Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-p566r Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T10:29:33.763Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

National Parks and Other Protected Areas: Some Reflections on the Past and Prescriptions for the Future*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Harold K. Eidsvik
Affiliation:
Executive Officer, IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1196 Gland, Switzerland; formerly Deputy Chairman, IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas and Senior Policy Adviser to Parks, Canada.

Extract

The World Conservation Strategy stresses the maintenance of essential ecological processes and life-support systems, preservation of genetic diversity, and sustainable use of species and ecosystems—in brief, the integration of conservation with development. The present paper traces shifts in conservation policy, which originnally saw national parks as islands isolated from their surrounding communities, through to the evolving concept of protected areas integrated with development programmes. It stresses the need for protected areas, and notes that only about 2% of the world's continental land-mass can be so classified. It is thereofre imperative for the survival of Nature and Man that a closer linkage be established between protection and development functions in such a way that both are seen as essential from a social and economic viewpoint.

The continuing exploitive pressures on living natural resources are noted, and suggestions are made towards mitigating the impact of armed conflict and increasing financing for protected areas in order to achieve conservation and development objectives.

Type
Main Papers
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anon. (1979 a). Will cowboys wipe Indians out? International Economist [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Anon. (1979 b). International Herald Tribune, 29 11 1979.Google Scholar
Batisse, Michel (1980). The relevance of MAB. Environmental Conservation, 7(3), pp. 179–84, fig.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunyard, P. & Hildyard, N. (1979). Ten years of survival. The Ecologist, No. 4–5, pp. 168–70.Google Scholar
Clawson, M. (1969). The development of recreation in the United States and Canada and its implications for the national parks. Pp. 5365 and 155 in The Canadian National Parks: Today and Tomorrow (Ed. Nelson, J. G. & (Scace), R. C.. University of Calgary and National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada, Calgary, Alberta: xi + v + 1027 pp.Google Scholar
Gardner, J. E. & Nelson, J. G. (1980). Comparing national park and related reserve policy in hinterland areas: Alaska, Northern Canada, and Northern Australia. Environmental Conservation, 7(1), pp. 4350, 3 figs.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldsmith, Edward (1980). World Ecological Areas Programme (WEAP): A proposal. Environmental Conservation, 7(1), pp. 27–9.Google Scholar
Goodland, Robert J. A. (1980). Environmental ranking of Amazonian development projects in Brazil. Environmental Conservation, 7(1), pp. 926, 2 figs.Google Scholar
Guppy, Nicholas G. L. (1980). Some crucial issues of our time. Environmental Conservation, 7(1), pp. 38.Google Scholar
Inskipp, T. & Wells, S. (1979). International Trade in Wildlife, Earthscan Publications, London, UK: 104 pp.Google Scholar
IUCN (1970). Resolution No. 1: Definition of National Park. P. 156 in Proceedings 10th General Assembly, New Delhi, India, 1969. IUCN Publications New Series No. 27, [1196 Gland,] Switzerland: 224 pp.Google Scholar
IUCN (1971). UN List of National Parks and Equivalent Reserves, 2nd edn. Hayez, rue Fin 4-B, 1080 Brussels, Belgium: 601 pp., maps.Google Scholar
IUCN (1976). Resolution No. 5: Protection of Traditional Ways of Life. Proceedings 12th General Assembly, Kinshasa, Zaire, 1975. IUCN Publications New Series No 44-E, [1196 Gland,] Switzerland, 297 pp.Google Scholar
IUCN (1978). Categories, Objectives, and Criteria, for Protected Areas. IUCN, [1196 Gland,] Switzerland: 26pp.Google Scholar
IUCN (1980 a). World Conservation Strategy. IUCN, 1196 Gland, Switzerland: xiv + 48 pp. + map section of xviii pp.Google Scholar
IUCN (1980 b). United Nations List of National Park and Equivalent Reserves. IUCN, 1196 Gland, Switzerland: iii + 121 pp.Google Scholar
Lusigi, W. J. (1978). Planning Human Activities on Protected Natural Ecosystems. J. Cramer, F1-9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein, vi + 233 pp., illuso, [cf. pp. 198201].Google Scholar
Myers, N. (1972). National parks in savannah Africa. Science, 178, pp. 1255–63.Google Scholar
Olindo, Perez M. (1974). Park values, changes and problems in developing countries. Pp. 5260 in Second World Conference on National Parks (Ed. SirElliott, Hugh). IUCN, [1196, Gland,] Switzerland: 504 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Polunin, Nicholas & Eidsvik, Harold K. (1979). Ecological principles for the establishment and management of national parks and equivalent reserves. Environmental Conservation, 6(1), pp. 21–6, 2 figs.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarasin, P. (1913). Exposé introductif de M. Paul Sarasin. Pp. 2382 in Recueil des procès-verbaux de la Conférence Internationale pour la Protection de la Nature. K. J. Wyss, Berne, Switzerland: 247 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Szafer, W. (1973). History of Nature Conservation in the world and in Poland. Pp. 751. Protection on Man's Natural Environment (Ed. Michajlow, Wlodzimierz). PWN-Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw, Poland: 663 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Train, R. E. (1974). An idea whose time has come: The World Heritage Trust, a world need and a world opportunity. Pp. 377–81 in Second World Conference on National Parks (Ed. SirElliott, Hugh). IUCN, [1196 Gland,] Switzerland: 504 pp. illustr.Google Scholar
UNESCO (1950). Resolution No. 1: Human Ecological Principles. P. 177 in Proceedings and Papers, International Technical Conference on the Protection of Nature, Lake Success, 1949. Hayez, [rue Fin 4-B, 1080 Brussels,] Belgium: xi + 583 pp.Google Scholar
UNESCO (1954). Final Act of the Intergovernmental Conference on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. [The Hague, 1954.] UNESCO, Pl. de Fontenoy, Paris, France: 83 pp. [not available for checking].Google Scholar
UNESCO (1972). Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. UNESCO, Pl. de Fontenoy, Paris, France: 56 pp.Google Scholar
UNESCO (1979). Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Biosphere Reserves, compilation 1, May 1979. UNESCO, Pl. de Fontenoy, Paris, France: 156 pp.Google Scholar