A theorem of Magnus [4] says that, if R and S are two cyclically reduced words in a free group F whose normal closures are equal, then R is a cyclic permutation of S or its inverse. This is useful for comparing presentations of one-relator groups.

The aim of this paper is to prove the following result:

Theorem. Let G be the group defined by the presentation

where each ui is a word in the xj and , and suppose that there is a homomorphism σ such that the orders of the elements respectively. Let If G is finite, then α−d + 1 > 0 and .

This note is a continuation of our attempts (see [3]) to give a satisfactory representation-theoretic justification of the following formula of D. E. Littlewood:

where sI is the Schur symmetric function corresponding to a partition I, |I| is the weight of I, r(I) is the rank of I, and the summation ranges over all self-conjugate partitions (i.e. partitions I such that I = I where I is the partition conjugate to I).

In this paper, together with [7] and [8], we shall be concerned with estimating the number of solutions of the inequality

for almost all α (in the sense of Lebesgue measure on Iℝ), where , and both m and n are restricted to sets of number-theoretic interest. Our aim is to prove results analogous to the following theorem (an improvement given in [2] of an earlier result of Khintchine [10]) and its quantitative developments (for example, see [11, 12,6]):

Let ψ(n) be a non-increasing positive function of a positive integer variable n. Then the inequality (1·1) has infinitely many, or only finitely many, solutions in integers to, n(n > 0) for almost all real α, according to whether the sum

diverges, or converges, respectively.

All representations and characters studied in this paper are taken over the field of complex numbers, and all groups considered are finite. The reader unfamiliar with projective representations is referred to [8] for basic definitions and terminology.

The global behaviour of multiplicative arithmetic functions has been extensively studied and is now well understood for a large class of multiplicative functions. In particular, Halász [5] completely determined the asymptotic behaviour of the means

for multiplicative functions g satisfying |g| ≤ 1, and gave necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the ‘mean value’

One of the fundamental problems in algebraic number theory is the construction of units in algebraic number fields. Various authors have considered number fields which are parametrized by an integer variable. They have described units in these fields by polynomial expressions in the variable e.g. the fields ℚ(√[N2 + 1]), Nεℤ, with the units εN = N + √[N2 + l]. We begin this article by formulating a general principle for obtaining units in algebraic function fields and candidates for units in parametrized families of algebraic number fields. We show that many of the cases considered previously in the literature by such authors as Bernstein [2], Neubrand [8], and Stender [ll] fall in under this principle. Often the results may be obtained much more easily than before. We then examine the connection between parametrized cubic fields and elliptic curves. In §4 we consider parametrized quadratic fields, a situation previously studied by Neubrand [8]. We conclude in §5 by examining the effect of parametrizing the torsion structure on an elliptic curve at the same time.

In Theorem 1·2 of [3] the following extension of the classical theorem of Shult is proved.

Theorem. Let G be a p-solvable group and let V be a faithful KG-module, where char. Assume that G contains an element x of order pn acting fixed-pointfreely on V. If p is a Fermat prime suppose further that the Sylow 2-subgroups of G are abelian. If p = 2 assume that the Sylow q-subgroups of G for each Mersenne prime q less than 2n are abelian. Then

Given a Morita context (R, V, W, S), there are functors W⊗() and hom (V, ) from R-mod to; S-mod and a natural transformation λ from the first to the second. This has an epi-mono factorization and the intermediate functor we denote by ()° with natural transformations and . The tensor functor is exact if and only if WR is flat, whilst the hom functor is exact if and only if RV is projective. We begin by determining conditions under which ()° is exact; this is Theorem 1.

The purpose of this paper is to give natural characterizations of the countable graphs that admit tree-decompositions or simplicial tree-decompositions into primes. Tree-decompositions were recently introduced by Robertson and Seymour in their series of papers on graph minors [7]. Simplicial tree-decompositions were first considered by Halin[6], being the most typical kind of ‘simplicial decomposition’ as introduced by Halin[5] in 1964. The problem of determining which infinite graphs admit a simplicial decomposition into primes has stood unresolved since then; a first solution for simplicial tree-decompositions was given in [2].

The determination of the minimal s such that all large natural numbers n admit a representation as

is an interesting problem in the additive theory of numbers and has a considerable literature, For historical comments the reader is referred to the author's paper [2] where the best currently known result is proved. The purpose here is a further improvement.

