^{page 176 note 1} Among the books and dissertations in English on Hobbes’ life and philosophy the following are to be recommended: Robertson, G. C., Hobbes, Blackwood’s Philosophical Classics, Edinburgh and London, 1910.Google ScholarBrandt, F., Thomas Hobbes’ Mechanical Conception of Nature (translated from the Danish) Hachette, London, 1928.Google ScholarStephen, L., Hobbes, Macmillan, London, 1904.Google ScholarDoyle, Phyllis, The Contemporary Background of Hobbes’ “State of Nature,” Economica, No. 21 (12 1927).Google ScholarSmith, W. G. Pogson, The Philosophy of Hobbes (inserted in an English edition of Leviathan, at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1909).Google Scholar Among the most remarkable in other languages are: Tönnies, F., Hobbes Leben und Lehre, 3rd edition, Frommann, Stuttgart, 1925.Google ScholarBeonioBrocchieri, V., Studi sulla filosofia politica di T. Hobbes, Bocca, Torino, 1927.Google ScholarBrockdorff, C., Hobbes als Philosoph, Pädagoge und Soziologe, 2nd edition, Lipsius, Kiel, 1929.Google ScholarHönigswald, R., Hobbes und die Staatphilosophie, Reinhardt, München, 1924.Google ScholarJaeger, G., Ursprung der modernen Staatswissenschaft und die Anfänge des modernen Staates, Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 14, 4.Google ScholarLevi, A., La filosofia di Tommaso Hobbes, Soc. Ed., Alighieri, Dante, Milano, 1929.Google ScholarSortais, G., La philosophie moderne depuis Bacon, jusqu’à Leibnitz, Tome 2, Livre 2, pp. 270–584.Google ScholarTarantino, G., Saggio sulle idee morali e politiche di Tommaso Hobbes, Giannini, Napoli, 1905Google Scholar; and many others.

The chief editions of Hobbes’, works are the following: T.H.M. Opera philosophica, quæ latine scripsit omnia… collecta studio et laboreMolesworth, Gulielmi, Vols. I–V, Londini, 1839–1845Google Scholar (specified in quotations with the letter L). The English Works of T. H.… collected and edited by SirMolesworth, William, Vols. I–XI, London, 1839–1845Google Scholar (specified with the letter E). Unfortunately this edition is most imperfect and full of mistakes, so that for precision it is better to consult the original editions. So far only two works of Hobbes have been published correctly, and are due to Tönnies. These are: The Elements of Law, 2nd edition. University Press, Cambridge, 1928Google Scholar, and Behemoth, or The Long Parliament, London, 1889Google Scholar (out of print). The first had been reprinted by Molesworth from the first incorrect edition in two parts under the titles: Human Nature and De Copore politico, or Elements of Law. The necessity of a new correct edition of Hobbes’ works was discussed at the above-mentioned congress at Oxford. The chief obstacle is the difficulty in collecting the necessary funds.

^{page 177 note 1} He had relations with Francis Bacon, Herbert of Cherbury, Galileo, Gassendi, Descartes, Mersenne, and others.

^{page 177 note 2} All details of Hobbes’ life are best reported in the above-mentioned work of Ferdinand Tönnies.

^{page 178 note 1} Dilthey, W., Gesammelte Schriften, Vol.iiGoogle Scholar; Weltanschauung und Analyse des Menschen seit Renaissance und Reformation, 3rd edition, Teubner, Leipzig and Berlin, 1923, pp. 106sqq.Google Scholar, 247 sqq.

^{page 179 note 1} Stephen, L., Hobbes, loc. cit., p. 179.Google Scholar

^{page 180 note 1} Stern, A., Geschichte der Revolution in England, Grote, Berlin, 1881.Google Scholar

^{page 181 note 1} History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1644–1656. Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1903, Vol. ii, pp. 77sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 181 note 2} Hobbes’ conception of matter is a very broad one; it is equal to the idea of spacial extension. Therefore several authors warn us against any one-sided and mistaken interpretation of his “materialism.” Brandt, (op. cit., p. 379)Google Scholar calls him even “motionalist” instead of “materialist,” as his conception of motion plays a much greater part in his system than matter.

^{page 182 note 1} Lev., chapt. vi, p. 25 (E. iii, 42), De Homine, chapt. xi, 15.

^{page 183 note 1} De Homine, chapt. xi, 6.

^{page 183 note 2} Lev., chapt. xiv, p. 66 (E. iii, 120).

^{page 183 note 3} Ibid., chapt. vi (L. iii, 44).

^{page 184 note 1} De Cive, chapt. 1, 2 (Annotatio), chapt. iii, 5, chapt. xv, 7, etc.

^{page 184 note 2} Lev., chapt. xiv, p. 69 (E. iii, 127), chapt. xxxi, p. 108 (E. iii, 197), chapt. xxvii (L. iii, 213), App. ad ibid., chapt. ii, p. 351–2 (L. iii, 548), etc.

^{page 185 note 1} Tönnies, op. cit. 1st edition.

^{page 185 note 2} Lev., chapt. xxi

^{page 186 note 1} One can see here the reflection of the theories of the unlimited power of the monarch, which had so great a hold on Charles I; but while those theories derived the rights of the King from divine origin, Hobbes, on the contrary, gave them a rational foundation.

^{page 186 note 2} Tarantino, G., Saggio sulle idee morali e politiche di Tommaso Hobbes. Giannini, Napoli, 1905, p. 111.Google Scholar

^{page 187 note 1} Lev., chapt. xxi.

^{page 187 note 2} De Cive, chapt. vi, 13.

^{page 187 note 3} Stephen, L., op. cit., p. 198.Google Scholar

^{page 187 note 4} Op. cit., pp. 253 sqq.

^{page 189 note 1} Hobbes was the first to formulate a law of association of ideas. He made interesting observations on the psycho-physiology of dreams, on the nature of affects, etc. On the influence of Hobbes’, thought on the School of Durkheim, consult Sortais, op. cit., p. 516.Google Scholar

^{page 190 note 1} Among the best is the portrait by Michael Wright in the National Portrait Gallery, and two others are to be found in the Royal Society in London.

^{page 190 note 2} Cf. Robertson, , op. cit., pp. 214, 233 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 190 note 3} Moskowitz, H., Das moralische Beurteilungsvermögen in der englischen Ethik von Hobbes bis John Stuart Mill. Inaugural Dissertation. Erlangen, 1906.Google Scholar