of Physiology 514, 617627.Google Scholar
Horvath, TL, Bruning, JC 2006. Developmental programming of the hypothalamus: a matter of fat. Nature Medicine 12, 5253.Google Scholar
Houdebine, LM 2005. Use of transgenic animals to improve human health and animal production. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 40, 269281.Google Scholar
House, JD, Pencharz, PB, Ball, RO 1997. Phenylalanine requirements determined by using L-[1-14C] phenylalanine in neonatal piglets receiving total parenteral nutrition supplemented with tyrosine. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64, 984993.Google Scholar
House, JD, Pencharz, PB, Ball, RO 1998. Lysine requirement of neonatal 514 piglets receiving total parenteral nutrition as determined by oxidation of the indicator amino acid L-[1-14C] phenylalanine. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 6773.Google Scholar
Hu, B, Sun, LCL, Chung, SCS, Apollo Group 2004. A modified animal model of massive ulcer bleeding. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 59, 99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, B, Chung, SCS, Sun, LCL, Lau, JYW, Kawashimak, K, Yamamoto, T, Cotton, PB, Gostout, CJ, Hawes, RH, Kalloo, AN, Kantsevoy, SV, Pasricha, PJ 2005. Developing an animal model of massive ulcer bleeding for assessing endoscopic hemostatic devices. Endoscopy 37, 847851.Google Scholar
Hughes, HC 1986. Swine in cardiovascular research. Laboratory Animal Science 36, 348350.Google Scholar
Hughes, GC, Post, MJ, Simons, M, Annex, BH 2003. Translational physiology: porcine models of human coronary artery disease: implications for preclinical trials of therapeutic angiogenesis. Journal of Applied Physiology 94, 16891701.Google Scholar
Hughes, GC, Biswas, SS, Yin, B, Coleman, RE, DeGrado, TR, Landolfo, CK, Lowe, JE, Annex, BH, Landolfo, KP 2004. Therapeutic angiogenesis in chronically ischemic porcine myocardium; comparative effects of bFGF and VEGF. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 77, 812818.Google Scholar
Hyde, MJ, Amusquivar, E, Laws, J, Corson, AM, Geering, RR, Lean, IJ, Putet, G, Dodds, PF, Herrera, E, Clarke, L 2008. Effects of lipid-supplemented total parenteral nutrition on fatty liver disease in a premature neonatal piglet model. Neonatology 93, 7786.Google Scholar
Hyde, MJ, Perkins, KS, Laws, J, Dodds, PF, Symmons, R, Geering, R, Litten, JC, Corson, AM, Lean, IJ, Clark, L 2005. The effects of modifying the fatty acid composition of lipids used in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on the growth and development of the preterm piglet. Endocrine Abstracts 9, P61.Google Scholar
Hyde, HJ, Griffin, JL, Herrera, E, Byrne, CD, Clarke, L, Kemp, PR 2010. Delivery by Caesarean section, rather than vaginal delivery, promotes hepatic steatosis in piglets. Clinical Science 118, 4759.Google Scholar
Ikeda, K, Fritscher-Ravens, A, Mosse, CA, Mills, T, Tajiri, H, Swain, CP 2005. Endoscopic full-thickness resection with sutured closure in a porcine model. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 62, 122129.Google Scholar
Imai, H, Konno, K, Nakamura, M, Shimizu, T, Kubota, C, Seki, K, Honda, F, Tomizawa, S, Tanaka, Y, Hata, H, Saito, N 2006. A new model of focal cerebral ischemia in the miniature pig. Journal of Neurosurgery 104 (suppl. 2), 123132.Google ScholarPubMed
Innis, SM 2004. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk: an essential role in infant development. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 554, 2743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jadhav, P, Parimi, PS, Kalhan, S 2007. Parenteral amino acid and metabolic acidosis in premature infants. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 31, 278283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarvelin, M-R, Elliott, P, Kleinschmidt, I, Martuzzi, M, Grundy, C, Hartikainen, A-L, Rantakallio, P 1997. Ecological and individual predictors of birth weight in a northern Finland birth cohort 1986. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 11, 298312.Google Scholar
Jorgensen, KD 1998. Minipig in reproduction toxicology. Scandanavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 25, 6375.Google Scholar
Johansen, T, Hansen, HS, Richelsen, B, Malmlöf, R 2001. The obese Gőttingen minipig as a model of the metabolic syndrome: dietary effects on obesity, insulin sensitivity and growth hormone profile. Comparative Medicine 51, 150155.Google Scholar
Jones, DH, Amoss, MS Jr 1982. Cell mediated immune response in miniature Sinclair swine bearing cutaneous melanomas. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 46, 209211.Google Scholar
Jones, SA, Summerlee, AJS 1986. Effects of porcine relaxin on the length of gestation and duration of parturition in the rat. Journal of Endocrinology 109, 8588.Google Scholar
Jordinson, M, Goodlad, RA, Brynes, A, Bliss, P, Ghatei, MA, Bloom, SR, Fitzgerald, A, Grant, G, Bardocz, S, Pusztai, A, Pignatelli, M, Calam, J 1999. Gastointestinal reponses to a panel of lectins in rats maintained on total parenteral nutrition. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 276, G1235G1242.Google Scholar
Joseph, DR 1908. The ratio between the heart-weight and body-weight in various animals. Journal of Experimental Medicine 10, 521528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kansagra, K, Stoll, B, Rognerud, C, Niinikoski, H, Ou, C-N, Harvey, R, Burrin, D 2003. Total parenteral nutrition adversely affects gut barrier function in neonatal piglets. American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 285, G1162G1170.Google Scholar
