Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-r7xzm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T05:30:37.880Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Changes in women's alcoholic, antisocial, and depressive symptomatology over 12 years: A multilevel network of individual, familial, and neighborhood influences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 January 2011

Anne Buu*
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
Wei Wang
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
Jing Wang
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
Leon I. Puttler
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
Hiram E. Fitzgerald
Affiliation:
Michigan State University
Robert A. Zucker
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Anne Buu, Addiction Research Center and Substance Abuse Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; E-mail: buu@umich.edu.

Abstract

In a sample of 273 adult women and their families, we examined the effects of women's psychopathology history, their social support, their husbands' and children's symptomatology, family stress, and neighborhood environment on their alcohol problems, antisocial behavior, and depression over a 12-year period during their 30s and early 40s. Women's alcohol problems and antisocial behavior decreased but their depression symptoms increased over time. Women's disorder history and their partners' parallel symptomatology were associated with their symptoms. For women's antisocial behavior, their own history of alcoholism and their partners' alcohol problems were also significant risk factors. Higher levels of social support were associated with lower levels of depression in women. Children's externalizing behavior was positively correlated with their mothers' alcohol problems and antisocial behavior, whereas children's internalizing behavior was positively correlated with their mothers' depression. Neighborhood residential instability was associated with higher levels of alcoholic and depressive symptomatology in women. Intervention efforts might target women with young children by improving social support, educational or professional training opportunity, access to family counseling, and neighborhood environment.

Type
Regular Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Bartels, M., Hudziak, J. J., Boomsma, D. I., Rietveld, M. J. H., Van Beijsterveldt, T. C. E. M., & Van den Oord, E. J. C. G. (2003). A study of parent ratings of internalizing and externalizing problem behavior in 12-year-old twins. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 13511359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belle, D., & Doucet, J. (2003). Poverty, inequality, and discrimination as sources of depression among U.S. women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27, 101113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogat, G. A., Leahy, K., von Eye, A., Maxwell, C., Levendosky, A. A., & Davidson, W. S. (2005). The influence of community violence on the functioning of women experiencing domestic violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 123132.Google Scholar
Bond, J., Kaskutas, L. A., & Weisner, C. (2003). The persistent influence of social networks and alcoholics anonymous on abstinence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 579588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1989). Depression. In Harris, G. W.., & Harris, T. O. (Eds.), Life events and illness (pp. 4993). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Buu, A., DiPiazza, C., Wang, J., Puttler, L. I., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2009). Parent, family, and neighborhood effects on the development of child substance use and other psychopathology from preschool to the start of adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70, 489498.Google Scholar
Buu, A., Mansour, M., Wang, J., Refior, S. K., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2007). Alcoholism effects on social migration and neighborhood effects on alcoholism over the course of 12 years. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 15451551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caetano, R., Ramisetty-Mikler, S., Floyd, L. R., & McGrath, C. (2006). The epidemiology of drinking among women of child-bearing age. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 30, 10231030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cahalan, D., Cisin, I., & Crossley, H. (1969). American drinking practice: A national study of drinking behavior and attitudes. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center for Alcohol Studies, Publications Division.Google Scholar
Christensen, H. B., & Bilenberg, N. (2000). Behavior and emotional problems in children of alcoholic mothers and fathers. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, 219226.Google Scholar
Clark, C., Ryan, L., Kawachi, I., Canner, M. J., Berkman, L., & Wright, R. J. (2008). Witnessing community violence in residential neighborhoods: A mental health hazard for urban women. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 85, 2238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, D. B., Cornelius, J., Wood, D. S., & Vanyukov, M. (2004). Psychopathology risk transmission in children of parents with substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 685691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, L. M., Schafer, J. L., & Kam, C. (2001). A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures. Psychological Methods, 6, 330351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Brown, P. A., Clark, L. A., Hessling, R. M., & Gardner, K. A. (2005). Neighborhood context, personality, and stressful life events as predictors of depression among African American women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Hessling, R. M., Brown, P. A., & Murry, V. (2000). Direct and moderating effects of community context on the psychological well-being of African American women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 10881101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawson, D. A., Harford, T. C., & Grant, B. F. (1992). Family history as a predictor of alcohol dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 16, 572575.Google Scholar
