The postcranial axial skeleton of Cheddar Man (Gough's Cave 1) is represented by seventeen presacral vertebrae, the sacrum, and nineteen ribs, all of which are relatively well-preserved. Cheddar Man derives from early Holocene deposits in Gough's Cave, and the remains of his axial postcranial skeleton are described here. Comparative evaluation of the Gough's Cave 1 remains reveals an axial skeleton that falls within the range of variation in size and shape of males of the same time period, albeit towards the small end of that range (reflecting relatively short stature in Cheddar Man).

The lower limb remains of Gough's Cave 1 retain most of the pelvis, both femora, one complete tibia and portions of the other, sections of both fibulae, two tarsals and three metatarsals. They are those of a largely average European Mesolithic young adult male. Overall diaphyseal robusticity is generally similar to that of other Mesolithic specimens, even though the fibula and third metatarsal appear gracile. Musculo-ligamentous attachment areas are generally weakly marked. The proximal femora and the femoral diaphyses exhibit a clear asymmetry, especially in their neck-shaft angles and diaphyseal dimensions, which is is accompanied in the pelvis by a greater degree of left iliac lateral flare. These aspects are associated with a pelvis that combines several distinctly male characteristics with an overall pelvic aperture shape which is female.

Introduction 82

Leslie Bairstow 82

Biography 82

Bairstow's unpublished work 84

Geological maps 84

Geological structure of Robin Hood's Bay 93

Stratigraphical succession 93

Bed numbers 95

Detailed succession in Robin Hood's Bay 96

Lithostratigraphy 111

Staithes Sandstone Formation 111

Redcar Mudstone Formation 111

Exposures in Robin Hood's Bay now 114

Correlation with previous descriptions 114

Bairstow's ammonite collection 115

Systematic description of the ammonites and nautiloids 118

Family Juraphyllitidae 118

Family Lytoceratidae 118

Family Psiloceratidae 119

Family Schlotheimidae 119

Family Arietitidae 119

Subfamily Arietitinae 119

Subfamily Agassiceratinae 123

Subfamily Asteroceratinae 123

Family Echioceratidae 125

Family Oxynoticeratidae 129

Family Cymbitidae 132

Family Eoderoceratidae 132

Family Coeloceratidae 136

Family Phricodoceratidae 137

Family Polymorphitidae 137

Family Liparoceratidae 141

Family Nautilidae 144

Biostratigraphy 144

Acknowledgements 150

References 150

Rocks of Lower Liassic (Sinemurian and Lower Pliensbachian) age exposed in Robin Hood's Bay, near Whitby, north Yorkshire, are described from the mapping, stratigraphical descriptions and ammonite collections made by Mr Leslie Bairstow in the years 1927–1970, and preserved in the Palaeontology Department, The Natural History Museum, London. His large-scale map of the geology of the foreshore is published on five sheets at a scale of approximately 1:5000. The stratigraphical sequence from bed 418 at the base up to bed 600.5 at the top of the Lower Pliensbachian is 163.74 m thick, and consists of the Redcar Mudstone Formation, for which four members are formally defined – the Calcareous Shale (at the base), Siliceous Shale, Pyritous Shale and Ironstone Shale Members – overlain by the lower part of the Staithes Sandstone Formation. The lowest beds exposed by the lowest spring tides are Sauzeanum Subzone, Semicostatum Zone, in age; ammonites occur in all subzones, and the only uncertain boundary is that between the Masseanum and Valdani Subzones (Ibex Zone), where there are few characteristic ammonites. Bairstow's ammonite collection consists of more than 2360 specimens, all from recorded horizons, and is notably rich in Promicroceras, Asteroceras, Eparietites and Oxynoticeras from the Obtusum and Oxynotum Zones, Echioceratids, Eoderoceras and Apoderoceras from the Oxynotum, Raricostatum and Jamesoni Zones, and Liparoceratids from the Davoei Zone, making it a primary source for Sinemurian and Lower Pliensbachian ammonite biostratigraphy. The recently proposed selection of Wine Haven at the south-eastern end of the bay as the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Pliensbachian Stage (ie. the world standard definition), is supported by the sequence of ammonites across the Sinemurian/Pliensbachian boundary. All previously figured ammonites from Robin Hood's Bay are listed in a systematic section that includes the evidence on which the ammonite identifications in the paper are based, and 56 of the best preserved ammonites are figured. Eparietites bairstowi sp. nov. is proposed for an early species of Eparietites and a Sowerby Collection ammonite from the Aplanatum Subzone, Raricostatum Zone, in the bay, is designated neotype of Eoderoceras armatum (J. Sowerby).

This study describes human cranial and mandibular remains from Gough's Cave. Age assessments for individual elements are made on the basis of modern dental development standards, dental wear and comparison with a recent skeletal sample of known-age individuals. Although the number of mature adults may have been underestimated, a minimum of nine individuals are represented – one child, one adolescent and one older adult are later Holocene in age, there is one young adult from the Mesolithic, and one child, two adolescents, one young/mid adult and one older adult are Creswellian in age. Metrical analysis of the most complete crania is undertaken using other European Mesolithic and Late Upper Palaeolithic crania for comparison. The metrical analysis indicates that both Gough's Cave 1 and GC87 (190) are male. The results of the principal components analysis support stratigraphic and dating evidence that the Gough's Cave 1 cranium is derived from a more recent population than GC87 (190).

