1. The digestion of zinc present in human milk, cow's milk and a commercial babyfood was compared, using the piglet as a model for the human infant.

2. In piglets given human milk the pH of stomach contents was approximately 1 and 0.4 units lower than that of animals given respectively cow's milk and babyfood. The pH values of intestinal contents were approximately neutral and did not vary with the type of feed.

3. Hard casein curds were present throughout the stomachs and small intestines of animals fed on cow's milk or babyfood and between 55 and 70% Zn in these digesta samples were recovered in an insoluble form by centrifugation. In contrast, little solid material was observed in the digesta of animals fed on human milk, and 57 and 93% respectively of the Zn in digesta were recovered in a soluble form in the stomach and small intestine.

4. Soluble fractions prepared by centrifugation of digesta were analysed by filtration on Sephadex G-150. After any of the three feeds, soluble Zn in stomach contents was mainly in a low-molecular-weight form. In intestinal samples, however, Zn was present in low- and high-molecular-weight forms. Whilst there were similar amounts of Zn in the low-molecular-weight form in all samples, approximately three times as much of the total intestinal Zn was in a soluble high-molecular-weight form complexed to proteins in the animals fed on human milk compared with those fed on cow's milk or babyfood.

5. Analysis of protein-bound soluble Zn in intestinal samples on SDS-polyacrylamide gels resulted in a similar pattern of proteins for all feeds. Results indicated that at least some of these proteins were derived from intestinal secretions of the piglet.

6. Some implications of these results in respect of the mode of digestion of Zn and its biological availability to the human infant are discussed.

1. The time-course of metabolic adaptation by rats to diets containing either wheat bran or gum arabic was studied during a 12-week period.

2. Stool weight was increased with wheat bran but not with gum arabic, and had stabilized after 4 weeks.

3. Bacterial mass as measured by diaminopimelic acid content had stabilized by week 4. Bacterial mass increased on feeding gum arabic but was unchanged with wheat bran.

4. There was increased caecal short-chain fatty acid, hydrogen and methane production with gum arabic but not with wheat bran. The change in caecal metabolic activity was slow to stabilize (8–12 weeks at least).

5. The faecal excretion of bile acids increased twofold with the wheat-bran-supplemented diet compared with the gum-arabic-supplemented and unsupplemented diets. Relatively greater amounts of muricholic acids were present in the caeca and faeces of gum-arabic-fed rats compared with the other groups.

1. The present study was conducted to determine the biological availability to rats of the selenium in four high-Se seafoods: crab (CuZlinectes supidus), oyster (Crassostrea virginica), shrimp (Penueus duorarum) and Baltic herring (Clupea harengus).

2. Weanling male rats were fed on a Se-deficient Torula yeast diet for 4 weeks followed by either continued depletion or repletion for 4 weeks with 0.05, 0.1 or 0.2 μg Se as selenite/g, or 0.1 or 0.2 μg Se as freeze-dried cooked test food/g. Plasma and liver Se levels or glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; GSH-Px) activities were used as indicators of body Se status.

3. Except for oysters, the biological availability of Se in all these seafoods was close to that of selenite (selenite 100%) when the criterion used was either plasma Se level or plasma GSH-Px activity.

4. By the criterion of increased liver Se level of restored hepatic GSH-Px activity, only herringSe had a biological availability comparable to that of selenite-Se under all conditions tested, whereas crab-Se and oyster-Se were distinctly inferior in this regard.

5. Increasing the amount of crab-Se, oyster-Se or shrimp-Se supplied in the diet from 0.1 to 0.2 μg/g changed the apparent availability (%) of Se for hepatic GSH-Px restoration from 38 to 78, 22 to 53 and 57 to 90 respectively.

6. The present study demonstrates that the availability of Se in certain foods is a function of the criterion chosen, the level of Se supplied in the diet, and possibly other unknown interacting dietary factors.

1. A heat-sink calorimeter, suitable for the measurement of energy expenditure in human subjects over periods up to 26 h, is described.

2. The performance of the calorimeter is illustrated by a study of four normal subjects at rest or performing clerical work for a period of 7.5 h. Each condition was measured in duplicate in each subject. On the resting days the subjects were recumbent, and on the working days they were seated throughout the measurement period. Heart rate was monitored by infra-red telemetry and physical activity by an ultrasound movement detector. Urinary cortisol excretion was also measured as an indicator of stress.

