Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-8mjnm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T10:05:19.474Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

NEONATAL OUTCOMES FOLLOWING LATE PRETERM BIRTH

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2012

ELAINE M BOYLE*
Affiliation:
Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 6TP
*
Elaine Boyle, Senior Lecturer in Neonatal Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, 22–28 Princess Road West, Leicester, LE1 6TP. Email: eb124@leicester.ac.uk

Extract

It is well recognised that birth before 32 weeks of gestation is associated with substantial neonatal morbidity and mortality and these risks have been extensively reported. The focus of perinatal research for many years has therefore been very preterm and extremely preterm delivery, since the likelihood and severity of adverse neonatal outcomes are highest within this group. In contrast, until recently, more mature preterm infants have been understudied and indeed, almost ignored by researchers.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1Hack, M. Young adult outcomes of very-low-birth-weight children. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2006; 11: 127–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Vohr, BR, Wright, LL, Dusick, AM, Mele, L, Verter, J, Steichen, JJ, et al. Neurodevelopmental and functional outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, 1993–1994. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 1216–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3Wood, NS, Costeloe, K, Gibson, AT, Hennessy, EM, Marlow, N, Wilkinson, AR. The EPICure study: growth and associated problems in children born at 25 weeks of gestational age or less. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003; 88: F492–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Wood, NS, Marlow, N, Costeloe, K, Gibson, AT, Wilkinson, AR. Neurologic and developmental disability after extremely preterm birth. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 378–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Raju, TN, Higgins, RD, Stark, AR, Leveno, KJ. Optimizing care and outcome for late-preterm (near-term) infants: a summary of the workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatrics. 2006; 118: 1207–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Raju, TN. The problem of late-preterm (near-term) births: a workshop summary. Pediatr Res 2006; 60: 775–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Raju, TN. Late-preterm births: challenges and opportunities. Pediatrics 2008; 121: 402403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Martin, JA, Osterman, MJ, Sutton, PD. Are preterm births on the decline in the United States? Recent data from the National Vital Statistics System. NCHS Data Brief 2010; 39: 18.Google Scholar
9Wang, ML, Dorer, DJ, Fleming, MP, Catlin, EA. Clinical outcomes of near-term infants. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 372–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Laptook, A, Jackson, GL. Cold stress and hypoglycemia in the late preterm (“near-term”) infant: impact on nursery of admission. Semin Perinatol 2006; 30: 24–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Escobar, GJ, Clark, RH, Greene, JD. Short-term outcomes of infants born at 35 and 36 weeks gestation: we need to ask more questions. Semin Perinatol 2006; 30: 2833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Khashu, M, Narayanan, M, Bhargava, S, Osiovich, H. Perinatal outcomes associated with preterm birth at 33 to 36 weeks’ gestation: a population-based cohort study. Pediatrics 2009; 123: 109–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Kitsommart, R, Janes, M, Mahajan, V, Rahman, A, Seidlitz, W, Wilson, J, et al. Outcomes of late-preterm infants: a retrospective, single-center, Canadian study. Clin Pediatr 2009; 48: 844–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Kalyoncu, O, Aygun, C, Cetinoglu, E, Kucukoduk, S. Neonatal morbidity and mortality of late-preterm babies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23: 607–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Adamkin, DH, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Postnatal glucose homeostasis in late-preterm and term infants. Pediatrics 2011; 127: 575–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Bhutani, VK, Johnson, L. Kernicterus in late preterm infants cared for as term healthy infants. Semin Perinatol 2006; 30: 8997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Watchko, JF. Hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin toxicity in the late preterm infant. Clin Perinatol 2006; 33: 839–52; abstract ix.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Cohen-Wolkowiez, M, Moran, C, Benjamin, DK, Cotten, CM, Clark, RH, Benjamin, DK Jr., et al. Early and late onset sepsis in late preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28: 10521056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Ishiguro, A, Namai, Y, Ito, YM. Managing “healthy” late preterm infants. Pediatr Int 2009; 51: 720–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Adamkin, DH. Feeding problems in the late preterm infant. Clin Perinatol 2006; 33: 831–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Pulver, LS, Denney, JM, Silver, RM, Young, PC. Morbidity and discharge timing of late preterm newborns. Clin Pediatr 2010; 49: 1061–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Dani, C, Corsini, I, Piergentili, L, Bertini, G, Pratesi, S, Rubaltelli, FF. Neonatal morbidity in late preterm and term infants in the nursery of a tertiary hospital. Acta Paediatr 2009; 98: 1841–843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Leone, A, Ersfeld, P, Adams, M, Schiffer, PM, Bucher, HU, Arlettaz, R. Neonatal morbidity in singleton late preterm infants compared with full-term infants. Acta Paediatr 2012; 101: e610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Gouyon, JB, Vintejoux, A, Sagot, P, Burguet, A, Quantin, C, Ferdynus, C. Neonatal outcome associated with singleton birth at 34–41 weeks of gestation. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39: 769–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Melamed, N, Klinger, G, Tenenbaum-Gavish, K, Herscovici, T, Linder, N, Hod, M, et al. Short-term neonatal outcome in low-risk, spontaneous, singleton, late preterm deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114: 253–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Picone, S, Paolillo, P. Neonatal outcomes in a population of late-preterm infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23 Suppl 3: 116–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Smith, LJ, McKay, KO, van Asperen, PP, Selvadurai, H, Fitzgerald, DA. Normal development of the lung and premature birth. Paediatr Respir Rev 2010; 11: 135–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Colin, AA, McEvoy, C, Castile, RG. Respiratory morbidity and lung function in preterm infants of 32 to 36 weeks’ gestational age. Pediatrics 2010; 126: 115–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Rubaltelli, FF, Dani, C, Reali, MF, Bertini, G, Wiechmann, L, Tangucci, M, et al. Acute neonatal respiratory distress in Italy: a one-year prospective study. Italian Group of Neonatal Pneumology. Acta Paediatr 1998; 87: 1261–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Hibbard, JU, Wilkins, I, Sun, L, Gregory, K, Haberman, S, Hoffman, M, et al. Respiratory morbidity in late preterm births. JAMA 2010; 304: 419–25.Google ScholarPubMed
31Roberts, D, Dalziel, S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3: CD004454.Google Scholar
32Liggins, GC. Can the benefits of antepartum corticosteroid treatment be improved? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1989; 33: 2530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Stutchfield, P, Whitaker, R, Russell, I. Antenatal betamethasone and incidence of neonatal respiratory distress after elective caesarean section: pragmatic randomised trial. BMJ 2005; 331: 662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Ventolini, G, Neiger, R, Mathews, L, Adragna, N, Belcastro, M. Incidence of respiratory disorders in neonates born between 34 and 36 weeks of gestation following exposure to antenatal corticosteroids between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation. Am J Perinatol 2008; 25: 7983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Joseph, KS, Nette, F, Scott, H, Vincer, MJ. Prenatal corticosteroid prophylaxis for women delivering at late preterm gestation. Pediatrics 2009; 124: e835–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Porto, AM, Coutinho, IC, Correia, JB, Amorim, MM. Effectiveness of antenatal corticosteroids in reducing respiratory disorders in late preterm infants: randomised clinical trial. BMJ 2011; 342: d1696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Gyamfi-Bannerman, C, Gilbert, S, Landon, MB, Spong, CY, Rouse, DJ, Varner, MW, et al. Effect of antenatal corticosteroids on respiratory morbidity in singletons after late-preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 119: 555–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Alderdice, F, McCall, E, Bailie, C, Craig, S, Dornan, J, McMillen, R, et al. Admission to neonatal intensive care with respiratory morbidity following ‘term’ elective caesarean section. Ir Med J 2005; 98: 170–72.Google ScholarPubMed
39Hansen, AK, Wisborg, K, Uldbjerg, N, Henriksen, TB. Elective caesarean section and respiratory morbidity in the term and near-term neonate. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007; 86: 389–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Hansen, AK, Wisborg, K, Uldbjerg, N, Henriksen, TB. Risk of respiratory morbidity in term infants delivered by elective caesarean section: cohort study. BMJ 2008; 336: 8587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41De Luca, R, Boulvain, M, Irion, O, Berner, M, Pfister, RE. Incidence of early neonatal mortality and morbidity after late-preterm and term cesarean delivery. Pediatrics. 2009; 123: e1064–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Cleveland, RH. A radiologic update on medical diseases of the newborn chest. Pediatr Radiol 1995; 25: 631–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43McIntire, DD, Leveno, KJ. Neonatal mortality and morbidity rates in late preterm births compared with births at term. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111: 3541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Schmidt, B, Roberts, RS, Davis, P, Doyle, LW, Barrington, KJ, Ohlsson, A, et al. Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2112–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Gouyon, JB, Iacobelli, S, Ferdynus, C, Bonsante, F. Neonatal problems of late and moderate preterm infants. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 17: 146–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Dudell, GG, Jain, L. Hypoxic respiratory failure in the late preterm infant. Clin Perinatol 2006; 33: 803–30; abstract viii–ix.