Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T05:07:09.572Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

SURVEYS FOR FUNGAL PATHOGENS OF LOCUSTS AND GRASSHOPPERS IN AFRICA AND THE NEAR EAST

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

P.A. Shah ,
C. Kooyman  and
A. Paraïso
P.A. Shah
Affiliation:
International Institute of Biological Control, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7TA, United Kingdom
C. Kooyman
Affiliation:
Projet Surveillance des Pathogenes, Départment de Formation en Protection des Végétaux, Niamey, BP 12625, Republic of Niger
A. Paraïso
Affiliation:
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Plant Health Management Division, Cotonou, BP 08-0932, Republic of Benin
Get access

Abstract

A total of 181 isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, M. flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, and Sorosporella sp. was found in a survey of Orthoptera in West Africa, Madagascar, Oman, and Pakistan between 1990 and 1993. Prior to this survey, there were only 28 isolates of hyphomycete fungi from Orthoptera held in international culture collections. Seventeen of the recently acquired Metarhizium isolates have been determined to be highly virulent during screening tests as part of a research programme for the development of a microbial insecticide against locusts and grasshoppers in Africa. Ninety-five isolates came from Benin which was the country where survey activities were most concentrated, and 63 of these isolates were found in Malanville, northern Benin, between 1991 and 1992 during an epizootic of M. flavoviride. Recordings from Oman and Pakistan represent the first specimens from these countries to be deposited in international culture collections. No deductions can be made on the best method for survey; both incubation of live grasshoppers and field searches for cadavers yielded results. Soil baiting with Orthoptera was used with some success. Limited soil screening using selective agar media was not found to be particularly useful.

Résumé

Cent quatre-vingt-une souches de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, M. flavoviride Gams et Rozsypal, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin et Sorosporella sp. ont été recensées au cours d'un inventaire des orthoptères d'Afrique de l'Ouest, de Madagascar, d'Oman et du Pakistan entre 1990 et 1993. Avant cet inventaire, seulement 28 isolats de champignons hyphomycètes parasites d'orthoptères étaient gardés dans diverses collections internationales de cultures. Dix-sept des isolats de Metarhizium récemment découverts se sont avérés très virulents au cours de tests préliminaires opérés dans le cadre d'un programme de recherche destiné à la création d'insecticides microbiens contre les criquets d'Afrique. Quatre-vingt-quinze isolats proviennent du Bénin, pays le plus recensé, et 63 de ces isolats sont apparus à Malanville, dans le nord du Bénin, entre 1991 et 1992 au cours d'une épidémie de M. flavoviride. Les prélèvements recueillis en Oman et au Pakistan représentent les premiers spécimens de ces pays à être déposés dans des collections internationales de cultures. Il est impossible de déterminer quelle est la meilleure méthode pour recenser les souches; l'incubation de criquets vivants et la recherche de cadavres de criquets en nature ont donné toutes deux de bons résultats. L'introduction d'orthoptères dans le sol aégalement donné des résultats. Le tamisage de sol au moyen de milieux agar sélectifs ne s'est pas avéré particulièrement utile. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Research Article
Information
The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 129 , Supplement S171 , 1997 , pp. 27 - 35
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

Present address: Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology, ETH-Zentrum, CH 8092 Zurich, Switzerland