3. In each subject the mean heat loss on working days was higher than that on resting days: the increase ranged from 5.1 % to 16.7, with a mean value of 10.0% (P = 0.015). There was no significant difference between resting and working days in heart rate, physical activity or urinary cortisol excretion.

4. The present study confirms that tiring clerical work has very little effect on 24 h energy expenditure.

1. Selenium status and blood levels of other nutrients related to lipid peroxidation were studied in patients with advanced alcoholic liver cirrhosis, in male alcoholics who had been abstinent for at least 1 month and in healthy control subjects.

2. Plasma Se was decreased in alcoholic cirrhosis but not among alcoholics in abstinence. Platelet glutathione peroxidase (EC 1. 11. 1.9; GSH-Px) activity was decreased in cirrhotic patients, whereas GSH-Px in blood and plasma was the same as in controls for both groups of patients.

3. Plasma retinol and plasma α-tocopherol were decreased in alcoholic cirrhosis, whereas plasma ascorbic acid was the same in all groups.

4. The decreases in platelet GSH-Px, plasma Se and α-tocopherol indicate a deranged antioxidant defence in patients with advanced alcoholic cirrhosis, but the levels of these and other nutrients were generally not correlated to common clinical chemical indicators of liver disease.

1. Homogenized and diluted faeces (50 g/l) from one human source were incubated with the complex plant polysaccharide, guar gum, to investigate the degradation of viscous polysaccharides by intestinal bacteria.

2. Incubation of the faecal homogenate with guar gum produced a rapid decrease in viscosity and in pH, accompanied by the release of hydrogen.

3. No changes in viscosity or pH were observed and there was no production of H2 gas when guar gum was incubated with autoclaved faecal homogenate (20 min, 1.03 × 105 Pa).

4. A bacteria-free filtrate of faeces was prepared by centrifuging the faecal homogenate (2400 g for 100 min) followed by filtration through a Seitz filter and then a millipore filter (size 0.45 μm). Incubating this with guar gum produced a slow decrease in viscosity, but no significant change in pH and no generation of H2.

5. Our results show that guar gum can be fermented by human colonic bacteria and suggest the possibility of predigestion by extracellular free enzymes.

1. Plasma fibronectin, a glycoprotein, is an opsonin of the reticuloendothelial system.

2. In ten healthy volunteers starved for 4.5 d, daily measurements showed a rapid reduction in plasma fibronectin, no alteration in either C3 or plasma transferrin and, at the end of the starvation period, an elevated serum albumin.

3. On refeeding, plasma fibronectin rapidly returned to its prestarvation level but plasma transferrin was significantly reduced and did not recover by the end of the study.

4. Changes in plasma fibronectin may be a sensitive index of nutritional status. The reduction of plasma fibronectin in short-term starvation may compromise host defence tolerance of injury and sepsis.

1. An in vitro method which used enzymic digestion of the food matrix to release biologically available vitamin B6 is described.

2. Vitamin B6-fortified liquid model foods were thermally processed. After these foods had been freeze-dried, one part was subjected to enzymic hydrolysis at pH 2.0 with pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1) followed by a hydrolysis at pH 8.0 with pancreatin. The vitamins that were found in the supernatant fraction, after an acidified methanol treatment of the hydrolysate, were estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The other part was given to rats who were kept on a vitamin B6-depleted diet.

3. The biologically available vitamin B6 content of the processed model foods, as determined by rat bioassay, showed good correlation with the vitamin B6 determined by HPLC.

4. It has proved possible to use this in vitro, two-stage enzymic digestion system followed by HPLC determination to determine biologically available vitamin B6 in vitamin B6-fortified processed model foods.

1. The breakdown and faecal bulking capacity of dietary fibre preparations from wheat bran, apple, cabbage, carrot, and guar gum were compared in man and rat.

2. The degradation of the fibre showed good correlation between man and rat (r 0.99, regression coefficient 0.86). Wheat bran was the least well-digested, 66 and 59% of the neutral sugars being excreted in faeces of man and rat respectively. The breakdown of the fibre in apple, cabbage, carrot and guar gum was more complete and 4–29% of the neutral sugars were recovered in faeces.

3. The main dietary fibre constituents in each preparation were degraded to a similar extent in man and rat. The main dietary fibre constituents of apple, carrot, cabbage and guar gum were almost completely degraded. Of the xylose in wheat bran 45% (man) and 48% (rat) were recovered in faeces. However, the percentage excretion of glucose and arabinose from bran was higher in man.

4. A faecal glucan other than cellulose was identified in human faeces after guar gum, and has been provisionally identified as starch. No such glucan occurred in rat faeces.

5. A good correlation between the faecal bulking capacity in man and rat was seen (r 0.97, regression coefficient 0.56). Wheat bran had the best bulking capacity, while that of apple, cabbage, carrot and guar gum was less pronounced. Faecal bulking was inversely related to the amount of fibre which was water-soluble in each preparation.

6. It is concluded that this rat experimental model is useful for the prediction of fermentative breakdown and bulking capacity of dietary fibre in man. However, more comparative studies are needed to evaluate animal experiments regarding other physiological effects of dietary fibre.

1. A representative sample of eighty men aged 25–44 years from a Cambridgeshire village, each carried out one 24-h urine collection which was analysed for sodium, potassium, creatinine and urea content. The completeness of the collections was verified using oral doses of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA; the PABA check test).

2. In the seventy-one collections shown to be complete, the average 24 h excretion of Na was 172 mmol and the average 24 h excretion of K was 74 mmol.

3. Fifty-one of these men's wives also made complete 24 h collections. The average content of these was 128 mmol Na and 61 mmol K.

4. Self reports and creatinine index would have identified as incomplete only 29 and 14% respectively of collections so judged by PABA.

5. Average excretion of 150 mmol Na/d was similar to estimated intakes of 140–167 mmol/d from the National Food Survey (Bull & Buss, 1980).

1. Rats were fed on a control semi-synthetic diet containing insoluble cellulose (Solkafloc; 100 g/kg; control group) as the only source of dietary fibre, or on one of two test diets containing the same quantity of either guar gum or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Animals in the test groups showed similar growth rates and food intakes, which were significantly lower than those of the control group. The CMC group produced frequent poorly formed faeces throughout the 21 d feeding period.

2. The small intestines of animals in both test groups were significantly longer than those of the control group at the end of the study. The caeca were also enlarged and heavier, particularly in the CMC-fed group.

3. The rate of production of mucosal cells was increased in the small and large intestines of both test groups. The CMC-fed group exhibited a particularly high rate in the distal ileum, where the rate of cell divisions per crypt was over three times greater than at the same site in the control group. The increased proliferation was associated with a significant lengthening of the crypts and an approximately 25% increase in the basal width of the villi.

4. Mucosal alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and lactase (EC 3.2.1.23) levels were lower than those of the control group at proximal and distal sites in the small intestines of both CMC- and guar-gum-fed groups. Altered spatial distributions of maltase (EC 3.2.1.20) and sucrase (EC 3.2.1.48) activities were also observed in these animals.

5. The consumption of at least some gel-forming polysaccharides evidently leads to significant physiological adaptation in the intestinal mucosa of rats, associated with alterations in mucosal cell proliferation. The mechanism underlying this response appears not to be entirely dependent on the physical properties of the chyme.

1. The effect of extrusion cooking of a high-fibre cereal product on digestibility of starch, fibre components and phytate in the stomach and small intestine was studied by in vivo digestion in ileostomy subjects, as well as its effect on ileostomy losses of fat, nitrogen, sodium and potassium.

2. Seven ileostomy subjects were studied during two periods (each of 4 d) while on a constant low-fibre diet supplemented with 54 g/d of a bran-gluten-starch mixture (period A) or the corresponding extruded product (period B).

3. Extrusion cooking, using mild conditions, did not change the content of starch, dietary fibre components or phytate of the bran product, but the phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) activity was lost. During the period using the extruded bran product, there was a significant increase in recovery of phytate-phosphorus (period A, 44% of intake; period B, 73% of intake). The amount of fibre components, fat, fatty acids, N, Na, K, water and the ash weight of the ileostomy contents did not differ between the two periods. Only 0.6 and 0.7% respectively of ingested starch was recovered in ileostomy contents in periods A and B, while the fibre components were almost completely recovered.

4. Extrusion cooking, using even mild conditions, may lead to a considerable impairment in the digestion of phytate, probably due to a qualitative change in phytate and a loss of phytase activity. Starch, before and after extrusion cooking, is almost completely digested in the stomach and small intestine while fibre components are digested to a very small extent.

1. Formation of retinyl esters catalyzed by acyl-CoA: retinol acyltransferase (ARAT; retinol fatty- acyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.76) from intestinal mucosa has been studied in vitro in the presence of all-trans-retinoic acid.

2. The incubation system contained microsomal preparations from the tissue tested, radioactive retinol and palmitoyl-CoA. The product formed was separated from the substrates by chromatography on alumina columns.

3. All-trans-retinoic acid inhibited ARAT both from rat and human intestinal mucosa.

4. Inhibition occurred instantly. At a concentration of retinol of 80, μM, a 50% inhibition was obtained with 50 μM- retinoic acid.

5. The inhibition of ARAT by retinoic acid may be of importance for normal retinol absorption in patients receiving retinoid therapy.

1. In six volunteers, the effect of intragastric administration of different water-soluble chemical isolates of dietary fibre on gastric secretion, acidity and emptying was studied.

2. At 30 min after administration of the test meals, the stomach contents were completely aspirated and the volume, pH, phenol red concentration, total titratable acidity and different electrolytes were measured.

3. Compared with the control meal, the pH and unionized (combined) hydrogen concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) following most of the fibre-containing meals, while the total titratable acid concentration was not significantly different. None of the fibre-containing meals appreciably altered the volume or type of gastric secretion but had a low-grade variable effect on gastric emptying.

4. It is concluded that most dietary fibre isolates, although having a definite and notable buffering effect on the acid in the stomach, have a minimal effect on gastric secretion and a variable and small effect on gastric emptying.

1. The effect of extrusion cooking, using mild conditions, of a high-fibre cereal product on apparent small bowel absorption of zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was studied.

2. Seven ileostomy subjects were studied during two periods (each of 4d), on a constant low-fibre diet supplemented with either 54 g/d of a bran-gluten-starch mixture or the corresponding extruded product.

3. The apparent absorption of Zn, Mg and P was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) during the period with extruded product compared with the period with bran-gluten-starch. No difference was found for Fe and Ca.

4. The negative effect of extrusion cooking of a product containing phytic acid on availability of Zn, Mg and P was small but could be of nutritional relevance in foodstuffs that are consumed frequently and in infant formulas.

1. The interrelations between nutritional and ccllular immune function measurements were studied in seventy patients suffering from various degrees of malnutrition. They included patients with liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, neoplastic disease, neurological patients, post-operative surgical patients and patients with respiratory problems.

2. Nutritional measurements included: anthropometry, serum proteins, various vitamins and trace elements, and a prognostic nutritional index (PNI) was calculated.

3. Immunological measurements included: (1) natural killer (NK) cell activity, (2) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), (3) lymphocyte proliferation in response to the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in both AB and autologous serum.

4. There was no association between anthropometric measurements and tests of immune function.

5. The lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogenic stimulation in the malnourished patients was depressed in autologous serum compared with the response of the same lymphocytes in pooled AB serum. The lymphocyte proliferation in response to Con A correlated with transferrin in autologous serum (r 0.46, n 49, P < 0.0 I ) and to a lesser extent in AB serum (r 0.33, n 51, P < 0.05). There was a difference in the Con A-stimulated tritiated-thymidine uptake between patients with low and normal serum zinc levels (P < 0.05) for cultures performed in autologous serum, but not AB serum.

6. There was a significant correlation between NK cell activity and vitamin C (r 0.43, n 60, P < 0.01). There was no relation between nutritional measurements and ADCC or the lymphocyte response to stimulation with PHA or PWM.

7. The results suggest that the severity of overall malnutrition does not influence several different aspects of the cellular immune response. However, the results do suggest that certain individual nutrients, particularly vitamin C and Zn, do influence the immunoreactivity of different lymphocyte subpopulations.

1. Gum arabic is a water-soluble polysaccharide resistant to human gut enzymes and thus can be described as dietary fibre.

2. Using a most-probable-number technique, estimates were made of total anaerobes and of gum-arabic fermenters in the faeces of a volunteer during a contro1 period and during addition of 10 g gum arabic/d to the diet. Using an enrichment technique, the principal bacteria able to utilize gum arabic as the only carbohydrate source were isolated and characterized.

3. Faecal samples were analysed for undegraded gum arabic and, following acid-hydrolysis, for total sugars.

4. The proportion of the faecal flora able to degrade the gum arabic polymer rose from an initial level of 6.5% to more than 50% during gum-arabic ingestion, and subsequently returned to the control level after ingestion ceased. The principal gum-arabic fermenters were species of Bucteroides and Bifdobucterium.

5. Undegraded gum arabic was not detected in any faecal sample nor were there significant differences in the level of total sugars in acid-hydrolysed faeces between gum arabic and control periods.

6. The results presented indicate a direct and rapid change in faecal flora in response to a specific change in the diet of a human volunteer.