Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T04:14:26.027Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Efficiency comparison of hyperbranched polymers as toughening agents for a one-part epoxy resin

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2015

Thatiane Brocks ,
Laura Ascione ,
Veronica Ambrogi ,
Maria O. H. Cioffi  and
Paola Persico
Thatiane Brocks*
Affiliation:
UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista – Guaratinguetá Faculty of Engineering, Guaratinguetá (SP) 12516-410, Brazil
Laura Ascione
Affiliation:
UNINA – University of Naples “Federico II” – Department of Chemical, Materials, and Production Engineering, Napoli (NA) 80125, Italy
Veronica Ambrogi
Affiliation:
UNINA – University of Naples “Federico II” – Department of Chemical, Materials, and Production Engineering, Napoli (NA) 80125, Italy
Maria O. H. Cioffi
Affiliation:
UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista – Guaratinguetá Faculty of Engineering, Guaratinguetá (SP) 12516-410, Brazil
Paola Persico
Affiliation:
CNR – National Research Council - Institute for Macromolecular Studies (ISMAC), Milano 20133, Italy
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: thati_bd@yahoo.com.br
Get access

Abstract

A previously synthesized hyperbranched poly(butylene adipate) (HPBA) polymer was compared with a commercial dendritic polyol (HPOH) as a toughening agent for a commercial one-part epoxy resin. Both modifiers were added in weight percentages of 1, 3, 5, and 10%. The modified epoxies were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), melt rheological tests, and linear elastic fracture mechanics. Blend morphology and matrix–modifier interactions were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, respectively. The toughness-improvement effect was achieved without substantial impairment of thermomechanical properties or degradation of the thermal stability of the epoxy resin. A meaningful decrease in viscosity was achieved with both modifiers, contributing to an easier infusion processability. No evidence of new chemical linking was found although phase separation was observed by SEM, leading to the conclusion that only interfacial linkage occurs between modifiers and epoxy chains. SEM analysis also clearly shows the fracture mode changing from brittle to ductile by addition of modifiers, which was more evident for blends of HPBA.