References

Abraham, Y., Bateman, R., Kooyman, C., Lomer, C., Moore, D., Paraïso, A., Prior, C. and Shah, P.. 1991. The IIBC/IITA/DFPV collaborative research programme on mycopesticides for locust and grasshopper control. In Proceedings of the XXIV Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Aug. 4–9, Flagstaff, Arizona.Google Scholar
Balfour-Browne, F.L. 1960. The green muscardine disease of insects with special reference to an epidemic in a swarm of locusts in Eritrea. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (A) 35: 65–74.Google Scholar
Bateman, R., Carey, M., Batt, D., Prior, C., Abraham, Y., Moore, D., Jenkins, N. and Fenlon, J.. 1996. Screening for virulent isolates of entomopathogenic fungi against the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål). Biocontrol Science and Technology 6: 549–560.Google Scholar
Beilharz, V.C., Parbery, D.G. and Swart, H.J.. 1982. Dodine: A selective agent for certain soil fungi. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 79: 507–511.Google Scholar
Bidochka, M.J. and Khachatourians, G.G.. 1992. Pathogens of grasshoppers and locusts as potential biocontrol agents. Biocontrol Science and Technology 1: 243–259.Google Scholar
Carruthers, R.I., Ramos, M.E., Larkin, T.S., Hostetter, D.L. and Soper, R.S.. 1997. The Entomophaga grylli (Fresenius) Batko species complex: Its biology, ecology and use for biological control of pest grasshoppers. pp. 329–353 in Goettel, M.S. and Johnson, D.L. (Eds.), Microbial Control of Grasshoppers and Locusts. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 171: 400 pp.Google Scholar
Chapman, R.F. and Page, W.W.. 1979. Factors affecting the mortality of the grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus in southern Nigeria. Journal of Animal Ecology 48: 271–288.Google Scholar
Fishpool, L.D.C. and Popov, G.B.. 1984. The grasshopper faunas of the savannas of Mali, Niger, Benin and Togo. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire 43 (3–4): 275–410.Google Scholar
Fuxa, J.R. and Tanada, Y.. 1987. Epizootiology of Insect Diseases. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY. 555 pp.Google Scholar
Goettel, M.S. 1992. Fungal agents for biocontrol. pp. 219–229 in Lomer, C.J., and Prior, C. (Eds.), Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers. CAB International, UK. 394 pp.Google Scholar
Greathead, D.J. 1963. A review of insect enemies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 114: 437–517.Google Scholar
Hernandez-Crespo, P. and Santiago-Alvarez, C.. 1992. Naturally occurring epizootics in Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thnb.) populations caused by the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Vuill.). In Proceedings of the XXV Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Aug. 16–21, Heidelberg, Germany.Google Scholar
Humber, R.A. 1992. Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures: Catalog of Strains. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS-110, Ithaca, NY. 177 pp.Google Scholar
Jago, N.D. 1990. The 1985–1989 grasshopper/locust upsurge in sub-Saharan Africa: The usage of conventional pesticides and equipment. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal (Fuera se Serie) 20: 11–20.Google Scholar
Kooyman, C. and Shah, P.. 1992. Exploration for locust and grasshopper pathogens, pp. 208–213 in Lomer, C.J., and Prior, C. (Eds.), Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers. CAB International, UK. 394 pp.Google Scholar
Mestre, J. 1988. Les Acridiens des formations herbeuses d'Afrique de l'Ouest. CIRAD-PRIFAS, Montpellier. 330 pp.Google Scholar
Nyambo, B.T. 1991. The pest status of Zonocerus elegans (Thunberg) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Kilosa district in Tanzania with some suggestions on control strategies. Insect Science and its Application 12: 231–236.Google Scholar
Paraïso, A., Lomer, C.J., Godonou, I. and Kpindou, D.. 1992. Preliminary studies on the ecology of Zonocerus variegatus in the Republic of Benin, pp. 133–141 in Lomer, C.J., and Prior, C. (Eds.), Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers. CAB International, UK. 394 pp.Google Scholar
Popov, G.B. 1988. Sahelian Grasshoppers. ODNRI Bulletin 5: 87 pp.Google Scholar
Prior, C. 1992. Discovery and characterization of fungal pathogens for locust and grasshopper control, pp. 159–180 in Lomer, C.J., and Prior, C. (Eds.), Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers. CAB International, UK. 394 pp.Google Scholar
Prior, C. and Greathead, D.J.. 1989. Biological control of locusts: The potential for the exploitation of pathogens. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 37: 37–48.Google Scholar
Roditakis, N.E., Kollaros, D.G., Legakis, A.A. and Mantzos, N.. 1992. Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuil. and Aspergillus flavus Link on adults of Anacridium aegyptium L. (Orthoptera: Acrididae). In Proceedings of the XXV Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Aug. 16–21, Heidelberg, Germany.Google Scholar
Roffey, J. 1968. The occurrence of the fungus Entomophthora grylli Fresenius on locusts and grasshoppers in Thailand. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 11: 237–241.Google Scholar
Samson, R.A., Evans, H.C. and Latgé, J.-P.. 1988. Atlas of Entomopathogenic Fungi. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. 186 pp.Google Scholar
Schaefer, E.E. 1936. The White Fungus Disease (Beauveria bassiana) among Red Locusts in South Africa and Some Observations on the Grey Fungus Disease (Empusa grylli). Plant Industry Series 18, Science Bulletin 160: 28 pp. Government Printer, Pretoria.Google Scholar
Shah, P.A. 1993. Observations on a species of Sorosporella (Deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes) infecting Kraussaria angulifera (Krauss) (Orthoptera:Acrididae) in the Republic of Mali. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 62: 318.Google Scholar
Shah, P.A. 1994. Field Studies on the Development of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal as a Microbial Insecticide for Locust and Grasshopper Control. Ph.D. thesis, University of London, London, UK.Google Scholar
Shah, P.A., Godonou, I., Gbongboui, C. and Lomer, C.J.. 1994. Natural levels of fungal infections in grasshoppers in northern Benin. Biocontrol Science and Technology 4: 331–341.Google Scholar
Speare, A.T. (1920). Further studies of Sorosporella urella, a fungus parasite of noctuid larvae. Journal of Agricultural Research 18: 399–447.Google Scholar
Steedman, A. (Ed.). 1990. Locust Handbook, 3rd ed. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, vi 9+240 pp.Google Scholar
Steinhaus, E.A. 1949. Principles of Insect Pathology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Streett, D.A. and McGuire, M.R.. 1990. Pathogenic diseases of grasshoppers, pp. 484–516in Chapman, R.F., and Joern, A. (Eds.), Biology of Grasshoppers. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, G. 1986. The ‘Galleria’ bait method for detection of entomopathogenic fungi in soil. Journal of Applied Entomology 102: 213–215.Google Scholar