The first index law, or addition theorem, is well known. The second is much less well known; but both have been found to be of importance in recent studies of hypergeometric integral equations. The first law has usually been considered only in the simple case of orders of integration which have positive real part, or in the context of generalized functions. Arising out of the need to manipulate expressions involving several fractional integrals and derivatives, our aim here is to establish both laws for all combinations of complex orders of integration and differentiation, and for nearly all functions for which the fractional derivatives involved exist as locally integrable functions.

Letp denote the family of functions regular in E{z:|z| < 1} and with positive real part there. We propose to study, in this article, the subclass p2a1 of p whose functions P(z) have pre-assigned second coefficient 2a1. In what follows we may assume, without loss in generality, that a1 is real and non-negative. This assumption will be made throughout. As is well known [2], 0 ≦ a1 ≦ 1. In Theorem 1 we derive a generalization of Zmorovic's theorem 1, [3]. determine the radius of univalence and starlikeness of the class of functions

In this note we study commutative Baer rings, uniting the abstract algebraic approach with the approach of [3] using minimal prime ideals. Some new characterisations of this class of rings are obtained, relations between the minimal prime ideals of a commutative Baer ring B and its algebra EB of idempotents are considered, and some results concerning the direct decomposition of commutative Baer rings are given. We then study Baer ideals, and finally state without proof a new construction of the Baer extension of a commutative semiprime ring.

Let Un denote the variety of abelian groups of exponent dividing n, and let p be an arbitrary prime. In this paper all non-nilpotent, join-ireducible subvarieties of the product variety UpUp2 are determined. The proper subvarieties of this kind in fact form an infinite ascending chain …, and an arbitrary proper subvariety B of UpUp2 is either nilpotent or a join , where L is nilpotent and k is uniquely determined by B.

The notion of weak compactness plays an important role in normed linear space theory. However in many instances norm completeness of the space is an important assumption for obtaining relevant theorems. This note generalises the concept of weak compactness for subsets of normed linear spaces and obtains generalisations of known theorems including that of Eberlein [2]. We use the methods and techniques of “non-standard analysis” in the proofs; several useful non-standard results for normed linear spaces are given.

nHr denotes the number of n × n matrices with non-negative integral entries, with row-sums and column-sums all equal to r. Kenji Mano [3] investigated the number nHr in which n distinct objects each replicated r times can be distributed in equal numbers among n cells. He gives an intricate formula for the case r = 2. Recently, Anand et al. [1], making use of partitions, extended it to 3Hr and stated a plausible formula for nHr.

The set E of idempotents of a semigroup S can be partially ordered by defining e ≦ f if and only if . If E = {ei: i = 0,1, …} and under this ordering e0 > e1 > e2, …, then we call S an ω-semigroup. Munn [7] has given a complete classification of simple regular ω-semigroups in terms of groups and group homomorphisms.

In [7] Lyndon introduced the concept of inner rank for groups. He defined the inner rank of an arbitrary group G to be the upper bound of the ranks of free homomorphic images of G. Both Lyndon and Jaco have shown that the inner rank of the fundamental group of a closed 2-manifold with Euler characteristic 2 − p, p ≧ 0, is [p/2] where [p/2] is the greatest integer ≦ p/2. The proof given by lyndon [8] uses algebraic techniques; whereas, the proof by Jaco [4] is geometrical.

Given a function T mapping a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space Φ into Φ and a point φ0 of Φ, convergence of the elementary filter associated with the sequence of iterates determined by T and φ0 is investigated. Sufficient conditions that the limit φ if it exists, be a fixed point of T are given and in the case Φ is the space of real valued functions of a real variable differentiability of the limit function φ is investigated.

In [3], Ligh proved that every distributively generated Boolean near-ring is a ring, and he gave an example to which the above fact can not be extended. That is, let G be an additive group and let the multiplication on G be defined by xy = y for all x, y in G. Ligh called this Boolean near-ring G a general Boolean near-ring. near-ring. Then in [4], Ligh called Ra β-near-ring if for each x in R, x2 = x and xyz = yxz for all x, y, z in R, and he proved that the structure of a β-near-ring is “very close” to that of a usual Boolean ring. We note that general Boolean near-rings and Boolean semirings as defined in [5] are β-near-rings. The purpose of this paper is to generalize the structure theorem on β-near-rings given by Ligh in [4] to a broader class of near-rings.

Let W be a universal class of (not necessarily associative) rings and let A ⊆ W. Kurosh has given in [6] a construction for LA, the lower radical class determined by A in W. Using this construction, Leavitt and Hoffmann have proved in [4] that if A is a hereditary class (if K ∈ A and I is an ideal of K, then I ∈ A), then LA is also hereditary. In this paper an alternate lower radical construction is given. As applications, a simple proof is given of the theorem of Leavitt and Hoffmann and a result of Yu-Lee Lee for alternative rings is extended to not necessarily associative rings.

The main object of this paper is to give various constructions of the universal semiring of a partial semiring and apply them to find conditions for the embedding of partial semirings into semirings.

Kato [3] has introduced a class of operators called strictly singular operators. These operators have many properties in common with compact operators. In fact the concept of a strictly singular operator is an extension of the concept of a compact operator. Kato has proved that if X and X′ are Banach Spaces, then the singular operators of X into X′ forms a closed subspace of the space of bounded linear operators of X into X′ and if X = X′, then these operators forms a two-sided ideal in the ring of bounded linear operators on X. He has also shown that the Riers-Schauder theorem holds for the spectrum of a strictly singular operator. Gohberg, Feldman and Markus [23] have treated the same class of operators with an equivalent definition.

The results described herein were obtained in connection with the development of some lattice theoretic machinery needed by Randall and Foulis in their treatment of the so-called “logic of empirical science” (See [3] for an introduction to this subject). The final product, however, turned out to be of sufficient interest to warrant its independent presentation.

This paper focuses primarily on two aspects of Stieltjes-Volterra integral equation theory. One is a theory for convolution integrals — that is, integrals of the form — and the other is a fixed point theorem for a mapping which is induced by an integral equation. Throughout the paper I will denote the identity function whose range of definition should be clear from the context and all integrals will be left integrals, written , whose simplest approximating sum is [f(b) – f(a)]·g(a) and whose value is the limit of approximating sums with respect to successive refinements of the interval. Also, N will denote the set of elements of a complete normed ring with unity 1 and S will denote a set linearly ordered by ≦.

This paper presents some properties of continuous complex-valued mean periodic functions of a single real variable. The theory of these functions is due mainly to Schwartz [7] and they have also been considered by Kahane [4, 5]. Most of the properties outlined here are also shared by the continuous meanperiodic functions on a half line introduced by Koosis [6].

In a previous paper [1] an approximate analytical solution, useful for large times, was obtained for the transient heat flow from a thin circular disk held at constant temperature and immersed in an infinite medium. In the present work a first approximation has been found for the complementary “small-time” solution and the details of this solution examined. Some numerical calculations are included.

If L is a distributive lattice with 0 then it is shown that each prime ideal contains a unique minimal prime ideal if and only if, for any x and y in L, x ∧ y = 0 implies (x]*) ∨ (y]* L). A distributive lattice with 0 is called normal if it satisfies the conditions of this result. This terminology is appropriate for the following reasons. Firstly the lattice of closed subsets of a T1-space is normal if and only if the space is normal. Secondly lattices satisfying the above annihilator condition are sometimes called normal by those mathematicians interested in (Wallman-) compactications, for example see [2].

Let B be a Banach space and let ℒ(B) denote the space of all bounded inear operators from B to B, which is a Banach algebra under composition of operators as multiplication. By a semigroup of operators G on B, we mean a norm bounded subser G of ℒ (B) which is a subsemigroup in the multiplicative structure of ℒ(B). The purpose of this paper is to study the existence of nonzero continuous linear functionals on B invariant under G, that is given B and G, does there exist μ∈B*, with μ ≠ 0, such that μ(Sx) = μ(x) for all x∈B and S∈G. This question is an attempt to generalize the familiar concepts of invariant means and amenability of semigroups. If H is any semigroup and m(H) is the Banach space of all bounded real valued functions on H with supremum norm, then a mean is a positive normalized continuous linear functional on m(H). A mean is called (left) [right] invariant if it is invariant under (left) [right] translations and H is called (left)[right] amenable if there exists such a mean; e.g., F is a left invariant mean if F∈m(H)* is such that (i) ‖F‖ = 1, (ii) F(x)≧0 if x(g)≧0 for all g∈H, (iii) F(xg) = F(x) for all x∈m(H) and g∈G where xg(h) = x(gh) for all h∈H. Amenability of semigroups has been studied extensively in recent years, for example see Day [2] or Hewitt and Ross [6] for an introduction, and Day [3] for a comprehensive survey.

The concept of integrals of fractional order of a function f, defined by if Reα > 0, can be extended to generalised functions in the framework of the theory of convolution of distributions. The resulting theory [2, Chap. I §5.5] is very satisfactory for many purposes but there are circumstances in which it is not suitable. Such circumstances arise in particular if it is necessary to multiply, before or after integratrion, by non-integral powers of the variable. Pointwise multiplication by fractional powers of the independent variable does not make sense in the theory of distributions.