Dierker, L. C., Merikangas, K. R., & Szatmari, P. (1999). Influence of parental concordance for psychiatric disorders on psychopathology in offspring. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 280288.Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. P., Levav, I., Shrout, P. E., Schwartz, S., Vaveh, G., Link, B. G., et al. (1992). Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders: The causation-selection issue. Science, 255, 946952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 5763.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2006). Pathways of risk aggregation for alcohol use disorders. In Freeark, K. & Davidson, W. S. III (Eds.), The crisis in youth mental health: Vol 3. Issues for families, schools, and communities (pp. 249271). Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Floyd, F. J., Cranford, J. A., Daugherty, M. K., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2006). Marital interaction in alcoholic and nonalcoholic couples: Alcoholic subtype variations and wives' alcoholism status. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 121130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontaine, N., Carbonneau, R., Vitaro, F., Barker, E. D., & Tremblay, R. E. (2009). Research review: A critical review of studies on the developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior in females. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 363385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, B. E., Chermack, S. T., Cruise, K. A., Kirsch, E., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2003). Predictors of aggression across three generations among sons of alcoholics: Relationships involving grandparental and parental alcoholism, child aggression, marital aggression and parenting practices. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 472483.Google Scholar
Glynn, R. J., Bouchard, G. R., LoCastro, J. S., & Laird, N. M. (1985). Aging and generational effects on drinking behaviors in men: Results from the Normative Aging Study. American Journal of Public Health, 75, 14131419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, S., & Gotlib, I. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 458490.Google Scholar
Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., Burwell, R. A., & Nagin, D. S. (2009). Transactional processes in child disruptive behavior and maternal depression: A longitudinal study from early childhood to adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 139156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23, 5662.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1969). Standardised assessment and recording of depressive symptoms. Psychiatria, Neurologia, Neurochirurgia, 72, 201205.Google ScholarPubMed
Hammen, C. (2003). Interpersonal stress and depression in women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 4957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, C., Roux, A. V. D., Jacobs, D. R., Kiefe, C. I., West, D., & Williams, D. R. (2005). Neighbourhood characteristics, individual level socioeconomic factors, and depressive symptoms in young adults: The CARDIA study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59, 322328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, T. D., & Angel, R. J. (2005). Neighborhood disorder, psychological distress, and heavy drinking. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 965975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, T. D., Mossakowski, K. N., & Angel, R. J. (2007). Relationship violence and psychological distress among low-income urban women. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 84, 537551.Google Scholar
Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., Moerkbak, M. L., Cronkite, R. C., Holahan, C. K. & Kenney, B. A. (2007). Spousal similarity in coping and depressive symptoms over 10 years. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 551559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Israel, B. A., Farquhar, S. A., Schulz, A. J., James, S. A., & Parker, E. A. (2002). The relationship between social support, stress, and health among women on Detroit's east side. Health Education & Behavior, 29, 342360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jansen, R. E., Fitzgerald, H. E., Ham, H. P., & Zucker, R. A. (1995). Pathways into risk: Temperament and behavior problems in three- to five-year-old sons of alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 501509.Google Scholar
Johnston, L. D., Bachman, J. G., & O'Malley, P. M. (1979). Drugs and the class of ‘78: Behaviors, attitudes, and recent national trends. Washington, DC: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Division of Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse.Google Scholar
Karlamangla, A., Zhou, K., Reuben, D., Greendale, G., & Moore, A. (2006). Longitudinal trajectories of heavy drinking in adults in the United States of America. Addiction, 101, 9199.Google Scholar
Kasen, S., Cohen, P., Chen, H., & Castille, D. (2003). Depression in adult women: Age changes and cohort effects. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 20612066.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaskutas, L. A., Bond, J., & Humphreys, K. (2002). Social networks as mediators of the effect of Alcoholics Anonymous. Addiction, 97, 891900.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J., & Neale, M. (2003). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 929937.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, W. C., Greenfield, T. K., Bond, J., Ye, Y., & Rehm, J. (2009). Age-period-cohort modeling of alcohol volume and heavy drinking days in the US National Alcohol Surveys: Divergence in younger and older adult trends. Addiction, 104, 2737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 819.Google Scholar
Kling, J. R., Liebman, J. B., & Katz, L. F. (2007). Experimental analysis of neighborhood effects. Econometrica, 75, 83119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, K. E., & Mudar, P. (2004). Husbands’ influence on wives' drinking: Testing a relationship motivation model in the early years of marriage. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 340349.Google Scholar
Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 309337.Google Scholar
Littell, R. C., Milliken, G. A., Stroup, W. W., Wolfinger, R. D., & Schabenberger, O. (2006). SAS for mixed models (2nd ed.). Cary, NC: SAS Publishing.Google Scholar
Maes, H. H. M., Neale, M. C., Kendler, K. S., Hewitt, J. K., Silberg, J. L., Foley, D. L., et al. (1998). Assortative mating for major psychiatric diagnoses in two population-based samples. Psychological Medicine, 28, 13891401.Google Scholar
McLeod, J. D. (1995). Social and psychological bases of homogamy for common psychiatric disorders. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 201214.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R., Weissman, M. M., Prusoff, B. A., & John, K. (1988). Assortative mating and affective disorders: Psychopathology in offspring. Psychiatry, 51, 4857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merline, A. C., Schulenberg, J. E., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (2008). Substance use in marital dyads: Premarital assortment and change over time. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69, 352361.Google Scholar
Mirowsky, J., & Kim, J. (2007). Graphing age trajectories: Vector graphs, synthetic and virtual cohort projections, and cross-sectional profiles of depression. Sociological Methods & Research, 35, 497541.Google Scholar