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Cheng, YW, Kaimal, AJ, Bruckner, TA, Halloran, DR, Caughey, AB. Perinatal morbidity associated with late preterm deliveries compared with deliveries between 37 and 40 weeks of gestation. BJOG 2011; 118: 1446–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48McCormick, MC, Escobar, GJ, Zheng, Z, Richardson, DK. Place of birth and variations in management of late preterm (“near-term”) infants. Semin Perinatol 2006; 30: 4447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Lucas, A, Morley, R, Cole, TJ, Gore, SM. A randomised multicentre study of human milk versus formula and later development in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1994; 70: F141–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Dewey, KG. Maternal and fetal stress are associated with impaired lactogenesis in humans. J Nutr 2001; 131: 3012S–5S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Zanardo, V, Gambina, I, Begley, C, Litta, P, Cosmi, E, Giustardi, A, et al. Psychological distress and early lactation performance in mothers of late preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 2011; 87: 321–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Radtke, JV. The paradox of breastfeeding-associated morbidity among late preterm infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2011; 40: 924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Shapiro-Mendoza, CK, Tomashek, KM, Kotelchuck, M, Barfield, W, Weiss, J, Evans, S. Risk factors for neonatal morbidity and mortality among “healthy,” late preterm newborns. Semin Perinatol 2006; 30: 5460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Tomashek, KM, Shapiro-Mendoza, CK, Weiss, J, Kotelchuck, M, Barfield, W, Evans, S, et al. Early discharge among late preterm and term newborns and risk of neonatal morbidity. Semin Perinatol 2006; 30: 6168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Hawdon, JM, Ward Platt, MP, Aynsley-Green, A. Patterns of metabolic adaptation for preterm and term infants in the first neonatal week. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67: 357–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Vannucci, RC, Vannucci, SJ. Hypoglycemic brain injury. Semin Neonatol 2001; 6: 147–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Raju, TN. Developmental physiology of late and moderate prematurity. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 17: 126–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Garg, M, Devaskar, SU. Glucose metabolism in the late preterm infant. Clin Perinatol 2006; 33: 853–70; abstract ix–x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Bastek, JA, Sammel, MD, Pare, E, Srinivas, SK, Posencheg, MA, Elovitz, MA. Adverse neonatal outcomes: examining the risks between preterm, late preterm, and term infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199: 367 e1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Ortigosa Rocha, C, Bittar, RE, Zugaib, M. Neonatal outcomes of late-preterm birth associated or not with intrauterine growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol Int 2010: 231842.Google ScholarPubMed
61Benjamin, DK Jr., Stoll, BJ. Infection in late preterm infants. Clin Perinatol 2006; 33: 871–82; abstract x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62Escobar, GJ, Joffe, S, Gardner, MN, Armstrong, MA, Folck, BF, Carpenter, DM. Rehospitalization in the first two weeks after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics 1999; 104: e2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Escobar, GJ, Greene, JD, Hulac, P, Kincannon, E, Bischoff, K, Gardner, MN, et al. Rehospitalisation after birth hospitalisation: patterns among infants of all gestations. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90: 125–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64Jain, S, Cheng, J. Emergency department visits and rehospitalizations in late preterm infants. Clin Perinatol 2006; 33: 935–45; abstract xi.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Lee, YM, Cleary-Goldman, J, D'Alton, ME. The impact of multiple gestations on late preterm (near-term) births. Clin Perinatol 2006; 33: 777–92; abstract viii.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Barigye, O, Pasquini, L, Galea, P, Chambers, H, Chappell, L, Fisk, NM. High risk of unexpected late fetal death in monochorionic twins despite intensive ultrasound surveillance: a cohort study. PLoS Med 2005; 2: e172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Udom-Rice, I, Inglis, SR, Skupski, D, Adams, D, Chervenak, FA. Optimal gestational age for twin delivery. J Perinatol 2000; 20: 231–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Newman, RB, Unal, ER. Multiple gestations: timing of indicated late preterm and early-term births in uncomplicated dichorionic, monochorionic, and monoamniotic twins. Semin Perinatol 2011; 35: 277–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Refuerzo, JS, Momirova, V, Peaceman, AM, Sciscione, A, Rouse, DJ, Caritis, SN, et al. Neonatal outcomes in twin pregnancies delivered moderately preterm, late preterm, and term. Am J Perinatol 2010; 27: 537–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70Kilpatrick, SJ, Jackson, R, Croughan-Minihane, MS. Perinatal mortality in twins and singletons matched for gestational age at delivery at > or = 30 weeks. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174 (1 Pt 1): 6671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Mizrahi, M, Furman, B, Shoham-Vardi, I, Vardi, H, Maymon, E, Mazor, M. Perinatal outcome and peripartum complications in preterm singleton and twins deliveries: a comparative study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1999; 87: 5561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Jacquemyn, Y, Martens, G, Ruyssinck, G, Michiels, I, Van Overmeire, B. A matched cohort comparison of the outcome of twin versus singleton pregnancies in Flanders, Belgium. Twin Res 2003; 6: 711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Vachharajani, AJ, Vachharajani, NA, Dawson, JG. Comparison of short-term outcomes of late preterm singletons and multiple births: an institutional experience. Clin Pediatr 2009; 48: 922–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Young, PC, Glasgow, TS, Li, X, Guest-Warnick, G, Stoddard, G. Mortality of late-preterm (near-term) newborns in Utah. Pediatrics 2007; 119: e659–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Kramer, MS, Demissie, K, Yang, H, Platt, RW, Sauve, R, Liston, R. The contribution of mild and moderate preterm birth to infant mortality. Fetal and Infant Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System. JAMA 2000; 284: 843–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76Tomashek, KM, Shapiro-Mendoza, CK, Davidoff, MJ, Petrini, JR. Differences in mortality between late-preterm and term singleton infants in the United States, 1995–2002. J Pediatr 2007; 151: 450–56, 6 e1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Pulver, LS, Guest-Warnick, G, Stoddard, GJ, Byington, CL, Young, PC. Weight for gestational age affects the mortality of late preterm infants. Pediatrics 2009; 123: e1072–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Oddie, SJ, Hammal, D, Richmond, S, Parker, L. Early discharge and readmission to hospital in the first month of life in the Northern Region of the UK during 1998: a case cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90: 119–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Goyal, NK, Fager, C, Lorch, SA. Adherence to discharge guidelines for late-preterm newborns. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 6271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Altman, M, Vanpee, M, Cnattingius, S, Norman, M. Moderately preterm infants and determinants of length of hospital stay. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2009; 94: F414–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81Altman, M, Vanpee, M, Bendito, A, Norman, M. Shorter hospital stay for moderately preterm infants. Acta Paediatr 2006; 95: 1228–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82Profit, J, McCormick, MC, Escobar, GJ, Richardson, DK, Zheng, Z, Coleman-Phox, K, et al. Neonatal intensive care unit census influences discharge of moderately preterm infants. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 314–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Whyte, RK. Neonatal management and safe discharge of late and moderate preterm infants. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 17: 153–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Gilbert, WM, Nesbitt, TS, Danielsen, B. The cost of prematurity: quantification by gestational age and birth weight. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102: 488–92.Google ScholarPubMed
85Petrou, S, Eddama, O, Mangham, L. A structured review of the recent literature on the economic consequences of preterm birth. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2011; 96: F225–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86Russell, RB, Green, NS, Steiner, CA, Meikle, S, Howse, JL, Poschman, K, et al. Cost of hospitalization for preterm and low birth weight infants in the United States. Pediatrics 2007; 120: e1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Petrou, S, Khan, K. Economic costs associated with moderate and late preterm birth: Primary and secondary evidence. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 17: 170–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Phibbs, CS, Schmitt, SK. Estimates of the cost and length of stay changes that can be attributed to one-week increases in gestational age for premature infants. Early Hum Dev 2006; 82: 8595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89Bird, TM, Bronstein, JM, Hall, RW, Lowery, CL, Nugent, R, Mays, GP. Late preterm infants: birth outcomes and health care utilization in the first year. Pediatrics 2010; 126: e311–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90McLaurin, KK, Hall, CB, Jackson, EA, Owens, OV, Mahadevia, PJ. Persistence of morbidity and cost differences between late-preterm and term infants during the first year of life. Pediatrics 2009; 123: 653–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91Underwood, MA, Danielsen, B, Gilbert, WM. Cost, causes and rates of rehospitalization of preterm infants. J Perinatol 2007; 27: 614–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92Mangham, LJ, Petrou, S, Doyle, LW, Draper, ES, Marlow, N. The cost of preterm birth throughout childhood in England and Wales. Pediatrics 2009; 123: e312–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93Laughon, SK, Reddy, UM, Sun, L, Zhang, J. Precursors for late preterm birth in singleton gestations. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116: 1047–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94Slattery, MM, Geary, M, Morrison, JJ. Obstetric antecedents for preterm delivery. J Perinat Med 2008; 36: 306309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95Gyamfi-Bannerman, C. Obstetric decision-making and the late and moderately preterm infant. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 17: 132–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Gyamfi-Bannerman, C. Late preterm birth: management dilemmas. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2012; 39: 3545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97Chauhan, SP. Late preterm births: irreducible because E = mc2. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204: 459–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98Bannerman, CG. Late preterm birth: can be reduced. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204: 459–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