Kantsevoy, SV, Jagannath, SB, Niiyama, H, Chung, SSC, Cotton, PB, Gostout, CJ, Hawes, RH, Pasricha, PJ, Magee, CA, Vaughn, CA, Barlow, D, Shimonaka, H, Kalloo, AN 2005. Endoscopic gastrojejunostomy with survival in a porcine model. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 62, 287292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kastrup, J, Jørgensen, E, Rück, A, Tägil, K, Glogar, D, Ruzyllo, W, Bøtker, H, Dudek, D, Drvota, V, Hesse, B 2005. Direct intramyocardial plasmid vascular endothelial growth factor-A165 gene therapy in patients with stable severe angina pectoris. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study: The Euroinject One trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45, 982988.Google Scholar
Kirkham, J, Robinson, C, Weatherell, JA, Richards, A, Fejerskov, O, Josephsen, K 1988. Maturation in developing permanent porcine enamel. Journal of Dental Research 67, 11561160.Google Scholar
Kist, WB, Thomas, TR, Horner, KE, Laughlin, MH 1999. Effects of aerobic training and gender on HDL-C and LDL-C subfractions in Yucatan miniature swine. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online Vol 1. Retrieved October 26, 2009, from http://faculty.css.edu/tboone2/asep/april99k.htmGoogle Scholar
Klebanoff, MA, Graubard, BI, Kessel, SS, Berendes, HW 1984. Low birth weight across generations. Journal of American Medical Association 252, 24232427.Google Scholar
Klebanoff, MA, Meirik, O, Berendes, HW 1989. Second-generation consequences of small-for-dates birth. Pediatrics 84, 343347.Google Scholar
Klingler, M, Demmelmair, H, Larque, E, Koletzko, B 2003. Analysis of FA contents in individual lipid fractions from human placental tissue. Lipids 38, 561566.Google Scholar
Knol, EF, Leenhouwers, JI, van der Lende, T 2002. Genetic aspects of piglet survival. Livestock Production Science 78, 4755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ko, CC, Swift, JQ, DeLong, R, Douglas, WH, Kim, YI, An, K-N, Chang, CH, Huang, HL 2002. An intra-oral hydraulic system for controlled loading of dental implants. Journal of Biomechanics 35, 863869.Google Scholar
Ko, CC, Douglas, WH, DeLong, R, Rohrer, MD, Swift, JQ, Hodges, JS, An, K-N, Ritman, EL 2003. Effects of implant healing time on crestal bone loss of a controlled-load dental implant. Journal of Dental Research 82, 585591.Google Scholar
Koch, W, Windt, H, Walles, M, Borlak, J, Clausing, P 2001. Inhalation studies with the Göttingen minipig. Inhalation Toxicology 13, 249259.Google Scholar
Kues, WA, Niemann, H 2004. The contribution of farm animals to human health. Trends in Biotechnology 22, 286294.Google Scholar
Künkele, J, Trillmich, F 1997. Are precocial young cheaper? Lactation energetic in the guinea pig. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 70, 589596.Google Scholar
Kusec, G, Baulain, U, Kallweit, E, Glodek, P 2007. Influence of MHS genotype and feeding regime on allometric and temporal growth of pigs assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Livestock Science 110, 89100.Google Scholar
Kwong, WY, Wild, AE, Roberts, P, Willis, AC, Fleming, TP 2000. Maternal undernutrition during the preimplantation period of rat development causes blastocyst abnormalities and programming of postnatal hypertension. Development 127, 41954202.Google Scholar
Lafage, H-M, Balena, R, Battle, MA, Shea, M, Seedor, JG, Klein, H, Hayes, WC, Rodan, G 1995. Comparison of alendronate and sodium fluoride effects on cancellous and cortical bone in minipigs. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 95, 21272133.Google Scholar
Laine, L, Peterson, WL 1994. Bleeding peptic ulcer. The New England Journal of Medicine 331, 717727.Google Scholar
Laitinen, J, Pietilainen, K, Wadsorth, M, Sovio, U, Jarvelin, M-R 2004. Predictors of abdominal obesity among 31-y-old men and women born in Northern Finland in 1966. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58, 180190.Google Scholar
Laitinen, J, Taponen, S, Martikainen, H, Pouta, A, Millwood, I, Hartikainen, A-L, Ruokonen, A, Sovio, U, McCarthy, M, Franks, S, Jarvelin, M-R 2003. Body size from birth to adulthood as a predictor of self-reported polysystic ovary syndrome symptoms. International Journal of Obesity 27, 710715.Google Scholar
Langley-Evans, SC 2001. Fetal programming of cardiovascular function through exposure to maternal undernutrition. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 60, 505513.Google Scholar
Larsen, MO, Rolin, B 2004. Use of the Göttingen minipig as a model of diabetes, with special focus on Type 1 diabetes research. ILAR Journal 45, 303313.Google Scholar
Larsen, MO, Wilken, M, Gotfredsen, CF, Carr, RD, Svendsen, O, Rolin, B 2002a. Mild streptozotocin diabetes in the Göttingen minipig. A novel model of moderate insulin deficiency and diabetes. American Journal of Physiology – Endocrinology and Metabolism 282, E1342E1351.Google Scholar
Larsen, MO, Rolin, B, Wilken, M, Carr, RD, Svendsen, O 2002b. High-fat high-energy feeding impairs fasting glucose and increases fasting insulin levels in the Göttingen minipig: results from a pilot study. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 967, 414423.Google Scholar
Lavker, RM, Dong, G, Zheng, PS, Murphy, GF 1991. Hairless micropig skin. A novel model for studies of cutaneous biology. American Journal of Pathology 138, 687697.Google Scholar
Laws, J, Amusquivar, E, Laws, A, Herrera, E, Lean, IJ, Dodds, PF, Clarke, L 2008. Supplementation of sow diets with oil during gestation: sow body condition, milk yield and milk composition. Livestock Science 123, 8896.Google Scholar
Laws, J, Litten, JC, Laws, A, Lean, IJ, Dodds, PF, Clarke, L 2009. Effect of type and timing of oil supplements to sows during pregnancy on the growth performance and endocrine profile of low and normal birth weight off spring. British Journal of Nutrition 101, 240249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leiser, R, Kaufmann, P 1994. Placental structure: in a comparative aspect. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology 102, 122134.Google Scholar
Lin, C, Mahan, DC, Wu, G, Kim, SW 2009. Protein digestibility of porcine colostrum by neonatal pigs. Livestock Science 121, 182186.Google Scholar