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. (2003). Social causes of psychological distress. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2001). Sex differences in antisocial behavior: Conduct disorder, delinquency, and violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mueller, C. W., & Parcels, T. L. (1981). Measures of socioeconomic status: Alternatives and recommendations. Child Development, 52, 1380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulia, N., Schmidt, L., Bond, J., Jacobs, L., & Korcha, R. (2008). Stress, social support and problem drinking among women in poverty. Addiction, 103, 12831293.Google Scholar
Nomura, Y., Warner, V., & Wickramaratne, P. (2001). Parents concordant for major depressive disorder and the effect of psychopathology in offspring. Psychological Medicine, 31, 12111222.Google Scholar
Norbeck, J. S., Lindsey, A. M., & Carrieri, V. L. (1981). The development of an instrument to measure social support. Nursing Research, 30, 264269.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Pelham, W. E., Lang, A. R., Atkeson, B., Murphy, D. A., Gnagy, E. M., Greiner, A. R., et al. (1997). Effects of deviant child behavior on parental distress and alcohol consumption in laboratory interactions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 413424.Google Scholar
Rao, U., Hammen, C., & Daley, S. E. (1999). Continuity of depression during the transition to adulthood: A 5-year longitudinal study of young women. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 908915.Google Scholar
Robins, L., Helzer, J., Croughan, J., & Ratcliff, K. S. (1980). The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics and validity. St. Louis, MO: Washington University School of Medicine.Google Scholar
Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918924.Google Scholar
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147177.Google Scholar
Schuckit, M. A. (1978). Research questionnaire. San Diego, CA: University of California, San Diego, V. A. Medical Center, Alcoholism Treatment Program.Google Scholar
Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., Eng, M. Y., & Kunovac, J. (2002). Women who marry men with alcohol-use disorders. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26, 13361343.Google Scholar
Schulz, A. J., Israel, B. A., Zenk, S. N., Parker, E. A., Lichtenstein, R., Shellman-Weir, S., et al. (2006). Psychosocial stress and social support as mediators of relationships between income, length of residence and depressive symptoms among African American women on Detroit's eastside. Social Science & Medicine, 62, 510522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics, 6, 461464.Google Scholar
Sher, K. J., Gershuny, B. S., Peterson, L., & Raskin, G. (1997). The role of childhood stressors in the intergenerational transmission of alcohol use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 414427.Google Scholar
Simmons, L. A., Braun, B., Charnigo, R., Havens, J. R., & Wright, D. W. (2008). Depression and poverty among rural women: A relationship of social causation or social selection? Journal of Rural Health, 24, 292298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Timko, C., Kaplowitz, M. S., & Moos, R. H. (2000). Children's health and child–parent relationships as predictors of problem-drinking mothers' and fathers' long-term adaptation. Journal of Substance Abuse, 11, 103121.Google Scholar
Tsai, J., Floyd, R. L., O'Connor, M. J., & Velasquez, M. M. (2009). Alcohol use and serious psychological distress among women of childbearing age. Addictive Behavior, 34, 146153.Google Scholar
Vanyukov, M. M., Neale, M. C., Moss, H. B., & Tarter, R. E. (1996). Mating assortment and the liability to substance abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 42, 110.Google Scholar
Verbeke, G., & Molenberghs, G. (2000). Linear mixed models for longitudinal data. New York: Springer–Verlag.Google Scholar
Wade, T. D., & Kendler, K. S. (2000). Absence of interactions between social support and stressful life events in the prediction of major depression and depressive symptomatology in women. Psychological Medicine, 30, 965974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wadsworth, M. E., & Achenbach, T. M. (2005). Explaining the link between low socioeconomic status and psychopathology: Testing two mechanisms of the social causation hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 11461153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Windle, M. (1992). A longitudinal study of stress buffering for adolescent problem behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 28, 522530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windle, M. (1997). Mate similarity, heavy substance use and family history of problem drinking among young adult women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 573580.Google Scholar
Zucker, R. A. (1987). The four alcoholisms: A developmental account of the etiologic process. In Rivers, P. C. (Ed.), Alcohol and Addictive Behaviors Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 2783). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Zucker, R. A. (1994). Pathways to alcohol problems and alcoholism: A developmental account of the evidence for multiple alcoholisms and for contextual contributions to risk. In Zucker, R. A.Howard, J. & Boyd, G. M. (Eds.), The development of alcohol problems: Exploring the biopsychosocial matrix of risk (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 26, pp. 255289). Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
Zucker, R. A. (1999). Manual for the Antisocial Behavior Checklist. Ann Arbor, MI: IPA Associates.Google Scholar
Zucker, R. A. (2006). Alcohol use and the alcohol use disorders: A developmental-biopsychosocial systems formulation covering the life course. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 3. Risk, disorder and adaptation (2nd ed., pp. 620656). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Zucker, R. A., Ellis, D. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Bingham, C. R. (1996). Other evidence for at least two alcoholism. II. Life course variation in antisociality and heterogeneity of alcoholic outcome. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 831848.Google Scholar
Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Noll, R. B. (1990). Drinking and drug history (version 4). East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., Refior, S. K., Puttler, L. I., Pallas, D. M., & Ellis, D. A. (2000). The clinical and social ecology of childhood for children of alcoholics: Description of a study and implications for a differentiated social policy. In Fitzgerald, H. E., Lester, B. M., & Zuckerman, B. S. (Eds.), Children of addiction (pp. 109141). New York: Garland Press.Google Scholar