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Cigarette smoking, psychopathology and cognitive function in first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia: a case-control study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 November 2012

X. Y. Zhang ,
D. C. Chen ,
M. H. Xiu ,
C. N. Haile ,
S. C. He ,
X. Luo ,
L. Zuo ,
R. Rosenheck ,
T. A. Kosten  and
T. R. Kosten
X. Y. Zhang*
Affiliation:
Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
D. C. Chen
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
M. H. Xiu
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
C. N. Haile
Affiliation:
Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
S. C. He
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China
X. Luo
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
L. Zuo
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
R. Rosenheck
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
T. A. Kosten
Affiliation:
Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
T. R. Kosten*
Affiliation:
Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
*
*Author for correspondence: X. Y. Zhang, M.D., Ph.D., VA Medical Center, Research Building 109, Room 130, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. (Email: xyzhang@bcm.edu) [X. Y. Zhang] (Email: kosten@bcm.edu) [T. R. Kosten]
*Author for correspondence: X. Y. Zhang, M.D., Ph.D., VA Medical Center, Research Building 109, Room 130, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. (Email: xyzhang@bcm.edu) [X. Y. Zhang] (Email: kosten@bcm.edu) [T. R. Kosten]
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Abstract

Background

Although patients with chronic schizophrenia have substantially higher smoking rates than either the general population or patients with other mental illnesses, drug-naive patients with a first episode of schizophrenia have received little systemic study. This study examined smoking rates, the association between smoking and symptom severity and cognitive function in Chinese first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients using cross-sectional and case-control designs.

Method

Two hundred and forty-four drug-naive FES patients and 256 healthy controls matched for gender, age and education completed the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Patients were also rated on the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS).

Results

The rate and quantity of smoking were not significantly higher among FES patients compared to the general population. Among patients, smokers scored higher than non-smokers on the total PANSS and the positive symptom subscale scores. There were no significant associations between cognitive function and smoking in either FES patients or healthy controls.

Conclusions

In contrast to studies in patients with chronic schizophrenia, drug-naive FES patients did not smoke more frequently than the general population. Furthermore, patients with psychotic disorders who smoked did not exhibit significant cognitive differences compared with those who did not smoke. However, smoking may have other detrimental effects on physical and mental health, for example on positive symptoms.

Keywords

Cognitionfirst episodenicotinepsychopathologyschizophreniasmoking
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 43 , Issue 8 , August 2013 , pp. 1651 - 1660
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012 

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