Litten, JC, Drury, PC, Corson, AM, Lean, IJ, Clarke, L 2003. The influence of piglet birth weight on physical and behavioural development in early life. Biology of the Neonate 84, 311318.Google Scholar
Litten, JC, Corson, AM, Hall, AD, Clarke, L 2004. The relationship between growth performance, feed intake, endocrine profile and carcass quality of different maternal and paternal lines of pigs. Livestock Production Science 89, 3339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Litten, JC, Mostyn, A, Perkins, KS, Corson, AM, Symonds, ME, Clarke, L 2005. The effect of administration of recombinant human leptin during the neonatal period on the plasma concentration and gene expression of leptin in the piglet. Biology of the Neonate 87, 17.Google Scholar
Litten, JC, Mostyn, A, Laws, J, Corson, AM, Symonds, ME, Clarke, L 2008. Effect of acute administration of recombinant human leptin during the neonatal period on body temperature and endocrine profile of the piglet. Neonatology 93, 171177.Google Scholar
Liu, SK, Chiu, YT, Shyu, JJ, Factor, SM, Chu, RM, Lin, JH, Hsou, HL, Fox, PR, Yang, PC 1994. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in pigs: quantitative pathologic features in 55 cases. Cardiovascular Pathology 3, 261268.Google Scholar
Liu, X, Mellert, J, Hering, BJ, Brendel, MD, Federlin, K, Bretzel, RG, Hopt, UT 1998. Sensitivity of porcine islet β cells to the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin. Transplantation proceedings 30, 574575.Google Scholar
Lohr, M, Lubbersmeyer, J, Otremba, B, Klapdor, R, Grossner, D, Kloppel, G 1989. Increase in B-cells in the pancreatic remnant after partial pancreatectomy in pigs: an immunocytochemical and functional study. Virchows Archiv – B: Cell Pathology 56, 277286.Google Scholar
Lunney, JK 2007. Advances in swine biomedical model genomics. International Journal of Biological Sciences 3, 179184.Google Scholar
Mandel, NS, Henderson, JD Jr, Hung, LY, Wille, DF, Wiessner, JH 2004. A porcine model of calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. The Journal of Urology 171, 13011303.Google Scholar
Manners, MJ, McCrea, MR 1963. Changes in the chemical composition of sow-reared piglets during the 1st month of life. British Journal of Nutrition 17, 495513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mantesso, A 2008. Teeth will help to shape the future of stem cell research. A World of Science. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0016/001609/160923e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Marks, J, Chen, V, Rosen, M, Mcgee, M, Chak, A, Onders, R, Faulx, A, Schomisch, S, Ponsky, J 2006. Creation of an effective porcine model for the investigation of high-intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of acute peptic ulcer hemorrhage. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 63, AB238.Google Scholar
Marshall, M, Sprandel, U, Zollner, N 1975. Streprozotocin diabetes in a miniature pig. Research in Experimental Medicine 165, 6165.Google Scholar
Maxwell, MP, Hearse, DJ, Yellon, DM 1987. Species variation in the coronary collateral circulation during regional myocardial ischemia: a critical determinant of the rate of evolution and extent of myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular Research 21, 737746.Google Scholar
McCance, RA, Widdowson, EM 1974. The determinants of growth and form. Proceedings of the Royal Society London 185, 117.Google Scholar
McCarron, P, Smith, GD, Hattersley, AT 2004. Type 2 diabetes in grandparents and birth weight in offspring and grandchildren in the ALSPAC study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 58, 517522.Google Scholar
McDonald, TO, Gerrity, RG, Jen, C, Chen, H-J, Wark, K, Wight, TN, Chait, A, O’Brien, KD 2007. Diabetes and arterial extracellular matrix changes in a porcine model of atherosclerosis. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 55, 11491157.Google Scholar
McPherson, RL, Ji, F, Wu, G, Blanton, RJ Jr, Kim, SW 2004. Growth and compositional changes of fetal tissues in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 82, 25342540.Google Scholar
Mehrazar, K, Kim, Y 1988. Total parenteral nutrition in germfree colostrum-deprived neonatal miniature piglets: a unique model to study the ontogeny of the immune system. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 12, 563568.Google Scholar
Mei, J, Xu, R 2003. The piglet as a model for studying parenteral nutrition. In The neonatal pig: gastrointestinal physiology and nutrition (ed. R Xu and P Cranwell), pp. 309335. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.Google Scholar
Mellert, J, Hopt, UT, Hering, BJ, Bretzel, RG, Federlin, K 1991. Influence of islet mass and purity on reversibility of diabetes in pancreatectomized pigs. Transplantation proceedings 23, 16871689.Google Scholar
Mellert, J, Hering, BJ, Liu, X, Brandhorst, D, Brandhorst, H, Brendel, M, Ernst, E, Gramberg, D, Bretzel, R, Hopt, UT 1998. Successful islet auto and allotransplantation in diabetic pigs. Transplantation 66, 200204.Google Scholar
Mellor, DJ, Cockburn, F 1986. A comparison of energy metabolism in the new-born infant, piglet and lamb. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 71, 361379.Google Scholar
Mersmann, HJ, Pond, WG 2001. Hematology and blood serum constituents. In Biology of the Domestic Pig (ed. WG Pond and HJ Mersmann), pp. 560584. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, USA.Google Scholar
Meschia, M 1982. The function of the placenta as it relates to the transport of metabolic substrates to the foetus. In Biochemical development of the foetus and neonate (ed. CT Jones), pp. 495513. Elsevier Biomed Press, Amsterdam, NL.Google Scholar
