Cyclopia is a papilionaceous genus endemic to the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. The 23 species recognized within the genus have rather subtle differences, but characters of the leaves, bracts and calyces, as well as the adaptations to survive recurrent fires, are useful to distinguish between the species. Variations in morphological, cytological and chemical characters are discussed. A phylogenetic analysis of 21 characters by means of cladistic methodology produced a cladogram with five distinct groups. These are described as sections in the taxonomic part of the paper. One new species, Cyclopia alopecuroides A.L. Schutte, is described. The nomenclature, synonymy and typification of the taxa are presented, as well as full descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps.

A new Fritillaria species, F. atrolineata, is described from Iran. The new species, an endemic to Western Azarbaijan, belongs to the F. caucasica group, sect. Olostyleae, subgenus Fritillaria. SEM studies of nectaries, stamen, pollen and styles are presented. Differences from other Iranian species in the Caucasica group are discussed. The chromosome number is 2n = 24.

The results of a detailed SEM study of nutlet morphology in 156 species of tribe Nepeteae (Labiatae) are presented. Two main types, smooth and sculptured, are described; within them such subgroups as reticulate, cellular, verrucose and tuberculate are defined. The taxonomic significance of these characters is discussed. Pericarp structure was investigated in 34 species. Mucilaginous tubercles were found on the surface of the nutlets in Nepeta, Drepanocaryum and Lophanthus, and their structure is described. In the 10 genera of this widespread tribe, three informal generic groups are recognized, based on a combination of nutlet morphology, pericarp structure and vegetative and floral features.

Chromosome counts are reported for the first time in Dicerandra Benth. (Labiatae), a genus endemic to the south-eastern United States. Representative taxa are tetraploid (n = 16) and hexaploid (n = 24). Diploids were not found. The systematic, phytogeographic and conservation implications of polyploidy in this genus are discussed. The monophyletic nature of the genus is upheld by the discovery that both sections have a presumed base number of x = 8. Hexaploidy has apparently evolved independently in all branches of sect. Dicerandra, but not in sect. Lecontea.

Nine species of tubulate and two species of lamellate boletes are recognized in the mycota of Paraná State, Brazil, of which five are considered introduced.

Gloeocantharellus corneri and a further genus of boletes are noted, the latter based on immature material. These records are new to South America, Brazil or Paraná State. Three new combinations are made in the genus Boletinellus for species previously placed in Gyrodon: Boletinellus exiguus, B. monticola and B. rompelii.