Our object is to describe all of the-primitive permutation groups of degree less than 1000 together with some of their significant properties. We think that such a list is of interest in illustrating in concrete form the kinds of primitive groups which arise, in suggesting conjectures about primitive groups, and in settling small exceptional cases which often occur in proofs of theorems about permutation groups. The range that we consider is large enough to allow examples of most of the types of primitive group to appear. Earlier lists (of varying completeness and accuracy) of primitive groups of degree d have been published by: C. Jordan (1872) [21] for d ≤ 17, by W. Burnside (1897) [5] for d ≤ 8, by Manning (1929) [34–38] for d ≤ 15, by C. C. Sims (1970) [45] for d ≤ 20, and by B. A. Pogorelev (1980) [42] for d ≤ 50. Unpublished lists have also been prepared by C. C. Sims for d ≤ 50 and by Mizutani[41] for d ≤ 48. Using the classification of finite simple groups which was completed in 1981 we have been able to extend the list much further. Our task has been greatly simplified by the detailed information about many finite simple groups which is available in the Atlas of Finite Groups which we will refer to as the Atlas [8].

In this paper we describe a method for finding integer solutions of simultaneous Pellian equations, that is, integer triples (x, y, z) satisfying equations of the form

where the coefficients a, b, c, d, f are integers and we assume that a, c, and ac are not square.

For any category A and group G there is a category AG of A-objects with G-action. An object of AG is an A-object A together with a group morphism, θA:G → Isom (A, A), of G into the group of invertible A-morphisms A → A. A morphism of AG is an A-morphism f: A → B which commutes with the G-action; that is, for each g∈G, the following diagram commutes.

Let BG be the classifying space of a finite group G. Consider the problem of finding a stable decomposition

into indecomposable wedge summands. Such a decomposition naturally splits E*(BG), where E* is any cohomology theory.

In this study of complete, or integrally closed, ideals in a two-dimensional regular local ring (R, m), Zariski established a one-to-one correspondence between prime divisors of R, i.e. rank 1 discrete valuations v birationally dominating R with residue field of transcendence degree 1 over R/m, and m-primary simple complete ideals Iv in R; cf. [17] and [18]. In this correspondence, the blow-up of such an ideal has unique exceptional prime and the localization at this prime is the valuation ring of a prime divisor of R. In this paper, we will study such ideals in a more general setting, so we begin by recalling some definitions and background results.

Throughout this paper, A will denote a distributive lattice with 0 and 1; we shall write spec A for the prime spectrum of A (i.e. the set of prime ideals of A, with the Stone–Zariski topology), and max A, min A for the subspaces of spec A consisting of maximal and minimal prime ideals respectively. These two subspaces have rather different topological properties: max A is always compact, but not always Hausdorff (indeed, any compact T1-space can occur as max A for some A), and min A is always Hausdorff (in fact zero-dimensional), but not always compact. (For more information on max A and min A, see Simmons[3].)

In the recent article [2], a kind of connected link diagram called adequate was investigated, and it was shown that the Jones polynomial is never trivial for such a diagram. Here, on the other hand, upper bounds are considered for the breadth of the Jones polynomial of an arbitrary connected diagram, thus extending some of the results of [1,4,5]. Also, in Theorem 2 below, a characterization is given of those connected, prime diagrams for which the breadth of the Jones polynomial is one less than the number of crossings; recall from [1,4,5] that the breadth equals the number of crossings if and only if that diagram is reduced alternating. The article is concluded with a simple proof, using the Jones polynomial, of W. Menasco's theorem [3] that a connected, alternating diagram cannot represent a split link. We shall work with the Kauffman bracket polynomial 〈D〉 ∈ Z[A, A−1 of a link diagram D.

In this paper we study the group of pointed proper homotopy classes of proper pointed maps from (ℝn+1, 0) to a pointed σ-compact space (X, x) and prove the existence of a diagram of exact sequences linking the groups with the Brown—Grossman groups , the Steenrod groups πn(X) and the classical Hurewicz homotopy groups πn(X).

In the theory of operator algebras the rings of finite matrices over such algebras play a very important role (see [10]). For commutative operator algebras, the Gelfand-Naimark representation allows one to concentrate on matrices over rings of continuous complex functions on compact Hausdorif spaces.