Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-27gpq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-29T00:30:11.959Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Parkinson's disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

William J Mutch*
Affiliation:
Ashludie Hospital, Monifieth, Dundee, UK
*
WJ Mutch, Associate Medical Director, The Dundee Healthcare Unit, Ashludie Hospital, Monifieth, Dundee DD5 4HQ, UK.

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Clinical geriatrics
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Strudwick, A, Mutch, WJ, Dingwall-Fordyce, I. Parkinson's disease–functional impairment and who helps. Clin Rehabil 1990; 4: 213–16.Google Scholar
2 Zhang, Zhen-Xin, Roman, GC. Worldwide occurrence of Parkinson's disease: an updated review. Neuroepidemiology 1993; 12: 195208.Google Scholar
3 Mutch, WJ, Dingwall-Fordyce, I, Downie, AW, Paterson, JG, Roy, SK. Parkinson's disease in a Scottish city. Br Med J 1986a; 292: 534–36.Google Scholar
4 D'Alessandro, R, Gamberini, G, Graniere, F, Benassi, G, Naccarato, S, Manzaroli, D. Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the Republic of San Marino. Neurology 1987; 37: 1679–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5 Bekkelund, SI, Selseth, B, Nellgren, SI. Parkinson's disease in a population group in Northern Norway. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen (VRV) 1989; 109: 561–63.Google Scholar
6 Bharucha, NE, Bharucha, EP, Bharucha, AE, Bhise, AV, Schoenberg, BS. Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the Parsi Community in Bombay, India. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 1321–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7 Rajput, AH, Offord, KP, Beard, CM, Kurland, LT. Epidemiology of Parkinsonism: incidence, classification and mortality. Ann Neurol 1984; 16: 278–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8 Ebmeier, KP, Calder, SA, Crawford, JR, Stewart, L, Besson, JAO, Mutch, WJ. Parkinson's disease in Aberdeen: survival after 3.5 years. Acta Neurol Scand 1990; 81: 294–99.Google Scholar
9 Schoenberg, BS, Osuntokun, BO, Adeuja, AOG et al. Comparison of the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in black populations in the rural US and in rural Nigeria: door-to-door community studies. Neurology 1987; 37(suppl 1): 120.Google Scholar
10 Ricaurte, GA, Irwin, I, Forno, LS, Delanney, LE, Langston, EB, Langston, JW. Ageing and MPTP-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra. Brain Res 1987; 403: 4351.Google Scholar
11 De Pedro, J. Tracers for paralysis agitans in epidemiological research v. prevalence of the disease in Swedish counties. Neuroepidemiology 1986; 5: 207–19.Google Scholar
12 Schoenberg, BS. Clinical neuroepidemiology in developing countries. Neuroepidemiology 1982; 1: 137–42.Google Scholar
13 Mutch, WJ, Smith, WC, Scott, RF. A screening and alerting questionnaire for Parkinsonism. Neuroepidemiology 1991; 10: 150–56.Google Scholar
14 Laporte, RE. Assessing the human condition: capture-recapture techniques. Br Med J 1994; 308: 56.Google Scholar
15 Mjones, H. Paralysis agitans. A clinical and genetic study. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1949; 25 (suppl 54): 1195.Google Scholar
16 Ward, CD, Duvoisin, RC, Ince, SE, Nutt, JD, Eldridge, R, Calne, DB. Parkinson's disease in 65 pairs of twins and in a set of quadruplets. Neurology 1983; 33: 815–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17 Johnson, WG, Hodges, , Duvoisin, R. Twin studies and the genetics of Parkinson's disease-a reappraisal. Mov Disord 1990; 5: 187–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18 Golbe, LI, Do Iorio, G, Bonavita, V et al. Autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1990; 27: 276–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19 Barbeau, A, Roy, M. Familial subsets in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11: 144–50.Google Scholar
20 Ballard, PA, Tetrud, JW, Langston, JW. Permanent human Parkinsonism due to MPTP. Neurology 1985; 35: 949–56.Google Scholar
21 Langston, JW. MPTP: The promise of a new neurotoxin. In: Marsden, CD, Fahn, S eds. Movement disorders 2. London: Butterworth, 1987: 73.Google Scholar
22 Barbeau, A, Roy, M. Uneven prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the province of Quebec. Can J Neurol Sci 1985; 12: 169–70.Google Scholar
23 Aquilonius, SM, Hartvig, P. A Swedish county with unexpectedly high utilisation of anti-Parkinsonian drugs. Acta Neurol Scand 1986; 74: 379–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24 Langston, JW, Irwin, I. Pyridine toxins. In: Calne, DB ed. Drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Handbook Exp Pharm 88. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989: 205.Google Scholar
25 Ebmeier, KP, Mutch, WJ, Calder, SA, Crawford, JR, Stewart, L, Besson, JAO. Does idiopathic Parkinsonism in Aberdeen follow intra-uterine influenza? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52: 911–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26 Semchuk, KM, Love, EJ, Lee, RG. Parkinson's disease and exposure to agricultural work and pesticide chemicals. Neurology 1992; 42: 1328–35.Google Scholar
27 Hubble, JP, Cao, BS, Hassanein, RES. Neuberger, JS, Koller, WC. Rick factors for Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993; 43: 1693–97.Google Scholar
28 McGeer, PL, McGeer, E, Suzuki, JS. Ageing and extra-pyramidal function. Arch Neurol 1977; 34: 3335.Google Scholar
29 Calne, DB, Langston, JW. Aetiology of Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1983; ii: 1457–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30 Gibb, WRG, Lees, AJ. The progression of idiopathic Parkinson's disease is not explained by age-related changes. Clinical and pathological comparisons with post-encephalitic Parkinsonian syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 1987; 73: 195201.Google Scholar
31 Halliwell, B. Oxidants and the central nervous system: some fundamental questions. Acta Neurol Scand 1989; 80 (suppl 126): 2333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32 Ramsay, RR, Salach, JI, Dadgar, J, Singer, TP. Inhibition of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase by pyridine derivatives and its possible relation to experimental and idiopathic Parkinsonism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 135: 269–75.Google Scholar
33 Mann, VM, Cooper, JM, Krige, D, Daniel, SE, Schapira, AHV, Marsden, CD. Brain, skeletal muscle and platelet mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. Brain 1992; 115: 333–42.Google Scholar
34 Krige, D, Carroll, MT, Cooper, JM et al. Platelet mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 782–88.Google Scholar
35 Smith, CAD, Gough, AC, Leigh, PN et al. Debrisoquine hydroxylase gene polymorphism and susceptibility to Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1992; 339: 1375–77.Google Scholar
36 Armstrong, M, Daly, AK, Cholerton, S, Bateman, DN, Idle, JR. Mutant debrisoquine hydroxylation genes in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1992; 339: 1017–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37 Parker, WD, Boyson, SJ, Parks, JK. Abnormalities of the electron transport chain in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1989; 26: 719–23.Google Scholar
38 Schapira, AHV, Cooper, JM, Dexter, D, Jenner, P, Clark, JB, Marsden, CD. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1989; i: 1269.Google Scholar
39 Dexter, DT, Wells, FR, Lees, AJ et al. Increased nigral iron content and alterations in other metal ions occurring in brain in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 1989; 52: 1830–36.Google Scholar
40 Dexter, DT, Carter, C, Wells, FR et al. Basal lipid peroxidation in substantia nigra is increased in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 1989; 52: 381–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41 Sinclair, AJ, Barnett, AH, Lunec, J. Free radicals and antioxidant systems in health and disease. Br J Hasp Med 1990; 43: 334–42.Google Scholar
42 Olanow, CW. A scientific rationale for protective therapy in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 1993; 91: 161–80.Google Scholar
43 Marsden, CD. Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1990; i: 948–52.Google Scholar
44 Riederer, P, Wuketich, S. Time course of nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 1976; 38: 227301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45 Fahn, S, Cohen, G. The oxidant stress hypothesis in Parkinson's disease: evidence supporting it. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 804–12.Google Scholar
46 Calne, DB. The free radical hypothesis in idiopathic Parkinsonism: evidence against it. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 799803.Google Scholar
47 Tanner, CM, Kinori, I, Goetz, CG, Carvey, PM, Klawans, HL. Clinical course in Parkinson's disease: relationship to age at onset. Neurology 1985; 232 (suppl): 25.Google Scholar
48 Gibb, WRG, Lees, AJ. A comparison of clinical and pathological features of young-and old-onset Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1988; 38: 14021406.Google Scholar
49 Mutch, WJ, Jones, S. Age at onset and Parkinson's disease. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Parkinson's disease. Jerusalem, 1988: 118.Google Scholar
50 Turnbull, CJ, Aitken, JA. Diagnosis and management of ‘Parkinsonism’ in the elderly. Age Aging 1983; 12: 309–16.Google Scholar
51 Zetusky, WJ, Jankovic, J, Pirozzolo, FJ. The heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease: clinical and prognostic implications. Neurology 1985; 35: 522–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52 Hietanen, M, Teravainen, H. The effect of age of disease onset on neuropsychological performance in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 244–49.Google Scholar
53 Reid, WGJ. The neuropsychology of de novo patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease: the effect of age of onset. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Parkinson's disease. Jerusalem, 1988: 9.Google Scholar
54 Ebmeier, KP, Calder, SA, Crawford, JR, Stewart, L, Besson, JAO, Mutch, WJ. Clinical features predicting dementia in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a follow–up study. Neurology 1990; 40: 1222–24.Google Scholar
55 Agid, Y, J¨avoy-Agid, F, Ruberg, M. Biochemistry of neurotransmitters in Parkinson's disease. In: Marsden, CD, Fahn, S eds. Movement disorders 2. London: Butterworth, 1987: 166.Google Scholar
56 Brown, RG, Marsden, CD. Neuropsychology and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease: an overview. In: Marsden, CD, Fahn, S eds. Movement disorders 2. London: Butterworth, 1987: 99.Google Scholar
57 Cederbaum, JM, McDowell, FH. Sixteen years follow up of 100 patients begun on levodopa in 1968: emerging problems. In: Yahr, MD, Bergmann, KJ eds. Advances in neurology. New York: Raven Press, 1986: 469–72.Google Scholar
58 Gauthier, S, Gauthier, L. Current status of levodopa therapy in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1987; 14: 452–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59 Diamond, SG, Markham, CH, Hoehn, MM, McDowell, FH, Muenter, MD. Effect of age at onset on progression and mortality in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989; 39: 1187–90.Google Scholar
60 Wilson, JA, Smith, RG. The prevalence and aetiology of long-term L-dopa side-effects in elderly Parkinsonian patients. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 1116.Google Scholar
61 Godwin-Austen, RB, Lowe, J. The two types of Parkinson's disease. In: Clifford-Rose, F ed. Current problems in neurology. Parkinson's disease, clinical and experimental advances. London: J Libbey, 1987: 79.Google Scholar
62 Goetz, CG, Tanner, CM, Stebbins, GT, Buchman, AS. Risk factors for progression in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1988; 38: 1841–44.Google Scholar
63 Cederbaum, JM. Clinical pharmacokinetics of anti-Parkinsonian drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1987; 13: 141–78.Google Scholar
64 Poewe, WH, Lees, AJ, Stern, GM. Treatment of motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease with an oral sustained release preparation of L-dopa: clinical and pharmacokinetic observations. Clin Neuropharmacol 1986; 9: 430–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65 UK Madopar CR Study Group. A comparison of Madopar CR and standard Madopar in the treatment of nocturnal and early morning disability. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989; 12: 498505.Google Scholar
66 Pahwa, R, Busenbark, RN, Huber, SJ et al. Clinical experience with controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993; 43: 677–81.Google Scholar
67 Anti-Parkinson drugs. In: Caird, FI ed. Drugs for the elderly. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1985: 115.Google Scholar
68 Nutt, JG, Woodward, WR, Carter, JH, Trotman, TL. Influence of fluctuations of plasma large neutral amino acids with normal diets on the clinical response to levodopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52: 481–87.Google Scholar
69 Laihinen, A, Rinne, JO, Rinne, UK, Haaparanta, M, Ruotsalainen, U. F18-6-Fluorodopa PET scanning in Parkinson's disease after selective COMT inhibition with nitecapone (RO-462). Neurology 1992; 42: 199203.Google Scholar
70 Factor, SA, Brown, D. Clozapine prevents recurrence of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1992; 7: 125–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71 Rabey, JM. Late addition of dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease. In: Rinne, UK, Nagatsu, T, Horowski, R eds. How to proceed today in treatment. International Workshop Berlin Parkinson's Disease. Bussum: Medicom Europe, BV, 1991: 283.Google Scholar
72 Nutt, JG, Hammerstad, JP, Gancher, ST. Therapy: dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease 100 maxims. London: Edward Arnold, 1992: 93.Google Scholar
73 Rinne, UK. Dopamine agonist treatment in early Parkinson's disease. In: Przuntek, H, Riederer, P eds. Early diagnosis and preventive therapy in Parkinson's disease. Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1989: 343.Google Scholar
74 Lees, AJ, Frankel, J, Eatough, V, Stern, GM. New approaches in the use of selegiline for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1989; 80 (suppl 126): 139–45.Google Scholar
75 Heinonen, EH, Rinne, UK, Tuominen, J. Selegiline in the treatment of daily fluctuations in disability of Parkinsonian patients with long-term levodopa treatment. Acta Neurol Scand 1989; 80 (suppl 126): 113–18.Google Scholar
76 Suchowersky, A, de Vries, JD. Interaction of fluoxitene and selegiline. Can J Psychol 1990; 35: 571.Google Scholar
77 Zornberg, GL. Severe adverse interaction between pethidine and selegiline. Lancet 1991; 337: 246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78 Birkmayer, W, Knoll, J, Riederer, P, Youdim, MBH, Hars, V, Marlon, J. Increased life expectancy resulting from addition of L-Deprenyl to Madopar treatment in Parkinson's disease: a long-term study. J Neural Transm 1985; 64: 113–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79 Tetrud, JW, Langston, WJ. The effect of deprenyl (selegiline) on the natural history of Parkinson's disease. Science 1989; 245: 519–22.Google Scholar
80 The Parkinson study group. Effect of deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1364–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81 The Parkinson study group. Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 176–83.Google Scholar
82 Parkinson's Disease Research Group of the United Kingdom. Comparisons of therapeutic effects of levodopa, levodopa and selegiline and bromocriptine in patients with early, mild Parkinson's disease: three year interim report. Br Med J 1993; 307: 469–72.Google Scholar
83 Hughes, AJ, Bishop, S, Kleedorfer, B et al. Subcutaneous apomorphine in Parkinson's disease: response to chronic administration for up to five years. Mov Disord 1993; 8: 165–70.Google Scholar
84 Rinne, UK. Strategies in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1993; 87 (suppl 146): 5053.Google Scholar
85 Weiner, WJ, Factor, SA, Sanchez-Ramos, JR et al. Early combination (bromocriptine and levodopa) does not prevent motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993; 43: 2127.Google Scholar
86 Goetz, CG. Dopaminergic agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1990; 40 (suppl 1): 5054.Google Scholar
87 Sag, JI, Mark, MH. The rationale for continuous dopaminergic stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1992; 42 (suppl 1): 2328.Google Scholar
88 Lindvall, O, Widner, H, Rehncrona, P et al. Transplantation of fetal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease: one year clinical and neuropsychological observations in two patients with putamenal implants. Ann Neurol 1992; 31: 155–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89 Widner, H. Immature neural tissue grafts in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1993; 87 (suppl 146): 4345.Google Scholar
90 Freed, CR, Breeze, RE, Rosenberg, NL et al. Survival of implanted fetal dopamine cells and neurological improvement 12 to 46 months after transplantation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1549–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91 Schneider, JS, Pope, A, Simpson, K, Taggert, J, Smith, MC, de Stephano, L. Recovery from experimental Parkinsonism in primates with GMI ganglioside treatment. Science 1992; 256: 843–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
92 Goetz, CG, Delong, MR, Penn, RD, Bakay, RAE. Neurosurgical horizons in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993; 43: 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93 Shibazaki, T, Hirai, T, Hirato, Y et al. Physiologically identified, selective ventrointermedius thalamotomy ameliorates, various kinds of tremor and other disorders of movement related to tremor. In: Crossman, AR, Sambrook, MA eds. Neural mechanisms in disorders of movement. Current problems in neurology 9. London: J Libbey, 1989: 393.Google Scholar
94 Laitinen, LV, Bergenheim, AT, Hariz, MI. Leksell's postero-ventral pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosurg 1992; 76: 5361.Google Scholar
95 Benabid, AL, Pollak, P, Gervason, C et al. Long-term suppression of tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus. Lancet 1991; 337: 403406.Google Scholar