Keywords

one-part epoxytoughness improvementhyperbranched polymer
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 30 , Issue 6 , 28 March 2015 , pp. 869 - 878
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Wu, C. and Xu, W.: Atomistic simulation study of absorbed water influence on structure and properties of crosslinked epoxy resin. Polym 48, 5440 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, F., Sanz, G., Eceiza, A., Mondragon, I., and Mijovic, J.: The effect of stoichiometry and thermal history during cure on structure and properties of epoxy networks. Polym 36, 1407 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flores, M., Francos, X.F., Ferrando, F., Ramis, X., and Serra, A.: Efficient impact resistance improvement of epoxy/anhydride thermosets by adding hyperbranched polyesters partially modified with undecenoyl chains. Polym 53, 5232 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, G., Shi, W., Gong, M., Yu, F., and Feng, J.: Curing behaviour and toughening performance of epoxy resins containing hyperbranched polyester. Polym. Adv. Technol. 15, 639 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, X., Xu, W., Xia, X., Zhang, Z., and Yu, R.: Toughening of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin by nanosize silicon dioxide. Mater. Lett. 60, 3319 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yahyaie, H., Ebrahimi, M., Tahami, H.V., and Mafi, E.R.: Toughening mechanisms of rubber modified thin film epoxy resins. Prog. Org. Coat. 76, 286 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, J.D., Sue, H-J., Thompson, Z.J., Bates, F.S., Dettloff, M., Jacob, G., Verghese, N., and Pham, H.: Strain rate effect on toughening of nano-sized PEP–PEO block copolymer modified epoxy. Acta Mater. 57, 2691 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratna, D. and Simon, G.P.: Thermal and mechanical properties of a hydroxyl-functional dendritic hyperbranched polymer and trifunctional epoxy resin blends. Polym. Eng. Sci. 41, 1815 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, Q., Huang, J., Ge, L., and Feng, Z.: Phase-separation in anhydride-cured epoxy-resin containing phenolphthalein poly(ether ether ketone). Eur. Polym. J. 28, 405 (1992).Google Scholar
Saxena, A., Francis, B., Rao, V.L., and Ninan, K.N.: Epoxy-tert-butyl poly(cyanoarylene ether) blends: Phase morphology, fracture toughness, and mechanical properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 100, 3536 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bussi, P. and Ishida, H.: Composition of the continuous phase in partially miscible blends of epoxy resin and epoxidized rubber by dynamic mechanical analysis. Polym 35, 956 (1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rico, M., López, J., Montero, B., and Bellas, R.: Phase separation and morphology development in a thermoplastic modified toughened epoxy. Eur. Polym. J. 48, 1660 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mezzenga, R., Boogh, L., and Manson, J-A.E.: A review of dendritic hyperbranched polymer as modifiers in epoxy composite. Compos. Sci. Technol. 61, 787 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicala, G., Recca, A., and Restuccia, C.: Influence of hydroxyl functionalized hyperbranched polymers on the thermomechanical and morphological properties of epoxy resins. Polym. Eng. Sci. 45, 225 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boogh, L., Pettersson, B., and Manson, J-A.E.: Dendritic hyperbranched polymers as tougheners for epoxy resins. Polym 40, 2249 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samperi, F., Battiato, S., Puglisi, C., Scamporrino, A., Ambrogi, V., Ascione, L., and Carfagna, C.: Combined techniques for the characterization of linear-hyperbranched hybrid poly(butylene adipate) copolymers. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 49, 3615 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, D., Pethrick, R.A., and White, J.R.: Polymer Characterization: Physical Techniques, 2nd ed. (Stanley Thornes Ltd, Delta Place, United Kingdom, 2000), pp. 72–75.Google Scholar
Francos, X.F., Cook, W.D., Salla, J.M., Serra, A., and Ramis, X.: Crosslinking of mixtures of diglycidylether of bisphenol-A with 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4] nonan-2,7-dione initiated by tertiary amines: III. Effect of hydroxyl groups on network formation. Polym. Int. 58, 1401 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foix, D., Rodriguez, M.T., Ferrando, F., Ramis, X., and Serra, A.: Combined use of sepiolite and a hyperbranched polyester in the modification of epoxy/anhydride coatings: A study of the curing process and the final properties. Prog. Org. Coat. 75, 364 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foix, D., Yu, Y., Serra, A., Ramis, X., and Salla, J.M.: Study on the chemical modification of epoxy/anhydride thermosets using a hydroxyl terminated hyperbranched polymer. Eur. Polym. J. 45, 1454 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carvalho, V.P. Jr., Ferraz, C.P., and Neto, B.S.L.: Tailored norbornene-based copolymer with systematic variation of norbornadiene as a crosslinker obtained via ROMP with alternative amine Ru catalysts. Eur. Polym. J. 48, 341 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foix, D., Ramis, X., Serra, A., and Sangermano, M.: UV generation of a multifunctional hyperbranched thermal crosslinker to cure epoxy resins. Polym 52, 3269 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supaphol, P. and Krutphun, N.: Effect of small amount of poly(ethylene naphthalate) on isothermal crystallization and spherulitic morphology of poly(trimethylene terephthalate). Polym. Test. 26, 985 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santiago, D., Francos, X.F., Ramis, X., Salla, J.M., and Sangermano, M.: Comparative curing kinetics and thermal–mechanical properties of DGEBA thermosets cured with a hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) and an aliphatic triamine. Thermochim. Acta 526, 9 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brostow, W., Chiu, R., Kalogeras, I.M., and Dova, A.V.: Prediction of glass transition temperatures: Binary blends and copolymers. Mater. Lett. 62, 3152 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varley, R.J., Hodgkin, J.H., and Simon, G.P.: Toughening of a trifunctional epoxy system: Part VI. Structure property relationships of the thermoplastic toughened system. Polym 42, 3847 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morell, M., Ramis, X., Ferrando, F., and Serra, A.: Effect of polymer topology on the curing process and mechanical characteristics of epoxy thermosets modified with linear or multiarm star poly( ε-caprolactone). Polym 52, 4694–4702 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parzuchowiski, P.G., Kizlinska, M., and Rokicki, G.: New hyperbranched polyether containing cyclic carbonate groups as a toughening agent for epoxy resin. Polym 48, 1857 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhevi, D.M., Jaisankar, S.N., and Pathak, M.: Effect of new hyperbranched polyester of varying generations on toughening of epoxy resin through interpenetrating polymer networks using urethane linkages. Eur. Polym. J. 49, 3561 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, J-F., Shi, L-Y., Yuan, S., Zhong, Q-D., Zhang, D-S., Chen, Y., and Wu, J.: Morphology, toughness mechanism, and thermal properties of hyperbranched epoxy modified diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) interpenetrating polymer networks. Polym. Adv. Technol. 19, 1597 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagueri, R. and Pearson, R.A.: Role of particle cavitation in rubber-toughened epoxies: 1. Microvoid toughening. Polym 37, 4529 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dittanet, P. and Pearson, R.A.: Effect of bimodal particle size distributions on the toughening mechanisms in silica nanoparticle filled epoxy resin. Polym 54, 1832 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar