Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T21:49:16.276Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

ENGAGEMENT PORTRAITS AND (SOCIO)LINGUISTIC PERFORMANCE

A Transversal and Longitudinal Study of Advanced L2 Learners

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2014

Françoise Mougeon*
Affiliation:
Glendon College, York University
Katherine Rehner*
Affiliation:
University of Toronto Mississauga
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Françoise Mougeon, Glendon College, York University, 2275 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, M4N 3M6, CANADA. E-mail: fmougeon@yorku.ca
Correspondence may also be addressed to Katherine Rehner, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd., Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, CANADA. E-mail: katherine.rehner@utoronto.ca

Abstract

This study considers, both transversally and longitudinally, advanced second language (L2) learners’ profile portraits, how these correlate with their sociolinguistic and linguistic performance, and how changes in these portraits over time connect to changes in sociolinguistic performance. The results show a strong correlation between high degrees of learner engagement, as captured in the profile portraits, and the three measures of sociolinguistic and linguistic performance. The longitudinal data point to an increase over time both of levels of engagement and of use of informal sociolinguistic variants. By measuring the impact of learners’ evolving engagement on their use of sociolinguistic variants as they progress to a more advanced level of proficiency in their L2, the present study shows that an index of engagement can usefully summarize the multiple effects captured by the learner profile portraits and can shed light on rates of use of certain forms.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alvord, S. M., & Christiansen, D. E. (2012). Factors influencing the acquisition of Spanish voiced stop spirantization during an extended stay abroad. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 5, 239276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, N. (2002). Variable deletion of French ne: A cross-stylistic perspective. Language Sciences, 24, 153173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barik, H. C., & Swain, M. (1975). Three-year evaluation of a large-scale early grade French immersion program: The Ottawa study. Language Learning, 25, 130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartning, I. (1997). L’apprenant dit avancé et son acquisition d’une langue étrangère: Tour d’horizon et esquisse d’une caractérisation de la variété avancée [The acquisition of a foreign language by “advanced” learners: Overview and outline of the characteristics of the advanced variety]. Acquisition et Interaction en Langue Étrangère, 9, 950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartning, I. (2009). The advanced learner variety: 10 years later. In Labeau, E. & Myles, F. (Eds.), The advanced learner variety: The case of French (pp. 1140). Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Bartning, I., & Schlyter, S. (2004). Itinéraires acquisitionnels et stades de développement en français L2 [Acquisition paths and developmental stages in L2 French]. Journal of French Language Studies, 14, 281299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayley, R., & Preston, D. (Eds.). (1996). Second language acquisition and linguistic variation: Studies in bilingualism, 10. Philadelphia, PA: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayley, R., & Regan, V. (2004). Introduction: The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 8, 393–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bijvoet, E., & Fraurud, K. (2012). Studying high-level (L1-L2) development and use among young people in multilingual Stockholm: The role of perceptions of ambient sociolinguistic variation. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 34, 291319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blondeau, H. (1999). Parcours d’un marqueur sociolinguistique: Les pronoms non clitiques du pluriel en français parlé de Montréal [The story of a sociolinguistic marker: Non-clitic plural pronouns in Montreal spoken French] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada.Google Scholar
Blondeau, H. (2010). Bilingual language practices and identity construction: A generation of Anglophones in Montreal and its linguistic repertoire. In Regan, V. & Ni Chasaide, C. (Eds.), Language practices and identity construction by multilingual speakers of French L2 (pp. 81105). Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Blondeau, H., & Nagy, N. (1998). Double marquage du sujet dans le français parlé par les jeunes anglo-montréalais [Double-marking of subjects in the spoken French of young Anglo-Montrealers]. In Jensen, J. & Van Herk, G. (Eds.), Actes du congrès annuel de l’association canadienne de linguistique (pp. 5970). Ottawa, Canada: Cahiers Linguistiques d’Ottawa.Google Scholar
Blondeau, H., Nagy, N., Sankoff, G., & Thibault, P. (2002). La couleur locale du français L2 des Anglo-Montréalais [The local color of the L2 French of English-speaking Montrealers]. Acquisition et interaction en langue étrangère, 17, 73100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collentine, J. (2004). The effects of learning contexts on morphosyntactic and lexical development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 227248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collentine, J., & Freed, B. (2004). Learning context and its effects on second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 153171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coveney, A. (2000). Vestiges of nous and the 1st person plural verb in informal spoken French. Language Sciences, 22, 447481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coveney, A. (2010). Vouvoiement and tutoiement: Sociolinguistic reflections. Journal of French Language Studies, 20, 127150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Amico, M. (2010). Willingness to communicate and the acquisition of fluency during study abroad (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
De Angelis, G. (2007). Third or additional language acquisition. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeKeyser, R. (1986). From learning to acquisition? Foreign language development in a US classroom and during a semester abroad (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Stanford University, Stanford, CA.Google Scholar
Dewaele, J.-M. (1992). L’omission du ne dans deux styles oraux d’interlangue française [Ne-deletion in two oral varieties of French interlanguage]. Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7, 317.Google Scholar
Dewaele, J.-M. (2002).Vouvoiement et tutoiement en français natif et non natif: Une approche sociolinguistique et interactionnelle [Vous and tu use in native and non-native French: A sociolinguistic and interactional approach]. La Chouette, 33, 114.Google Scholar
Dewaele, J.-M. (2004). Retention or omission of the ne in advanced French interlanguage: The variable effect of extralinguistic factors. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 8, 433450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewaele, J.-M. (2010). The perception of French by native speakers and advanced L2, L3, and L4 speakers. In Regan, V. & Ni Chasaide, C. (Eds.), Language practices and identity construction by multilingual speakers of French L2 (pp. 121143). Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Dewaele, J.-M., & Regan, V. (2001). The use of colloquial words in advanced French interlanguage. In Foster-Cohen, S. & Nizegorodcew, A. (Eds.), EUROSLA yearbook 1 (pp. 5168). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Dewaele, J.-M., & Regan, V. (2002). Maîtriser la norme sociolinguistique en interlangue française: Le cas de l’omission variable de ne [Mastering the sociolinguistic norm in French interlanguage: The case of the variable omission of ne]. Journal of French Language Studies, 12, 123148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewaele, J.-M., & Wei, L. (2013). Is multilingualism linked to a higher tolerance of ambiguity? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 231240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Díaz-Campos, M. (2004). Context of learning in the acquisition of Spanish second language phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 249273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, H. P., & Casserly, M. C. (1976). Research and evaluation of second language (French) programs. Toronto, Canada: Ontario Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
Edwards, M., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2007). Trilingual conversations: A window into multicompetence. International Journal of Bilingualism, 11, 221242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsberg, F. (2009). Formulaic sequences: A distinctive feature at the advanced/very advanced levels of second language acquisition. In Labeau, E. & Myles, F. (Eds.), The advanced learner variety (pp. 173197). Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Freed, B. F. (1995). What makes us think that students who study abroad become fluent? In Freed, B. F. (Ed.), Second language acquisition in a study abroad context (pp. 123148). Philadelphia, PA: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freed, B., Segalowitz, N., & Dewey, D. P. (2004). Context of learning and second language fluency in French: Comparing classroom, study abroad, and intensive domestic immersion programs. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 275301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, P. (2007). Tu/vous choices: An “act of identity”? In Ayres-Bennett, W. & Jones, M. C. (Eds.), The French language and questions of identity (pp. 106115). Oxford, UK: Maney.Google Scholar
Garold, M., Xuesong, G., & Lamb, T. (Eds.). (2011). Identity, motivation and autonomy in language learning. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Geeslin, K. (2000). A new approach to the second language acquisition of copula choice in Spanish. In Leow, R. & Sanz, C. (Eds.), Spanish applied linguistics at the turn of the millennium: Papers from the 1999 conference on the L1 and L2 acquisition of Spanish and Portuguese (pp. 5066). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Geeslin, K., Fafulas, S., & Kanwit, M. (2013). Acquiring geographically-variable norms of use: The case of the present perfect in Mexico and Spain. In Howe, C., Blackwell, S. E., & Quesada, M. Lubbers (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 15th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 205220). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Geeslin, K., García-Amaya, L. J., Hasler-Barker, M., Henriksen, N. C., & Killam, J. (2010). The SLA of direct object pronouns in a study abroad immersion environment where use is variable. In Borgonovo, C., Español-Echevarría, M., & Prévost, P. (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 12th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 246250). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Geeslin, K., García-Amaya, L. J., Hasler-Barker, M., Henriksen, N. C., & Killam, J. (2012). The L2 acquisition of variable perfective past time reference in Spanish in an overseas immersion setting. In Geeslin, K. & Díaz-Campos, M. (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 14th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 197213). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Geeslin, K., & Gudmestad, A. (2008). Comparing interview and written elicitation tasks in native and non-native use: Do speakers do what we think they do? In de Garavito, J. Bruhn & Valenzuela, E. (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 10th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 6477). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Geeslin, K., & Gudmestad, A. (2010). An exploration of the range and frequency of occurrence of forms in potentially-variable structures in second language Spanish. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 32, 433463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geeslin, K., & Guijarro-Fuentes, P. (2007). Linguistic and social predictors of copula use in Galician Spanish. In Potowski, K. & Cameron, R. (Eds.), Spanish in contact: Policy, social and linguistic inquiries (pp. 253273). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genesee, F. (Ed.). (1999). Program alternatives for linguistically diverse students (Educational Practice Report No. 1). Santa Cruz, CA: Center for Research on Education, Diversity & Excellence.Google Scholar
Hancock, V., & Kirchmeyer, N. (2005). Discourse structuring in advanced L2 French: The relative clause. In Dewaele, J.-M. (Ed.), Focus on French as a foreign language: Multidisciplinary approaches (pp. 1735). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, C. (2000). The spread of English and the growth of multilingualism with English in Europe. In Cenoz, J. & Jessner, U. (Eds.), English in Europe: The acquisition of a third language (pp. 121). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Howard, M., Mougeon, R., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2013). Sociolinguistics and second language acquisition. In Bayley, R., Cameron, R., & Lucas, C. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of sociolinguistics (pp. 340359). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwasaki, N. (2008). L2 Japanese acquisition of the pragmatics of requests during a short-term study abroad. Japanese Language Education in Europe, 12, 5158.Google Scholar
Killam, J. (2011). An interlanguage analysis of differential object marking in L2 Spanish (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington.Google Scholar
Kinginger, C. (2008). Language learning in study abroad: Case studies of Americans in France. Modern Language Journal, 92, 1124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labeau, E. (2005). Beyond the aspect hypothesis: Tense-aspect development in advanced L2 French. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Labeau, E. (2009). An imperfect mastery: The acquisition of the functions of the imparfait by Anglophone learners. In Labeau, E. & Myles, F. (Eds.), The advanced learner variety (pp. 6392). Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labeau, E., & Myles, F. (Eds.). (2009). The advanced learner variety. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lafford, B. A. (2004). The effect of the context of learning on the use of communication strategies by learners of Spanish as a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 201225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lafford, B. A., & Collentine, J. (2006). The effects of study abroad and classroom contexts on the acquisition of Spanish as a second language: From research to application. In Salaberry, R. & Lafford, B. (Eds.), The art of teaching Spanish: Second language acquisition from research to praxis (pp. 103126). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Lambert, W., Genesee, F., Holobow, N., & Chartrand, L. (1993). Bilingual education for majority English-speaking children. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 8, 322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lapkin, S., Hart, D., & Swain, M. (1995). A Canadian interprovincial exchange: Evaluating the linguistic impact of a three-month stay in Quebec. In Freed, B. F. (Ed.), Second language acquisition in a study abroad context (pp. 6794). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemée, I., & Regan, V. (2010). Gender, identity and context in French L2 acquisition: The year abroad. In Regan, V. & Ni Chasaide, C. (Eds.), Language practices and identity construction by multilingual speakers of French L2 (pp. 107120). Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Li, X. (2010). Sociolinguistic variation in the speech of learners of Chinese as a second language. Language Learning, 60, 366408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marriott, H. (1995). The acquisition of politeness patterns by exchange students in Japan. In Freed, B. F. (Ed.). Second language acquisition in a study abroad context (pp. 197224). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mougeon, F. (2008). Corpus of French Canadian 4th year university students [Corpus]. Department of French Studies, York University.Google Scholar
Mougeon, F., & Rehner, K. (2009). From grade school to university: The variable use of on/nous by university FSL students. Canadian Modern Language Review, 66, 269298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mougeon, F., & Rehner, K. (2010). Identity and nativelikeness in bilingual FSL learners. In Collier, P. (Ed.), Modern French identities series (pp. 1423). Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Mougeon, R., & Beniak, E. (1991). Linguistic consequences of language contact and restriction: The case of French in Ontario. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mougeon, R., Nadasdi, T., & Rehner, K. (2010). The sociolinguistic competence of immersion students. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagy, N., Blondeau, H., & Auger, J. (2003). Second language acquisition and “real” French: An investigation of subject doubling in the French of Montreal Anglophones. Language Variation and Change, 15, 73103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagy, N., Moisset, C., & Sankoff, G. (1996). On the acquisition of variable phonology in L2. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 3(1), 111126.Google Scholar