Synopsis 13

Introduction 13

Outline of geology and fossil localities 14

Faunal Associations 22

Overall palaeoecology 26

Systematic palaeontology 27

Linguloidea 28

Discinoidea 28

Siphonotretoidea 30

Craniopsoidea 30

Strophomenoidea 30

Plectambonitoidea 38

Chilidiopsoidea 53

Triplesioidea 53

Protorthoidea 58

Orthoidea 58

Plectorthoidea 61

Enteletoidea 64

Camarelloidea 64

Rhynchotrematoidea 74

Lissatrypoidea 76

Meristelloidea 76

Acknowledgments 77

References 77

The brachiopod fauna from the Anderken Formation (Lower to Middle Caradoc) of the Chu-Ili Range, south-eastern Kazakhstan, is revised and described systematically. It consists of 62 species in 55 genera, of which the genera Tesikella, Olgambonites and Zhilgyzambonites (all Plectambonitoidea) and Ilistrophina (Camarelloidea) are new, and the species Bellimurina (Bellimurina) sarytumensis, Teratelasmella chugaevae, Foliomena prisca, Acculina kulanketpesica, Dulankarella larga, Kajnaria rugosa, Anoptambonites convexus, Olgambonites insolita, Zhilgyzambonites extenuata, Gacella institata, Placotriplesia spissa, Grammoplecia wrighti, Dolerorthis pristina, Austinella sarybulakensis, Plectorthis? burultasica, Bowanorthis? devexa, Pionodema opima, Parastrophina iliana, Ilistrophina tesikensis, Liostrophia pravula, Plectosyntrophia unicostata, Rhynchotrema akchokense and Nikolaispira guttula are new. Six brachiopod-dominated assemblages are recognised and defined, termed the Ectenoglossa, Tesikella, Mabella–Sowerbyella, Acculina–Dulankarella, Parastrophina–Kellerella and Zhilgyzambonites–Foliomena Associations. The relationships with contemporary faunas are assessed, and the Anderken brachiopods appear to have much in common with those of north-west China.

The dental remains of nine individuals from Gough's Cave (Cheddar, Somerset) date from Late Pleistocene to the Holocene. Descriptions are provided for all individuals for crown and root morphology, odontometric data, dental pathology (caries, abscess, periodontal disease, enamel hypoplasia), calculus deposition, enamel pressure chipping, occlusal attrition, and evidence of intentional/occupational modification. The analytical focus is on seven individuals who date from the Late Upper Paleolithic/Mesolithic (Creswellian) culture periods. Comparative data from nine world populations suggest five trends: 1) Gough's Cave individuals have a morphologically simplified dental pattern similar to other Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene populations of North Europe, South/Southwest Asia and North Africa. 2) Within Europe, Gough's Cave is consistent in post-Pleistocene trend towards reduction in tooth size. 3) There is a temporal trend in the British Isles towards lateral incisor reduction, while maintaining stable molar tooth size. 4) Pathology, wear, and enamel pressure chipping are consistent with a hunter/gatherer lifeway, with one individual who may have occupationally related microtrauma. 5) No evidence occurs of any cleaning striations (‘toothpick groves’) as has been suggested for Neanderthals.

Stature, body mass, and body proportions are evaluated for the Cheddar Man (Gough's Cave 1) skeleton. Like many of his Mesolithic contemporaries, Gough's Cave 1 evinces relatively short estimated stature (ca. 166.2 cm [5′ 5′]) and low body mass (ca. 66 kg [146 lbs]). In body shape, he is similar to recent Europeans for most proportional indices. He differs, however, from most recent Europeans in his high crural index and tibial length/trunk height indices. Thus, while Gough's Cave 1 is characterized by a total morphological pattern considered ‘cold-adapted’, these latter two traits may be interpreted as evidence of a large African role in the origins of anatomically modern Europeans.

The overall impression of the sexually dimorphic characteristics of Gough's Cave 1 is that the remains are those of a male. However, the specimen does present some ‘female’ features in the facial skeleton, the ischiopubic rami and pelvic apertures, combined with relatively small overall size, and an ambiguous greater sciatic notch morphology. Nevertheless, the various features employed for sexual diagnosis of Gough's Cave are predominantly those which indicate or strongly suggest that it is male, but this must be accompanied with the caveat that either this individual falls at the feminine end of the male range of variation or that the patterns of skeletal sexual dimorphism of the population from which it derived were modestly different from those of the mostly European and European-derived reference samples used for this assessment. In contrast to the ambiguities of sex determination for Gough's Cave 1, the various indicators of his age-at-death are highly consistent. All of them agree in placing Gough's Cave 1 between his late second decade and middle third decade. He was unlikely to have been younger than about 18 years, and most likely was not older than about 23 years at death.

Eleven thin sections of Late-glacial and early Holocene sediments from Gough's Cave were investigated by soil micromorphology in order to complement analyses of contemporary faunal and human remains. Despite the paucity of continuous vertical and lateral stratigraphic sequences, which were the result of cave exploitation during the first half of the twentieth century, we were able to elucidate site formation processes relating to both Late-Glacial environmental conditions and the burial environment affecting human remains.

Human induced damage is the main taphonomic modification observed on the fossil bone assemblage of Gough's cave. Fossils from this site are very fragmentary, showing abundant cut-marks, percussion marks and peeling. Some specimens, however, are complete (ribs, vertebrae, carpal-tarsal bones and phalanges), but these elements are characterised by low marrow content where breakage to open the bone is not needed. Human remains recovered from this site show similar butchering patterns to other animals suggesting skinning, dismembering, defleshing and marrow extraction activities. Excavations during the 1986–1987 seasons showed that the human remains appear at the site randomly mixed with animal bones, with no specific distribution or arrangement of human bones. The evidence from this distribution indicates equal treatment of human and animal remains, and the analysis of cut-marks and other modifications suggests that both humans and animals were accumulated as the discarded food remains of the human population. This is interpreted as nutritional cannibalism. One exception to this is seen in the slight differences in skull treatment compared with other sites, suggesting a possible element of ritual cannibalism (cf Fontbrégoua, the French Neolithic site, ca 4000 BC).