Metges, CC 2005. Long-term effects of pre and postnatal exposure to low and high dietary protein levels. Evidence from epidemiological studies and controlled animal experiments. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 569, 6468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meunier, JP, Manzanilla, EG, Anguita, M, Denis, S, Pérez, JF, Gasa, J, Cardot, J-M, Garcia, F, Moll, X, Alric, M 2008. Evaluation of a dynamic in vitro model to simulate the porcine ileal digestion of diets differing in carbohydrate composition. Journal of Animal Science 86, 11561163.Google Scholar
Miller, E, Ullrey, D 1987. The pig as a model for human nutrition. Annual Review of Nutrition 7, 361382.Google Scholar
Milner, JA, Allison, RG 1999. The role of dietary fat in child nutrition and development: summary of an ASNS workshop. Journal of Nutrition 129, 20942105.Google Scholar
Minuzzi, L, Nomikos, GG, Wade, MR, Jensen, SB, Olsen, AK, Cumming, P 2005. Interaction between LSD and dopamine D2/3 binding sites in pig brain. Synapse 56, 198204.Google Scholar
Misfeldt, ML, Grimm, DR 1994. Sinclair miniature swine: an animal model of human melanoma. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 43, 167175.Google Scholar
Mitoulas, LR, Kent, JC, Cox, DB, Owens, RA, Sherriff, JL, Hartmann, PE 2002. Variation in fat, lactose and protein in human milk over 24 h and throughout the first year of lactation. British Journal of Nutrition 88, 2937.Google Scholar
Mittal, A, Windsor, J, Woodfield, J, Casey, P, Lane, M 2004. Matched study of three methods for palliation of malignant pyloroduodenal obstruction. British Journal of Surgery 91, 205209.Google Scholar
Monteiro-Riviere, NA 2005. Structure and function of the skin. In Dermal absorption models in toxicology and pharmacology (ed. JE Riviere), pp. 120. CRC Press, Boca Raton USA.Google Scholar
Morise, A, Louveau, I, Le Huërou-Luron, I 2008. Growth and development of adipose tissue and gut and related endocrine status during early growth in the pig: impact of low birth weight. Animal 2, 7383.Google Scholar
Mosekilde, L, Weisbrode, SE, Safron, JA, Stills, HF, Jankowsky, ML, Ebert, DC, Danielsen, CC, Søgaard, CH, Franks, AF, Stevens, ML, Paddock, CL, Boyce, RW 1993a. Calcium-restricted ovariectomized Sinclair S-1 minipigs: an animal model of osteopenia and trabecular plate perforation. Bone 14, 379382.Google Scholar
Mosekilde, L, Weisbrode, SE, Safron, JA, Stills, HF, Jankowsky, ML, Ebert, DC, Danielsen, CC, Søgaard, CH, Franks, AF, Stevens, ML, Paddock, CL, Boyce, RW 1993b. Evaluation of the skeletal effects of combined mild dietary calcium restriction and ovariectomy in Sinclair S-1 minipigs: a pilot study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 8, 13111321.Google Scholar
Mostyn, A, Litten, JC, Perkins, KS, Alves-Guerra, MC, Pecqueur, C, Miroux, B, Symonds, ME, Clarke, L 2004. Influence of genotype on the differential ontogeny of uncoupling protein 2 and 3 in subcutaneous adipose tissue and muscle in neonatal pigs. Journal of Endocrinology 183, 121131.Google Scholar
Mostyn, A, Litten, JC, Perkins, KS, Euden, PJ, Corson, AM, Symonds, ME, Clarke, L 2005. Influence of size at birth on the endocrine profiles and expression of uncoupling proteins in subcutaneous adipose tissue, lung, and muscle of neonatal pigs. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288, R1536R1542.Google Scholar
Mostyn, A, Sebert, S, Litten, JC, Perkins, KS, Laws, J, Symonds, ME, Clarke, L 2006. Influence of porcine genotype on the abundance of thyroid hormones and leptin in sow milk and its impact on growth, metabolism and expression of key adipose tissue genes in offspring. Journal of Endocrinology 190, 631639.Google Scholar
Moughan, PJ, Rowan, AM 1989. The pig as a model animal for human nutrition research. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand 14, 116123.Google Scholar
Moughan, PJ, Pedraza, M, Smith, WC, Williams, M, Wilson, MN 1990. An evaluation with piglets of bovine milk, hydrolyzed bovine milk and isolated soybean proteins included in infant milk formulas. I. Effect on organ development, digestive enzyme activities and amino acid digestibility. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 10, 385394.Google Scholar
Moughan, PJ, Birtles, MJ, Cranwell, PD, Smith, WC, Pedraza, M 1992. The piglet is a model for studying aspects of digestion and absorption in milk-fed human infants. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 67, 40113.Google Scholar
Nabuurs, MJ 1998. Weaning piglets as a model for studying pathophysiology of diarrhea. Veterinary Quarterly 20, S42S45.Google Scholar
Nakamura, MT, Tang, AB, Villanueva, J, Halsted, CH, Phinney, SD 1992. Reduced tissue arachidonic acid concentration with chronic ethanol feeding in miniature pigs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 467474.Google Scholar
Natarajan, R, Gerrity, RG, Gu, J-L, Lanting, L, Thomas, L, Nadler, JL 2002. Role of 12-lipoxygenase and oxidant stress in hyperglycaemia-induced acceleration of atherosclerosis in a diabetic pig model. Diabetologia 45, 125133.Google Scholar
Niemann, H, Kues, WA 2003. Application of transgenesis on livestock for agriculture and biomedicine. Animal Reproduction Science 79, 291317.Google Scholar
Nishitsuka, K, Kashiwagi, Y, Tojo, N, Kanno, C, Takahashi, Y, Yamamoto, T, Heldin, P, Yamashita, H 2007. Hyaluronan production regulation from porcine hyalocyte cell line by cytokines. Experimental Eye Research 85, 539545.Google Scholar
Nunoya, T, Shibuya, K, Saitoh, T, Yazawa, H, Nakamura, K, Baba, Y, Hirai, T 2007. Use of miniature pig for biomedical research, with reference to toxicological studies. Journal of Toxicologic Pathology 20, 125132.Google Scholar
Oberle, RL, Das, H, Wong, SL, Chan, KK, Sawchuck, RJ 1994. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diclofenac sodium in Yucatan miniature pigs. Pharmaceutical Research 11, 698703.Google Scholar
Odle, J 1997. New insights into the utilization of medium-chain triglycerides by the neonate: observations from a piglet model. Journal of Nutrition 127, 10611067.Google Scholar
Omary, RA, Gehl, JA, Schirf, BE, Green, JD, Lu, B, Pereles, FS, Huang, J, Larson, AC, Li, D 2006. MR imaging versus conventional X-ray fluoroscopy-guided renal angioplasty in swine: prospective randomized comparison. Radiology 238, 489496.Google Scholar
Ong, KKL, Dunger, DB 2004. Birth weight, infant growth and insulin resistance. European Journal of Endocrinology 151, U131U139.Google Scholar
Ong, K, Ahmed, MI, Emmett, PM, Preece, MA, Dunger, DB 2000. Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal 320, 967971.Google Scholar
Ong, K, Kratzsch, J, Kiess, W, Dunger, D, The ALSPAC study team 2002. Circulating IGF-1 levels in childhood are related to both current body composition and early postnatal growth rates. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87, 10411044.Google Scholar
Onteru, SK, Fan, B, Rothschild, MF 2008. SNP detection and comparative linkage mapping of 66 bone-related genes in the pig. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 122, 122131.Google Scholar
Oron-Herman, M, Kamari, Y, Grossman, E, Yeger, G, Peleg, E, Shabtay, Z, Shamiss, A, Sharabi, Y 2008. Metabolic Syndrome: comparison of the two commonly used animal models. American Journal of Hypertension 21, 10181022.Google Scholar
Palinski, W 2007. Oxidation-sensitive mechanisms in developmental programming of aging. Retrieved February 22, 2009, from http://www.ellisonfoundation.org/awrd.jsp?id=567Google Scholar
Park, JK, Rhee, TK, Cashen, TA, Shin, W, Schirf, BE, Gehl, JA, Larson, AC, Prasad, PV, Li, D, Carroll, TJ, Omary, RA 2007a. Renal artery stenosis in swine: feasibility of MR assessment of renal function during percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Radiology 244, 144150.Google Scholar
Park, J, Rhee, T, Cashen, T, Shin, W, Resnick, S, Gehl, J, Schirf, B, Wang, D, Larson, A, Carroll, T 2007b. MR imaging assessment of changes in renal function with renal artery stent placement in swine. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 18, 14091416.Google Scholar
Paterson, RF, Lingeman, JE, Evan, AP, Connors, BA, Williams, JC Jr, McAteer, JA 2002. Percutaneous stone implantation in the pig kidney: a new animal model for lithotripsy research. Journal of Endourology 16, 543547.Google Scholar
Patterson, JK, Lei, XG, Miller, DD 2008. The pig as an experimental model for elucidating the mechanisms governing dietary influence on mineral absorption. Experimental Biology and Medicine 233, 651664.Google Scholar
Pavelka, MSM, Fedigan, LM 1991. Menopause: a comparative life history perspective. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 34, 1338.Google Scholar
Pavlova, B, Volf, J, Alexa, P, Rychlik, I, Matiasovic, J, Faldyna, M 2008. Cytokine mRNA expression in porcine cell lines stimulated by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Veterinary Microbiology 132, 105110.Google Scholar
Piedrahita, JA, Anderson, GB, Bondurant, RH 1990. On the isolation of embryonic stem cells: comparative behaviour of murine, porcine and ovine embryos. Theriogenology 34, 879901.Google Scholar
Piert, M, Zittel, TT, Jahn, M, Stahlschmidt, A, Becker, GA, Machulla, H-J 2003. Increased sensitivity in detection of a porcine high-turnover osteopenia after total gastrectomy by dynamic 18F-fluoride ion PET and quantitative CT. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine 44, 117124.Google Scholar
Pi-Sunyer, X 2007. The metabolic syndrome: how to approach differing definitions. Medical Clinics of North America 91, 10251040.Google Scholar
Pomeranz, LE, Reynolds, AE, Hengartner, CJ 2005. Molecular biology of pseudorabies virus: impact on neurovirology and veterinary medicine. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review 69, 462500.Google Scholar
Pond, WG, Houpt, KA 1978. Prenatal development. In The biology of the pig (ed. WG Pond and KA Houpt), pp. 82105. Cornell University Press Ltd, London, UK.Google Scholar
Pond, WG, Mersmann, HJ 2001. General characteristics. In Biology of the domestic pig (ed. WG Pond and HJ Mersmann), pp. 1520. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, USA.Google Scholar
Pond, WG, Boleman, SL, Fiorotto, ML, Ho, H, Knabe, DA, Mersmann, HJ, Savell, JW, Su, DR 2002. Perinatal ontogeny of brain growth in the domestic pig. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 223, 102108.Google Scholar
Poore, KR, Fowden, AL 2003. The effect of birth weight on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis function in juvenile and adult pigs. The Journal of Physiology 547, 107116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poore, KR, Fowden, AL 2004a. Insulin sensitivity in juvenile and adult large white pigs of low and high birth weight. Diabetologia 47, 340348.Google Scholar
Poore, KR, Fowden, AL 2004b. The effects of birth weight and postnatal growth patterns on fat depth and plasma leptin concentrations in juvenile and adult pigs. The Journal of Physiology 558, 295304.Google Scholar
Poore, KR, Forhead, AJ, Gardner, DS, Giussani, DA, Fowden, AL 2002. The effects of birth weight on basal cardiovascular function in pigs at 3 months of age. Journal of Physiology 539, 969978.Google Scholar
Pracy, JP, White, A, Mustafa, Y, Smith, D, Perry, ME 1998. The comparative anatomy of the pig middle ear cavity: a model for middle ear inflammation in the human. Journal of Anatomy 192, 359368.Google Scholar
Prentice, AM, Spaaij, CJK, Goldberg, GR, Poppitt, SD, van Raaij, JMA, Totton, M, Swann, D, Black, AE 1996. Energy requirements of pregnant and lactating women. Proceeding of an IDECG workshop. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50 (suppl. 1), S82S111.Google Scholar
Prestige World Genetics (PWG) Korea 2006. Xenotransplantation study. Retrieved February 22, 2009, from http://www.spfpig.com/data/200608_Research_6P.pdfGoogle Scholar
Purvis, JM, Clandinin, MT, Hacker, RR 1982. Fatty acid accretion during perinatal brain growth in the pig. A model for fatty acid accretion in the human brain. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology – Part B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 72, 195199.Google Scholar
Rainsford, KD, Stetsko, PI, Sirko, SP, Debski, S 2003. Gatrointestinal mucosal injury following repeated daily oral administration of conventional formulations of indometacin and other non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs to pigs: a model for human gastrointestinal disease. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 55, 661668.Google Scholar
Ramsay, TG, Karousis, J, White, ME, Wolverton, CK 1991. Fatty acid metabolism by the porcine placenta. Journal of Animal Science 69, 36453654.Google Scholar
Rand, MS 2009. Farm animals as models for biomedical research. Retrieved October 26, 2007, from http://www.uac.arizona.edu/VSC443/farmmodels/farmanim_as_biomodels09.htmlGoogle Scholar
Ray, JG, Vermeulen, MJ, Shapiro, JL, Kenshole, AB 2001. Maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus, and the influence of maternal obesity and weight gain: the DEPOSIT study. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 94, 347356.Google Scholar
Reeds, PJ, Burrin, DG 2000. The gut and amino acid homeostasis. Nutrition 16, 78 666–668. Retrieved October 26, 2009, from http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(00)00354-3/abstractGoogle Scholar
Reed, DN Jr, Cacchione, RN, Allen, JW, Arlauskas, V, Casey, J, Larson, GM, Vitale, G 2003. Laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy and gastrojejunostomy in a porcine model. Surgical Endoscopy 17, 8688.Google Scholar
Reuter, M, Tetzlaff, K, Brasch, F, Gerriets, T, Weiher, M, Struck, N, Hirt, S, Hansen, J, Müller, K-M, Heller, M 2000. Computed chest tomography in an animal model for decompression sickness: radiologic, physiologic, and pathologic findings. European Radiology 10, 534541.Google Scholar
Robinson, C, Kirkham, J, Weatherell, JA, Richards, A, Josephsen, K, Fejerskov, O 1987. Developmental stages in permanent porcine enamel. Acta Anatomica 128, 110.Google Scholar
Robinson, C, Kirkham, J, Weatherell, JA, Richards, A, Josephsen, K, Fejerskov, O 1988. Mineral and protein concentrations in enamel of the developing permanent porcine dentition. Caries Research 22, 321326.Google Scholar
Robinson, SR, Brumley, MR 2005. Prenatal behavior. In The behavior of the laboratory rat (ed. IQ Whishaw and B Kolb), pp. 257265. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Rockall, TA 1998. Management and outcome of patients undergoing surgery after acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Steering group for the national audit of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 91, 518523.Google Scholar
Roller, M, Rechkemmer, G, Watzl, B 2004. Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis modulates intestinal immune functions in rats. Journal of Nutrition 134, 153156.Google Scholar
Rooke, JA, Bland, IM, Edwards, SA 1998. Effect of feeding tuna oil or soyabean oil as supplements to sows in late pregnancy on piglet tissue composition and viability. British Journal of Nutrition 80, 273280.Google Scholar
Rothkotter, HJ, Sowa, E, Rabst, R 2002. The pig as a model of developmental immunology. Human and Experimental Toxicology 21, 533536.Google Scholar
Rowan, AM, Moughan, PJ, Wilson, MN, Maher, K, Tasman, C 1994. Comparisons of the ileal and fecal digestibility of dietary amino acids in adult humans and evaluation of the pig as a model for digestion studies in man. British Journal of Nutrition 71, 2942.Google Scholar
Ruderman, NB, Williamson, JR, Brownlee, M 1992. Glucose and diabetic vascular disease. Journal of Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 6, 29052914.Google Scholar
Ruiz, CE, Zhang, HP, Butt, AI, Whittaker, P 1997. Percutaneous treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm in a swine model. American Heart Association 96, 24382448.Google Scholar
Ruwe, PJ, Wolverton, CK, White, ME, Ramsay, TG 1991. Effect of maternal fasting on fetal and placental lipid metabolism in swine. Journal of Animal Science 69, 19351944.Google Scholar
Sachs, DH 1994. The pig as a potential xenograft donor. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 43, 185191.Google Scholar
Sacks, HS, Chalmers, TC, Blum, AL, Berrier, J, Pagano, D 1990. Endoscopic hemostasis: an effective therapy for bleeding peptic ulcers. Journal of the American Medical Association 264, 494499.Google Scholar
Saji, F, Samejima, Y, Kamiura, S, Koyama, M 1999. Dynamics of immunoglobulins at the feto-maternal interface. Reviews of Reproduction 4, 8189.Google Scholar
Sangild, PT 2006. Gut responses to enteral nutrition in preterm infants and animals. Experimental Biology and Medicine 231, 16951711.Google Scholar
Sangild, PT, Petersen, Y, Schmidt, M, Elnif, J, Petersen, T, Buddington, R 2002. Preterm birth affects the intestinal response to parenteral and enteral nutrition in newborn pigs. Journal of Nutrition 132, 26732681.Google Scholar
Schlamowitz, M 1976. Membrane receptors in the specific transfer of immunoglobulins from mother to young. Immunological Investigations 5, 481500.Google Scholar
Schmitt, KU, Snedeker, JG 2006. Analysis of the biomechanical response of kidneys under blunt impact. Traffic Injury Prevention 7, 171181.Google Scholar
Schnieke, A, Wolf, E 2008. Pigs and dogs can bridge gap between mince and humans in developing new therapies. Retrieved February 22, 2009, from http://www.esf.org/research-areas/life-earth-and-environmental-sciences/news/ext-news-singleview/article/pigs-and-dogs-can-bridge-gap-between-mice-and-humans-in-the-developing-new-therapies-552.htmlGoogle Scholar
Schoknecht, PA, Pond, WG, Mersmann, HJ, Mauer, RR 1993. Protein restriction during pregnancy affects postnatal growth in swine progeny. Journal of Nutrition 123, 18181825.Google Scholar
Schoknecht, PA, Newton, GR, Weise, DE, Pond, WG 1994. Protein restriction in early pregnancy alters fetal and placental growth and allantoic fluid proteins in swine. Theriogenology 42, 217226.Google Scholar
Seifert, S, Watzl, B 2007. Insulin and Oligofructose: review of experimental data on immune modulation. Journal of Nutrition 137, 2563S2567S.Google Scholar
Seil, R, Rupp, S, Krauss, PW, Benz, A, Kohn, DM 1998. Comparison of initial fixation strength between biodegradable and metallic interference screws and a press-fit fixation technique in a porcine model. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 26, 815819.Google Scholar
Seo, SH, Goloubeva, O, Webby, R, Webster, RG 2001. Characterization of a Porcine Lung Epithelial Cell Line Suitable for Influenza Virus Studies. Journal of Virology 75, 95179525.Google Scholar
Shafrir, E, Khassis, S 1982. Maternal-fetal rat transport versus new fat synthesis in the pregnant diabetic rat. Diabetologia 22, 111117.Google Scholar
Shaikh, AA 1971. Estrone and estradiol levels in the ovarian venous blood from rats during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Biology of Reproduction 5, 297307.Google Scholar
Sheng, HP, Adolph, AL, O’Brian Smith, E, Garza, C 1988. Body volume and fat-free mass determinations by acoustic plethysmography. Pediatric Research 24, 8589.Google Scholar
Shields, RG Jr, Mahan, DC, Graham, PL 1983. Changes in swine body composition from birth to 14 kg. Journal of Animal Science 57, 4354.Google Scholar
Shu, Q, Qu, F, Gill, HS 2001. Probiotic treatment using Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 reduces weanling diarrhoea associated with rotavirus and Escherichia coli infection in a piglet model. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 33, 171177.Google Scholar
Shulman, R 1993. The piglet can be used to study the effects of parenteral and enteral nutrition on body composition. Journal of Nutrition 123, 395398.Google Scholar
Siggers, RH, Siggers, J, Boye, M, Thymann, T, Molbak, L, Leser, T, Jensen, BB, Sangild, PT 2008. Early administration of probiotics alters bacterial colonization and limits diet-induced gut dysfunction and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pig. Journal of Nutrition 138, 14371444.Google Scholar
Silver, M, Fowden, AL, Comline, RS, Bloom, SR 1986. Pancreatic cell function in the fetal and newborn pig. Journal of Endocrinology 108, 137142.Google Scholar
Simons, M, Bonow, RO, Chronos, NA, Cohen, DJ, Giordao, FJ, Hammond, HK, Laham, RG, Li, W, Pike, M, Sellke, FW, Stegmann, TJ, Udelson, JE, Rosengart, TK 2000. Clinical trials in coronary angiogenesis: issues, problems, consensus: an expert panel summary. Circulation 102, E73E86.Google Scholar
Skjærven, R, Wilcox, AJ, Øyen, N, Magnus, P 1997. Mothers’ birth weight and survival of their offspring: population based study. British Medical Journal 314, 13761380.Google Scholar
Smith, AC, Swindle, MM 2006. Preparation of swine for the laboratory. ILAR Journal 47, 358363.Google Scholar
Sodha, NR, Boodhwani, M, Ramlawi, B, Clements, RT, Mieno, S, Feng, J, Xu, SH, Bianchi, C, Sellke, FW 2008. Atorvastatin increases myocardial indices of oxidative stress in a porcine model of hypercholesterolemia and chronic ischemia. Journal of Cardiac Surgery 23, 312320.Google Scholar
Spencer, GR 1979. Pregnancy and lactational osteoporosis. Animal model: porcine lactational osteoporosis. American Journal of Pathology 95, 277280.Google Scholar
Spurlock, ME, Gabler, NK 2008. The development of porcine models of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Journal of Nutrition 138, 397402.Google Scholar
Story, CM, Mikulska, JE, Simister, NE 1994. A major histocompatibility complex class I – like Fc receptor cloned from human placenta: possible role in transfer of immunoglobulin G from mother to fetus. Journal of Experimental Medicine 180, 23772381.Google Scholar
Stryker, JL, Dziuk, PJ 1975. Effects of fetal development, parturition and lactation in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 40, 282287.Google Scholar
Stump, KC, Swindle, MM, Saudek, CD, Strandberg, JD 1988. Pancreatectomized swine as a model of diabetes mellitus. Laboratory Animal Science 38, 439443.Google Scholar
Sundbom, M, Gustavsson, S 2004. Randomized clinical trial of hand-assisted laparoscopic versus open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity. British Journal of Surgery 91, 418423.Google Scholar
Svendsen, O 2006. The minipig in toxicology. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 57, 335339.Google Scholar
Swindle, MM, Horneffer, PJ, Gardner, TJ, Gott, VL, Hall, TS, Stuart, RS, Baumgartner, WA, Borkon, AM, Galloway, E, Reitz, BA 1986. Anatomic and anesthetic considerations in experimental and cardiopulmonary surgery in swine. Laboratory Animal Science 36, 357361.Google Scholar
Swindle, MM, Nolan, T, Jacobson, A, Wolf, P, Dalton, MJ, Smith, AC 2005. Vascular access port (VAP) usage in large animal species. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animals Science 25 (suppl. 1), 110.Google Scholar
Tambuyzer, BR, Nouwen, EJ 2005. Inhibition of microglia multinucleated giant cell formation and induction of differentiation by GM-CSF using a porcine in vitro model. Cytokine 31, 270279.Google Scholar
Tayade, C, Black, GP, Fang, Y, Croy, BA 2005. An early gestational porcine littermate comparison model for defining mechanisms controlling pregnancy outcome. Havemayer Foundation Monograph Series 17, 4951.Google Scholar
Taylor, PD, Poston, L 2007. Developmental programming of obesity in mammals. Experimental Physiology 92, 287298.Google Scholar
Teo, JC, Si-Hoe, KM, Keh, JE, Teoh, SH 2006. Relationship between CT intensity, micro-architecture and mechanical properties of porcine vertebral cancellous bone. Clinical Biomechanics 21, 235244.Google Scholar
Terris, JM 1986. Swine as a model in renal physiology and nephrology: an overview. In Swine in biological research (ed. ME Tumbleson), vol. 1, pp. 16731689. Plenum Press, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Tissot, RG, Beattie, CW, Amoss, MS Jr 1987. Inheritance of Sinclair swine cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer Research 47, 55425545.Google Scholar
Totora, GJ, Grabowski, SR 2003. Principles of anatomy and physiology, 10th edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Tsutsumi, H, Katagirl, K, Morimoto, M, Nasu, T, Tanigawa, M, Mamba, K 2004. Diurnal variation and age-related changes of bone turnover markers in female Gőttingen minipigs. Laboratory Animals 38, 439446.Google Scholar
Tumbleson, ME, Schook, LB 1996. In Advances in swine in biomedical research (ed. ME Tumbleson and LB Schook), vol. 1, pp. 14. Plenum Press, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Turner, AS 2001. Animal models of osteoporosis – necessity and limitations. European Cells and Materials 1, 6681.Google Scholar
Turner, DJ, Noble, PB, Lucas, MP, Mitchell, HW 2002. Decreased airway narrowing and smooth muscle contraction in hyperresponsive pigs. Journal of Applied Physiology 93, 12961300.Google Scholar
Van Aerde, JE, Keelan, M, Clandinin, MT, Thomson, ABR 1997. Lipids in total parenteral nutrition solutions to differentially modify lipids in piglet intestinal brush border and microsomal membranes. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 21, 6371.Google Scholar
Van Minnen, LP, Timmerman, HM, Lutgendorff, F, Verheem, A, Harmsen, W, Konstantinov, SR, Smidt, H, Visser, MR, Rijkers, GT, Gooszen, HG, Akkermans, LMA 2007. Modification of intestinal flora with multispecies probiotics reduces bacterial translocation and improves clinical course in a rat model of acute pancreatitis. Surgery 141, 470480.Google Scholar
Wainwrigh, PE 2000. Nutrition and behavior: the role of n-3 fatty acids in cognitive function. British Journal of Nutrition 83, 337339.Google Scholar
Walsh, MP, Wijdicks, CA, Parker, JB, Hapa, O, LaPrade, RF 2009. A comparison between a retrograde interference screw, suture button, and combined fixation on the tibial side in an all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical study in a porcine model. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 37, 160167.Google Scholar
Ward Platt, M, Deshpande, S 2005. Metabolic adaptation at birth. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 10, 341350.Google Scholar
Watremez, C, Roeseler, J, De Kock, M, Clerbaux, T, Detry, B, Veriter, C, Reynaert, M, Gianello, P, Joillet, P, Liistro, G 2003. An improved porcine model of stable methacholine-induced bronchospasm. Intensive Care Medicine 29, 119125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittemore, CT, Kyriazakis, I 2006. Growth and body composition changes in pigs. In Whittemore’s science and practice of pig production (ed. I Kyriazakis and CT Whittemore), pp. 65103. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Widdowson, EM 1971. Intra-uterine growth retardation in the pig. Biology of the Neonate 19, 329340.Google Scholar
Wild, SH, Byrne, CD 2005. The global burden of the metabolic syndrome and its consequences for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In The metabolic syndrome (ed. SH Wild and CD Byrne), pp. 143. John Wiley and Sons, UK.Google Scholar
Wilson, JD, Dhall, DP, Simeonovic, CJ, Lafferty, KJ 1986. Induction and management of diabetes mellitus in the pig. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 64, 489500.Google Scholar
Wood, AJ, Groves, TDD 1965. Body composition studies on the suckling pig. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 45, 813.Google Scholar
The World Health Organization (WHO) 2002. Joint FAO/WHO Working group report on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Retrieved October 30, 2009, from; http://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/en/probiotic_guidelines.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wright, CM, Matthews, JNS, Waterston, A, Aynsley-Green, A 1994. What is a normal rate of weight gain in infancy? Acta Pædiatrica 83, 351356.Google Scholar
Wu, G 1998. Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism. Recent advances in nutritional sciences. Journal of Nutrition 128, 12491252.Google Scholar
Wu, G, Ott, TL, Knabe, DA, Bazer, FW 1999. Amino acid composition of the fetal pig. Journal of Nutrition 129, 10311038.Google Scholar
Xi, S, Win, W, Wang, Z, Kusunoki, M, Lian, X, Koike, T, Fan, J, Zhang, Q 2004. A minipig model of high-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced diabetes and atherosclerosis. International Journal of Experimental Pathology 85, 223231.Google Scholar
Yamada, K, Yazawa, K, Shimizu, A, Iwanaga, T, Hisashi, Y, Nuhn, M, O’Mally, P, Nobori, S, Vagefi, PA, Patience, C, Fishman, J, Cooper, DKC, Hawley, RJ, Greenstein, J, Schuurman, HJ, Awward, M, Sykes, M, Sachs, DH 2005. Marked prolongation of porcine renal xenograph survival in baboons through the use of α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout donors and the cotransplantation of vasculized thymic tissue. Nature Medicine 11, 3234.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, H, Uchigata, Y, Okamoto, H 1981. Streptozotocin and alloxan induce DNA strand breaks and poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase in pancreatic islets. Nature 294, 284286.Google Scholar
Yasuda, Y, Hidaka, H, Tanioka, Y 1983. Preparation of experimental hypertension in mini-pigs. Jikken Dobutsu 32, 185189.Google Scholar
Yin, W, Liao, D, Wang, Z, Xi, S, Tsutumi, K, Koike, T, Fan, J, Yi, G, Zhang, Q, Yuan, Z, Tang, K 2004. NO-1886 inhibits size of adiopcytes, suppresses plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and free fatty acids, improves glucose metabolism in high fat/high-sucrose-fed miniature pigs. Pharmacological Research 49, 199206.Google Scholar
Yokota, SD, Benyajati, S, Dantzler, WH 1985. Comparative aspects of glomerular filtration in vertebrates. Renal Physiology 8, 193221.Google Scholar
Ziemer, CJ, Gibson, GR 1998. An overview of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in the functional food concept: perspectives and future strategies. International Dairy Journal 8, 473479.Google Scholar