Ni Chasaide, C., & Regan, V. (2010). Irish adolescents, three languages and identity construction: Finding a voice in French. In Regan, V. & Ni Chasaide, C. (Eds.), Language practices and identity construction by multilingual speakers of French L2 (pp. 5179). Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Pavlenko, A. (2008). Bi- and multilingualism as a metaphor for research. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11, 197201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regan, V. (1996). Variation in French interlanguage: A longitudinal study of sociolinguistic competence. In Bayley, R. & Preston, D. R. (Eds.), Second language acquisition and linguistic variation (pp. 177201). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regan, V. (2005). From speech community back to classroom: What variation analysis can tell us about the role of context in the acquisition of French as a foreign language. In Dewaele, J.-M. (Ed.), Focus on French as a foreign language: Multidisciplinary perspectives (pp. 191209). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regan, V., Howard, M., & Lemée, I. (2009). The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in a study abroad context. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehner, K. (2010). The use/non-use of ne in the spoken French of university level learners of French as a second language in the Canadian context. Journal of French Language Studies, 20, 289311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehner, K. (2011). The sociolinguistic competence of former immersion students at the postsecondary level: The case of lexical variation. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 4, 243259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehner, K., Mougeon, R., & Nadasdi, T. (2003). The learning of sociolinguistic variation by advanced FSL learners: The case of nous versus on in immersion French. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25, 127156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salgado-Robles, F. (2011). The acquisition of sociolinguistic variation by learners of Spanish in a study abroad context. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Sankoff, G. (1997). Deux champs sémantiques chez les anglophones et les francophones de Montréal [Two semantic fields in the speech of Anglophone and Francophone Montrealers]. In Auger, J. & Rose, Y. (Eds.), Exploration du lexique (pp. 133146). Quebec City, Canada: CIRAL.Google Scholar
Sankoff, G., Thibault, P., Nagy, N., Blondeau, H., Fonollosa, M.-O., & Gagnon, L. (1997). Variation in the use of discourse markers in a language contact situation. Language Variation and Change, 9, 191217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sax, K. (2003). Acquisition of stylistic variation by American learners of French (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington.Google Scholar
Schmidt, L. (2011). Acquisition of dialectal variation in a second language: L2 perception of Spanish /s/ (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington.Google Scholar
Segalowitz, N., & Freed, B. (2004). Context, contact, and cognition in oral fluency acquisition: Learning Spanish in at home and study abroad contexts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 173199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singleton, D., Regan, V., & Debaene, E. (Eds.). (2013). Linguistic and cultural acquisition in a migrant community. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, H. H. (1978). French immersion in Canada: Achievements and directions. Canadian Modern Language Review, 34, 836854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Thomas, A. (2000, August). Étudiants de FLS, français familier: Influence sur la prononciation [FSL students and colloquial French: Effect on pronunciation]. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Association for French Language Studies, Laval University, Quebec City.Google Scholar
Thomas, A. (2002). La variation phonétique en français langue seconde au niveau universitaire avancé [Phonetic variation in French as a second language at the advanced university level]. Acquisition et Interaction en Langue Étrangère, 17, 101122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Towell, R. (1987). Approaches to the analysis of the oral language development of the advanced learner. In Coleman, J. A. & Towell, R. (Eds.), The advanced language learner (pp. 157182). London, UK: Association for French Language Studies.Google Scholar
Valdman, A. (2003). The acquisition of sociostylistic and sociopragmatic variation by instructed second language learners: The elaboration of pedagogical norms. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED481790)Google Scholar
van Compernolle, R. (2011). Metalinguistic explanations and self-reports as triangulation data for interpreting second language sociolinguistic performance. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 21, 2650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Compernolle, R. A., & Pierozak, I. (2009). Teaching language variation in French through authentic chat discourse. In Abraham, L. B. & Williams, L. (Eds.), Electronic discourse in language learning and language teaching (pp. 111126). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wei, L. (2011). Moment analysis and translanguaging space: Discursive construction of identities by multilingual Chinese youth in Britain. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 12221235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar