Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T13:32:34.277Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Re-evaluating DSM-I

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 October 2015

R. Cooper  and
R. K. Blashfield
R. Cooper*
Affiliation:
Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
R. K. Blashfield
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: R. Cooper, Ph.D. History and Philosophy of Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK. (Email: r.v.cooper@lancaster.ac.uk)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The DSM-I is currently viewed as a psychoanalytic classification, and therefore unimportant. There are four reasons to challenge the belief that DSM-I was a psychoanalytic system. First, psychoanalysts were a minority on the committee that created DSM-I. Second, psychoanalysts of the time did not use DSM-I. Third, DSM-I was as infused with Kraepelinian concepts as it was with psychoanalytic concepts. Fourth, contemporary writers who commented on DSM-I did not perceive it as psychoanalytic. The first edition of the DSM arose from a blending of concepts from the Statistical Manual for the Use of Hospitals of Mental Diseases, the military psychiatric classifications developed during World War II, and the International Classification of Diseases (6th edition). As a consensual, clinically oriented classification, DSM-I was popular, leading to 20 printings and international recognition. From the perspective inherent in this paper, the continuities between classifications from the first half of the 20th century and the systems developed in the second half (e.g. DSM-III to DSM-5) become more visible.

Keywords

ClassificationDSM-Ihistorypsychoanalysis.
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 46 , Issue 3 , February 2016 , pp. 449 - 456
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Medico-Psychological Association (1918). Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane. National Committee for Mental Hygiene: New York.Google Scholar
APA (1935). Proceedings ninety-first annual meeting. American Journal of Psychiatry 92, 413–486.Google Scholar
APA (1942). Statistical Manual for the Use of Hospitals for Mental Diseases. State Hospitals Press: Utica.Google Scholar
APA (1949 a). Proceedings of the one hundred and fourth annual meeting. American Journal of Psychiatry 105, 851–868.Google Scholar
APA (1949 b). Committee and other reports. American Journal of Psychiatry 105, 920–935.Google Scholar
APA (1950). Biographical Directory of Fellows and Members of the American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association: New York.Google Scholar
APA (1952 a). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
APA (1952 b). Proceedings of the American Psychiatric Association: the one hundred and eighth annual meeting. American Journal of Psychiatry 109, 210–226.Google Scholar
APA (1953). Proceedings of the American Psychiatric Association: the one hundred and ninth annual meeting. American Journal of Psychiatry 110, 209–229.Google Scholar
APA (1954). Proceedings of the American Psychiatric Association: the one hundred and tenth annual meeting. American Journal of Psychiatry 111, 207–228.Google Scholar
APA (1968). Diagnosticand Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington.Google Scholar
Anon (1946). Jacob Sergei Kasanin. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 104, 112–113.Google Scholar
Aragona, M (2015). Rethinking received views on the history of psychiatric nosology: minor shifts, major continuities. In Alternative Perspectives on Psychiatric Validation (ed. Zachar, P., St. Stoyanov, D., Aragona, M., Jablensky, A.), pp. 27–46. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Arieti, S (1959). American Handbook of Psychiatry. Basic Books: Oxford.Google Scholar
Bahn, AK and Norman, VB (1959). First national report on patients of mental health clinics. Public Health Reports 74, 943–956.Google Scholar
Blinder, MG (1966). The pragmatic classification of depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 123, 259–269.Google Scholar
Bowman, KM and Rose, M (1951). A criticism of the terms ‘psychosis’, ‘psychoneurosis’ and ‘neurosis’. American Journal of Psychiatry 108, 161–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coleman, JC (1956). Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life, 2nd edn. Scott, Foresman & Co.: Chicago.Google Scholar
Dayton, NA (1935). The first year of the new standard nomenclature of diseases in Massachusetts mental hospitals. American Journal of Psychiatry 92, 589–613.Google Scholar
Decker, HS (2013). The Making of DSM-III: a Diagnostic Manual's Conquest of American Psychiatry. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Felix, R (1956). A bookshelf on mental health. American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health 46, 397–407.Google Scholar
Freedman, A and Kaplan, H (1967). Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. The Williams & Wilkins Company: Baltimore.Google Scholar
Frohlich, M (1961). Discussion. In Field Studies in the Mental Disorders (ed. Zubin, J.), pp. 85–88. Grune & Stratton: New York.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, JS (1952). The responsibility of public mental hospitals in psychiatric research. Psychiatric Services 3, 6–10.Google Scholar
Greenblatt, M, Grosser, GH, Wechsler, H (1964). Differential response of hospitalized depressed patients to somatic therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry 120, 935–943.Google Scholar
Grob, GN (1991) Origins in DSM-I: a study in appearance and reality. American Journal of Psychiatry 148, 421–431.Google Scholar
Horwitz, A (2015). DSM-I and DSM-II. In The International Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology (ed. Cautin, R. L. and Lilienfeld, S. O.), pp. 1–6. John Wiley: New York.Google Scholar
Houts, AC (2000). Fifty years of psychiatric nomenclature: reflections on the 1943 war department technical bulletin, Medical 203. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56, 935–967.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahn, E (1955). A marginal note on interpretation. American Journal of Psychiatry 112, 393–395.Google Scholar
Kendell, R (1975). The Role of Diagnosis in Psychiatry. Blackwell: Oxford.Google Scholar
Kramer, M and Pollack, ES (1958). Problems in the interpretation of trends in the population movement of the public mental hospitals. American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health 48, 1003–1019.Google Scholar
Masserman, J (1955). The Practice of Dynamic Psychiatry. Saunders: Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Maxmen, JS (1985). The New Psychiatry. William Morrow & Company: New York.Google Scholar
May, JV (1922). Mental Diseases: a Public Health Problem. Richard G. Badger: Boston.Google Scholar
McCartney, J (1956). Understanding Human Behaviour. Vantage: New York.Google Scholar
Menninger, KA (1952). A Manual for Case Study. Grune and Strutton: New York.Google Scholar
Menninger, KA (1963). The Vital Balance. Viking Press: New York.Google Scholar
Menninger, WC (1947). Psychiatric experience in the war, 1941–1946. American Journal of Psychiatry 103, 577–586.Google Scholar
National Institute of Mental Health (1964). Patients in Mental Institutions, 1963, Part III State and County Mental Hospitals. Public Health Services Publication: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Office of the Surgeon General, Armed Service Forces (2000 (1946)). Nomenclature of psychiatric disorders and reactions. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56, 925–934. [Originally published as War department technical bulletin, Medical 203. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2, 289–296.]Google Scholar
O'Neal, P, Robins, LN (1958). The relation of childhood behavior problems to adult psychiatric status: a 30-year follow-up study of 150 subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 114, 961–969.Google Scholar
Pasamanick, B, Roberts, DW, Lemkau, PV, Krueger, DE (1957). A survey of mental disease in an urban population. I. Prevalence by age, sex, and severity of impairment. American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health 47, 923–929.Google Scholar
Pollock, HM (1945). Development of statistics of mental disease in the United States during the past century. American Journal of Psychiatry 102, 1–17.Google Scholar
Public Health Service (1958). Patients in Mental Institutions 1955. US Public Health Service: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Raines, GN (1953 a). Discussion of Dr Sandor Rado's academic lecture. American Journal of Psychiatry 110, 425–426.Google Scholar
Raines, GN (1953 b) Comment: the new nomenclature. American Journal of Psychiatry 109, 548–549.Google Scholar
Shorter, E (2015). What Psychiatry Left Out of the DSM-5: Historical Mental Disorders Today. Routledge: New York.Google Scholar
Spitzer, RL, Wilson, PT (1968). An introduction to the American Psychiatric Association's new diagnostic nomenclature for New York State Department of Mental Hygiene Personnel. Psychiatric Quarterly 42, 487–503.Google Scholar
Stengel, E (1959). Classification of mental disorders. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 21, 603–663.Google Scholar
U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force (1949). Joint Armed Forces nomenclature and method of recording psychiatric conditions. NavMed P-1303. US Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Veterans Administration (1947). Nomenclature of Psychiatric Disorders and Reactions Veterans Administration Technical Bulletin, TB 10A-78. 1 October 1947. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Weinstock, HI (1965). The role of classification in psychoanalytic practice. In The Role and Methodology of Classification in Psychiatry and Psychopathology (ed. Katz, M. M., Cole, J. O. and Barton, W. E.), pp. 62–72. U.S Department of Health, Education and Welfare.Google Scholar
Whitaker, R (2010). Anatomy of an Epidemic. Broadway: New York.Google Scholar
WHO (1948). Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD-6). World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Cooper and Blashfield supplementary material S1

Cooper and Blashfield supplementary material

Download Cooper and Blashfield supplementary material S1(File)
File 17.2 KB