99Holland, MG, Refuerzo, JS, Ramin, SM, Saade, GR, Blackwell, SC. Late preterm birth: how often is it avoidable? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201: 404 e1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Reddy, UM, Ko, CW, Raju, TN, Willinger, M. Delivery indications at late-preterm gestations and infant mortality rates in the United States. Pediatrics 2009; 124: 234–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101ACOG. ACOG practice bulletin: premature rupture of membranes. 2007; Number 80.Google Scholar
102RCOG. Clinical Guideline No. 44: Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 2006: 13 November 2008; Available from: http://www.rcog.org.uk/resources/Public/pdf/green_top44_preterm.pdf.Google Scholar
103Ramsey, PS, Nuthalapaty, FS, Lu, G, Ramin, S, Nuthalapaty, ES, Ramin, KD. Contemporary management of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM): a survey of maternal-fetal medicine providers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 1497–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104Kenyon, S, Boulvain, M, Neilson, JP. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010(8): CD001058.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
105Buchanan, SL, Crowther, CA, Levett, KM, Middleton, P, Morris, J. Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks’ gestation for improving pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010(3): CD004735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
106Habli, M, Levine, RJ, Qian, C, Sibai, B. Neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with preeclampsia or gestational hypertension and in normotensive pregnancies that delivered at 35, 36, or 37 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 406 e1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107Barton, JR, Barton, LA, Istwan, NB, Desch, CN, Rhea, DJ, Stanziano, GJ, et al. Elective delivery at 34(0/7) to 36(6/7) weeks’ gestation and its impact on neonatal outcomes in women with stable mild gestational hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204: 44 e1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
108Koopmans, CM, Bijlenga, D, Groen, H, Vijgen, SM, Aarnoudse, JG, Bekedam, DJ, et al. Induction of labour versus expectant monitoring for gestational hypertension or mild pre-eclampsia after 36 weeks’ gestation (HYPITAT): a multicentre, open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 374: 979–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109Zhang, J, Troendle, J, Meikle, S, Klebanoff, MA, Rayburn, WF. Isolated oligohydramnios is not associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. BJOG 2004; 111: 220–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
110Melamed, N, Pardo, J, Milstein, R, Chen, R, Hod, M, Yogev, Y. Perinatal outcome in pregnancies complicated by isolated oligohydramnios diagnosed before 37 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205: 241 e1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Carreno, CA, Costantine, MM, Holland, MG, Ramin, SM, Saade, GR, Blackwell, SC. Approximately one-third of medically indicated late preterm births are complicated by fetal growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204: 263 e1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112RCOG. Clinical guideline No 31: The investigation and management of the small-for-gestational-age fetus. 2002. [18/04/12]; Available from: http://www.rcog.org.uk/files/rcog-corp/uploaded-files/GT31SmallGestationalAgeFetus.pdf.Google Scholar
113Stoll, K, Fairbrother, N, Carty, E, Jordan, N, Miceli, C, Vostrcil, Y, et al. “It's all the rage these days”: University students’ attitudes toward vaginal and cesarean birth. Birth 2009; 36: 133–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114Moore, LE, Rayburn, WF. Elective induction of labor. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2006; 49: 698704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115Goldenberg, RL, McClure, EM, Bhattacharya, A, Groat, TD, Stahl, PJ. Women's perceptions regarding the safety of births at various gestational ages. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114: 1254–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116Fuchs, K, Wapner, R. Elective cesarean section and induction and their impact on late preterm births. Clin Perinatol 2006; 33: 793801; abstract viii.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
117Chyi, LJ, Lee, HC, Hintz, SR, Gould, JB, Sutcliffe, TL. School outcomes of late preterm infants: special needs and challenges for infants born at 32 to 36 weeks gestation. J Pediatr 2008; 153: 2531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118Petrini, JR, Dias, T, McCormick, MC, Massolo, ML, Green, NS, Escobar, GJ. Increased risk of adverse neurological development for late preterm infants. J Pediatr 2009; 154: 169–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
119Prins, SA, von Lindern, JS, van Dijk, S, Versteegh, FG. Motor Development of Premature Infants Born between 32 and 34 Weeks. Int J Pediatr 2010; pii 462048Google ScholarPubMed
120Talge, NM, Holzman, C, Wang, J, Lucia, V, Gardiner, J, Breslau, N. Late-preterm birth and its association with cognitive and socioemotional outcomes at 6 years of age. Pediatrics 2010; 126: 1124–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed