We report a search for the NH3 (J,K) = (1,1) inversion line in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) using the Parkes 64–m telescope. Candidate positions were chosen with the help of recent H i data from the Australia Telescope Compact Array and published 12CO data from the Swedish–ESO Submillimetre Telescope. No detections of NH3 in emission were found at the positions surveyed. Upper limits are approximately 25 to 74 mK.

Preliminary results are presented arising from the use of the 40 inch telescope at Siding Spring Observatory for visual supernova hunting over a period of about 18 months. The use of the telescope in this way is continuing. These results are compared with the performance of my 41 em backyard telescope over the same 18-month period, and with recently announced results from the Perth Observatory's Automated Supernova Search using their 61 em telescope over a three-year period.

In addition to large numbers of normal galaxies, the multibeam HI Parkes all-sky survey will probably discover intergalactic HI clouds, very low-surface-brightness, gas-rich galaxies, and small HI clouds in nearby groups of galaxies. I will briefly discuss some aspects of why these classes of objects are interesting in the context of dark matter and galaxy formation.

The TAURUS Tunable Filter (TTF) affords a new approach to observational cosmology, allowing a wide field (10 arcmin) to be imaged monochromatically in contiguous wavelength intervals (6–60 Å bandpass) over the R and I bands. In a 200 s exposure with the AAT, the TTF can detect Hα emission powered by star formation rates as low as 0·1 M⊙ yr−1 at z = 0·08 and 1 M⊙ yr−1 at z = 0·24 in 2 arcsec seeing (cf. 0·26 M⊙ yr−1 for the LMC). In this paper we describe an emission-line survey currently under way using the TTF on the AAT to detect redshifted Hα over the ranges z = 0·06–0·1 and z = 0·22–0·26. Such detections will be of timely interest to the Southern HI Sky Survey which is motivated along similar lines.

We have built an imaging polarimeter for use at mid-infrared wavelengths (i.e. N band or 8–13 μm). The detecting element is a 128 × 128 element Si:Ga Focal Plane Array, supplied by Amber Engineering, USA. The polarimeter itself provides diffraction limited images on a 4-m class telescope and has a field of view of about 32 arcsec of sky with 0·25 arcsec pixels. We describe the optical design, control electronics, observing modes and detector sensitivities. Also presented are some observational results to demonstrate the power of this new imaging polarimetric system.

The Unified Model holds that the aspect-dependent effects primarily determine the nature of the active galactic nucleus that we observe. In this paper, I argue that three parameters; aspect, accretion rate into the nuclear regions, and the evolutionary status of the central black hole hold the key to unification. The mystery of why the epoch of quasar formation occurred so early in the evolution of the Universe, why radio-loud QSOs represent only a small fraction of the general population of QSOs, and why ellipticals are invariably the hosts of radio-loud active galaxies could be explained if (a) the most rapid growth of black holes occurred in galactic merger events, and if (b) an excess in the rate of nuclear feeding was able to choke off the radio jets, producing radio quiet QSOs. In this paper, I develop the idea that rate of nuclear feeding plays a dominant role and that feeding at super-Eddington rates into the broad-line region (BLR) during merger events is the means whereby massive black holes are grown. In particular, I develop a toy model for the radio-loud, radio-quiet dichotomy based on the rate of nuclear feeding, suggest an electron scattering model for the ‘big blue bump’ and its relation to the BLR, and emphasise the important diagnostic capabilities offered by analyses of the narrow line regions based on shock excitation models.

In conjunction with the Australian Government's Spectrum Management Agency, experimental tests have been carried out to determine the susceptibility of the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) to interference from terrestrial transmitters. The motivation for the tests was to reconcile the conflicting requirements of the MOST, which is committed to an extensive survey of the southern sky at 843 MHz, with the commercial use of the 825–845 MHz band, which is being prepared for sale. The tests show that the far sidelobe gain of the MOST, relative to an isotropic antenna is generally less than 1, and that an appropriate interference criterion would be that in-band interference irradiance should not exceed −173 dBWm−2. This value is similar to that considered by the International Telecommunications Union to be detrimental to radio astronomy continuum observations at nearby frequencies.

The Perth Automated Supernova Search uses the 61-cm PLAT (Perth Lowell Automated Telescope) at Perth Observatory, Western Australia. Since 1993 January 1, five confirmed supernovae have been found by the search. The analysis of the first three years of data is discussed, and preliminary results presented. We find a Type Ib/c rate of 0·43±0·43 SNu, and a Type IIP rate of 0·86±0·49 SNu, where SNu are ‘supernova units’, expressed in supernovae per 1010 LB⊙ galaxy per century. These values are for a Hubble constant of 75 kms−1 Mpc−1, and scale as (H0/75)2.

Although the approximately flat rotation curves of gas in the outskirts of spirals are generally taken as strong evidence for spherical, isothermal dark matter halos, this conclusion is often incorrect and always model-dependent. A re-examination of the old and (nearly) model-independent inversion technique for determining the surface mass density of galaxies from their kinematics is presented. The method is shown to be relatively insensitive to noise in the kinematics. Due to incomplete kinematical knowledge at large radius, however, the surface mass density is reliable only in the inner half of the galaxy, a result that also applies to traditional rotation curve fitting techniques.

Dust particles in a plasma can be higWy charged, and can carry a proportion of the negative charge of the plasma. Even if this proportion is quite small, as in interstellar dusty clouds, it can have a large effect on hydromagnetic Alfvén waves propagating at frequencies well below the ion–cyclotron frequency. In particular, the right-hand circularly polarised mode experiences a cutoff due to the presence of the dust. We generalise previous work on Alfvén waves in dusty interstellar plasmas by considering the general dispersion relation for waves propagating at an arbitrary angle with respect to the magnetic field. Wave energy propagating at oblique angles to the magnetic field in an increasing density gradient can be very efficiently damped by the Alfvén resonance absorption process in a dusty plasma, and we consider this damping mechanism for waves in interstellar clouds.

The propagation of the highest energy cosmic rays through the 2·7 K microwave background is considered. Photo-pion production interactions cause energy losses for primary cosmic ray protons which result in significant energy degradation over intergalactic distances. The process of energy loss is discussed and an estimate is made of the average distances travelled for observed cosmic rays with a range of energies, assuming a power law source spectrum. At energies over 1020 eV, the average distances travelled are a few tens of megaparsecs, limiting possible sources to the volume dominated by the supergalactic plane.

We report here on extragalactic large-scale structures uncovered by a deep optical survey for galaxies behind the southern Milky Way. Systematic visual inspection of the ESO/SRC survey revealed over 10000 previously unknown galaxies in the region 265° ≲ l ≲ 340°, ∣b∣ ≲ 10°. With subsequently obtained redshifts of more than 10% of these galaxies, new structures across the Milky Way are unveiled, such as a filament at ∼2500 km s−1 connecting to the Hydra and Antlia clusters, a shallow extended superduster in Vela (∼6000 km s−1), and a nearby (4882 km s−1), very massive (M ∼ 2 – 5 × 1015M☉), rich Coma-like cluster which seems to constitute the previously unidentified centre of the Great Attractor.

The innermost part of the Milky Way, where the foreground obscuration in the blue is AB ≳ 5m, i.e. where HI-column densities Nhi ≳ 6·1021cm−2, remains fully opaque. In this approximately 8° wide strip, the forthcoming blind HI survey with the multibeam system at Parkes will provide the only tool to unveil this part of the extragalactic sky.

In the regions of highest optical obscuration and infrared confusion, only 21-cm emission can be used to find galaxies in the Zone of Avoidance. A feasibility study conducted with the 300-ft telescope successfully uncovered galaxies which seem to be consistent with populations of optically-selected low surface brightness galaxies. A complete survey is currently being conducted in the north with the Dwingeloo telescope. The big breakthrough should come in the south, however, with the advent of the Parkes telescope multibeam system.

The formation mechanism of boxy/peanut-shaped bulges in spiral galaxies has been a problem for many years. We briefly review here the possible formation scenarios for boxy/peanut bulges, concentrating on both the bar-buckling and accretion hypotheses, and then describe an observational program aimed at testing those various theories and studying the vertical structure of edge-on bars. Our program includes optical long-slit spectroscopy, Hi line-imaging, near-infrared imaging, and multi-band optical imaging. New spectroscopic results (both optical and Hi) are presented on seven galaxies, including five boxy/peanut-bulge spirals. Based on Kuijken & Merrifield's (1995) idea for detecting edge-on bars, we argue that these observations constitute a strong case in favour of the bar-buckling mechanism for the formation of boxy/peanut-shaped bulges, but they also raise many questions and prompt for more detailed modelling to be made. The implications of the observations concerning the determination of rotation curves and of the physical conditions in bulges are also discussed.

The effect of synchrotron losses on diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) at many shocks is treated numerically. Synchrotron losses determine a maximum energy to which electrons can be accelerated through DSA, and this is referred to as the synchrotron cutoff, pc. The distribution of accelerated electrons after many shocks is found (a) for a distribution injected at the initial shock, to tend to a plateau [f(p) independent of p ≲ 0·1pc], and (b) for the cumulative distribution from injection at each shock to tend to f(p) ∝ p–b with b ≈ 3 well below the synchrotron cutoff with a peak in the slope (bmin ≈ 2) at p ≲ 0·1pc. It is suggested that the latter result might account for the flat synchrotron spectra observed in some Galactic Centre sources.

The Monash University Physics Department is constructing a spectrograph, to be attached to a 0·46-m Cassegrainian telescope. To help future users of the spectrograph determine the operational capabilities of the spectrograph a PC-based software package was created. This program allows the user to simulate the response of the spectrograph to various stellar types under differing observational constraints. We have estimated the precision of measurements of stellar radial velocities with the spectrograph. The estimates are reasonable but are yet to be compared with real data.

The J = 1–0 rotational transition of carbon monoxide has been used to trace the molecular gas at five different positions in the Circinus galaxy using the Australia Telescope National Facility's 22 m radio telescope at Mopra. The intensity profile of the central CO emission has a full width at half maximum of 550 pc. The 12CO (1–0) spectrum at the centre of the galaxy has an integrated temperature of 145 K km S−1, with components peaking at 0·62 K and ranging in velocity from 200–600 km S−1. The total mass of molecular gas in the Circinus galaxy, assuming that the CO intensity profile of the galaxy is similar to the radio continuum, is at least 7·5±4·1 × 108 M⊙. This estimate, combined with previously published far infrared data, yields a value for the star-forming efficiency, SFE = 16±9 L⊙ M⊙‒1.

I discuss the implications of the Parkes Multibeam Southern Sky HI Survey for cosmology. It will determine the local mass function of HI clouds, detecting several hundred per decade of mass. Each of these will come with a redshift and, for the more massive clouds, an estimate of the velocity width. This will provide an ideal database for peculiar motion studies and for measurements of biasing of galaxies relative to the underlying matter distribution.

We describe a newly refined procedure for making optical identifications of radio sources in Abell cluster fields observed with the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST). The method is based on past experience but uses a range of new tools to improve the reliability and production rate of identification lists. The COSMOS/UKST Southern Sky Object Catalogue was used to make preliminary identifications which were then inspected visually with the assistance of computer generated overlays of the MOST images and the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS). The overlaid images were essential for securing identifications for the extended sources prevalent among nearby clusters.

We find 21±1·5% of the radio sources are identified with galaxies and 4·6±0·7% with QSO candidates in a sample of 927 radio sources in 27 cluster fields. We make a preliminary attempt to separate cluster radio galaxies from interlopers on the basis of absolute magnitudes. A strong concentration of radio galaxies was found at projected distances less than 100 kpc from the cluster centres and a weaker concentration for projected distances of 100–500 kpc.

Some extragalactic supernovae, such as SN 1986J in NGC 891 (Rupen et al. 1987), are unusually strong radio sources. Their radio emission typically peaks a few years after the supernova explodes, and appears to arise from the interaction of the supernova shock with a dense stellar wind shed by the progenitor star. Since two radio-loud and possibly optically faint supernovae have recently been found serendipitously in nearby spiral galaxies, it is possible that such objects are common. If so, this would have important consequences for our understanding of both the chemical enrichment history of galaxies and the radio emission from starburst galaxies. Preliminary results from a survey of nearby spiral galaxies with the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) allow us to make a first estimate of the radio supernova rate. A larger study now in progress will provide a much more sensitive measurement.