Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-p566r Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T16:29:10.129Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Effects of Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury on Anticipating Consequences of Actions in Adolescents: A Preliminary Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 January 2013

Lori G. Cook*
Affiliation:
Center for BrainHealth, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
Gerri Hanten
Affiliation:
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Department of Psychology, Rice University, Houston, Texas
Kimberley D. Orsten
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Rice University, Houston, Texas
Sandra B. Chapman
Affiliation:
Center for BrainHealth, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
Xiaoqi Li
Affiliation:
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
Elisabeth A. Wilde
Affiliation:
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
Kathleen P. Schnelle
Affiliation:
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
Harvey S. Levin
Affiliation:
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Lori G. Cook, Center for BrainHealth, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2200 W. Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235. E-mail: lori.cook@utdallas.edu

Abstract

For this pilot study, we compared performance of 15 adolescents with moderate–severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to that of 13 typically developing (TD) adolescents in predicting social actions and consequences for avatars in a virtual microworld environment faced with dilemmas involving legal or moral infractions. Performance was analyzed in relation to cortical thickness in brain regions implicated in social cognition. Groups did not differ in number of actions predicted nor in reasons cited for predictions when presented only the conflict situation. After viewing the entire scenario, including the choice made by the avatar, TD and TBI adolescents provided similar numbers of short-term consequences. However, TD adolescents provided significantly more long-term consequences (p = .010). Additionally, for the Overall qualitative score, TD adolescents’ responses were more likely to reflect the long-term impact of the decision made (p = .053). Groups differed in relation of the Overall measure to thickness of right medial prefrontal cortex/frontal pole and precuneus, with stronger relations for the TD group (p < .01). For long-term consequences, the relations to the posterior cingulate, superior medial frontal, and precentral regions, and to a lesser extent, the middle temporal region, were stronger for the TBI group (p < .01). (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–10.)

Type
Special Series
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, V. (1999). Functional outcome following childhood TBI. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 3, 137138.Google Scholar
Anderson, V.A., Anderson, P., Northam, E., Jacobs, R., Catroppa, C. (2001). Development of executive functions through late childhood and adolescence in an Australian sample. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20, 385406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bechara, A. (2005). Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: A neurocognitive perspective. Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 14581463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biocca, F., Harms, C., Burgoon, J.K. (2003). Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: Review and suggested criteria. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 12(5), 456480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blascovich, J., Loomis, J., Beall, A.C., Swinth, K., Hoyt, C.L., Bailenson, J.N. (2002). Immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 13(2), 103124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, S.B. (2006). Neurocognitive stall: A paradox in long term recovery from pediatric brain injury. Brain Injury Professional, 3(4), 1013.Google Scholar
Chapman, S.B., McKinnon, L. (2000). Discussion of developmental plasticity: Factors affecting cognitive outcome after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Journal of Communication Disorders, 33, 333344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chein, J., Albert, D., O'Brien, L., Uckert, K., Steinberg, L. (2011). Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain's reward circuitry. Developmental Science, 14(2), F1F10. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01035.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Cook, L.G., DePompei, R., Chapman, S.B. (2011). Cognitive communication challenges in TBI: Assessment and intervention in the long term. Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders, 21, 3342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dale, A.M., Fischl, B., Sereno, M.I. (1999). Cortical surface-based analysis I: Segmentation and surface reconstruction. Neuroimage, 9(2), 179194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dörfel, D., Werner, A., Schaefer, M., Von Kummer, R., Karl, A. (2009). Distinct brain networks in recognition memory shared a defined region in the precuneus. European Journal of Neuroscience, 30(10), 19471959.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, D., Pugh, K., Antley, A., Slater, M., Bebbington, P., Gittins, M., Garety, P. (2008). Virtual reality study of paranoid thinking in the general population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192(4), 258263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, M., Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study. Developmental Psychology, 41(4), 625635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giedd, J.N. (2008). The teen brain: Insights from neuroimaging. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4), 335343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giedd, J.N., Clasen, L.S., Lenroot, R., Greenstein, D., Wallace, G.L., Ordaz, S., Chrousos, G.P. (2006). Puberty-related influences on brain development. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 254‐255, 154162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J.N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K.M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A.C., Thompson, P.M. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(21), 81748179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han, X., Jovicich, J., Salat, D.H., van der Kouwe, A.J., Quinn, B.T., Czanner, S., Fischl, B. (2006). Reliability of MRI-derived measurements of human cerebral cortical thickness: The effects of field strength, scanner upgrade and manufacturer. Neuroimage, 32(1), 180194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanten, G., Cook, L., Orsten, K., Chapman, S.B., Li, X., Wilde, E.A., Levin, H.S. (2011). Effects of traumatic brain injury on a virtual reality social problem solving task and relations to cortical thickness in adolescence. Neuropsychologia, 49(3), 486497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanten, G., Scheibel, R.S., Li, X., Oomer, I., Stallings-Roberson, G., Hunter, J.V., Levin, H.S. (2006). Decision-making after traumatic brain injury in children: A preliminary study. Neurocase, 12, 247251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanten, G., Wilde, E.A., Menefee, D.S., Li, X., Lane, S., Vasquez, C., Levin, H.S. (2008). Correlates of social problem solving during the first year after traumatic brain injury in children. Neuropsychology, 22(3), 357370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayden, B.Y., Nair, A.C., McCoy, A.N., Platt, M.L. (2008). Posterior cingulate cortex mediates outcome-contingent allocation of behavior. Neuron, 60, 1925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heeter, C. (1992). Being there: The subjective experience of presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(2), 262271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jovicich, J., Czanner, S., Greve, D., Haley, E., van der Kouwe, A.J., Gollub, R., Dale, A. (2006). Reliability in multi-site structural MRI studies: Effects of gradient non-linearity correction on phantom and human data. Neuroimage, 30(2), 436443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, T.P. (2000). The development of executive function in school-aged children. Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment, 1, 3855.Google Scholar
Klenberg, L., Korkman, M., Lahti-Nuutila, P. (2001). Differential development of attention and executive functions in 3- to 12-year-old Finnish children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20, 407428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenigsberg, H.W., Fan, J., Ochsner, K.N., Liu, X., Guise, K., Pizzarello, S., Siever, L.J. (2010). Neural correlates of using distancing to regulate emotional responses to social situations. Neuropsychologia, 48, 18131822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krause, B.J., Schmidt, D., Mottaghy, F.M., Taylor, J., Halsband, U., Herzog, H., Müller-Gärtner, H.W. (1999). Episodic retrieval activates the precuneus irrespective of the imagery content of word pair associates: A PET study. Brain, 122, 255263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krawczyk, D.C., Hanten, G., Wilde, E.A., Li, X., Schnelle, K.P., Merkley, T.L., Levin, H.S. (2010). Deficits in analogical reasoning in adolescents with traumatic brain injury. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00062Google ScholarPubMed
Levin, H.S., Culhane, K.A., Hartmann, J., Evankovich, K., Mattson, A.J. (1991). Developmental changes in performance on tests of purported frontal lobe functioning. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 377395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, H.S., Hanten, G. (2005). Executive functions after traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatric Neurology, 33, 7993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loomis, J., Blascovich, J., Beall, A.C. (1999). Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(4), 557564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCauley, S.R., Wilde, E.A., Merkley, T.L., Schnelle, K.P., Bigler, E.D., Hunter, J.V., Levin, H.S. (2010). Patterns of cortical thinning in relation to event-based prospective memory performance three months after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(3), 318332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merkley, T.L., Bigler, E.D., Wilde, E.A., McCauley, S.R., Hunter, J.V., Levin, H.S. (2008). Diffuse changes in cortical thickness in pediatric moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 25(11), 13431345 [short communication].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, P., Parsons, S., Leonard, A. (2007). Using virtual environments for teaching social understanding to 6 adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(3), 589600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, K., Wiederhold, B.K., Wiederhold, M.D., Riva, G. (2002). Panic and agoraphobia in a virtual world. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5(3), 197202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muscara, F., Catroppa, C., Anderson, V. (2008). Social problem-solving skills as a mediator between executive function and long-term social outcome following pediatric traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuropsychology, 2, 445461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, S., Leonard, A., Mitchell, P. (2006). Virtual environments for social skills training: Comments from two adolescents with autistic spectrum disorder. Computers and Education, 47(2), 186206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, S., Mitchell, P. (2002). The potential of virtual reality in social skills training for people with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46(5), 430443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parsons, S., Mitchell, P., Leonard, A. (2004). The use and understanding of virtual environments by adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(4), 449466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riva, G., Mantovani, F., Capideville, C.S., Preziosa, A., Morganti, F., Villani, D., Alcañiz, M. (2007). Affective interactions using virtual reality: The link between presence and emotions. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(1), 4556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rushworth, M.F.S., Walton, M.E., Kennerley, S.W., Bannerman, D.M. (2004). Action sets and decisions in the medial frontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(9), 410417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schilbach, L., Wohlschlaeger, A.M., Kraemer, N.C., Newen, A., Shah, N.J., Fink, G.R., Vogeley, K. (2006). Being with virtual others: Neural correlates of social interaction. Neuropsychologia, 44(5), 718730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segonne, F., Dale, A.M., Busa, E., Glessner, M., Salat, D.H., Hahn, H.K., Fischl, B. (2004). A hybrid approach to the skull stripping problem in MRI. Neuroimage, 22(3), 10601075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semel, E., Wiig, E.H., Secord, W.A. (1995). The clinical evaluation of language fundamentals (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Sohlberg, M.M., Todis, B., Glang, A. (1998). SCEMA: A team-based approach to serving secondary students with executive dysfunction following brain injury. Aphasiology, 12(12), 10471092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuss, D.T. (1992). Biological and psychological development of executive functions. Brain and Cognition, 20, 823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teasdale, G., Jennett, B. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale. Lancet, 2, 8184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turkstra, L.S., McDonald, S., DePompei, R. (2001). Social information processing in adolescents: Data from normally developing adolescents and preliminary data from their peers with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 16(5), 469483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Leijenhorst, L., Moor, B.G., de Macks, Z.A.O., Rombouts, S.A.R.B., Westenberg, P.M., Crone, E.A. (2010). Adolescent risky decision-making: Neurocognitive development of reward and control regions. Neuroimage, 51(1), 345355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, K.W. (1978). Neuropsychology: A clinical approach. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Weiderholt, J.L., Bryant, B.R. (2001). Gray oral reading test (4th ed.). Austin, TX: ProEd.Google Scholar
Weng, S.-J., Wiggins, J.L., Peltier, S.J., Carrasco, M., Risi, S., Lord, C., Monk, C.S. (2010). Alterations of resting state functional connectivity in the default network in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Brain Research, 1313, 202214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilde, E.A., Hunter, J.V., Newsome, M.R., Scheibel, R.S., Bigler, E.D., Johnson, J.L., Levin, H.S. (2005). Frontal and temporal morphometric findings on MRI in children after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 22(3), 333344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeates, K.O., Bigler, E.D., Dennis, M., Gerhardt, C.A., Rubin, K.H., Stancin, T., Vannatta, K. (2007). Social outcomes in childhood brain disorder: A heuristic integration of social neuroscience and developmental psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 133(3), 535556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeates, K.O., Schultz, L.H., Selman, R.L. (1991). The development of interpersonal Negotiation strategies in thought and action: A social cognitive link to behavioral adjustment and social status. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 37(3), 369406.Google Scholar
Yeates, K.O., Swift, E., Taylor, H.G., Wade, S.L., Drotar, D., Stancin, T. (2004). Short- and long-term social outcomes following pediatric traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(3), 412426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ylvisaker, M., Feeney, T. (2002). Executive functions, self-regulation, and learned optimism in paediatric rehabilitation: A review and implications for intervention. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 5, 5170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed