Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T11:27:17.769Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Narrative, vocal staging and masculinity in the ‘Outlaw’ country music of Waylon Jennings

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 September 2013

Travis D. Stimeling*
Affiliation:
School of Music, West Virginia University, College of Creative Arts, PO Box 6111, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA E-mail: Travis.Stimeling@mail.wvu.edu

Abstract

Emerging in the early 1970s, the work of Outlaw country artists might be heard as exploring a crisis of masculinity resulting from developments in the women's liberation movement. Building on recent research in recorded sound studies, this essay explores how the vocal staging practices deployed in Outlaw country recordings offer a unique musical exploration of the duality of the outlaw's masculinity. Using case studies drawn from Waylon Jennings' Outlaw-era recordings, this article examines how Jennings, working with co-producers ‘Cowboy’ Jack Clement, Chips Moman and Willie Nelson, among others, deployed vocal staging practices in conjunction with other musical practices to construct narratives that reveal the ‘outlaw’ character's psychological turmoil and reflect the complicated state of working-class American masculinity in the age of women's liberation.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Bane, M. 1978. The Outlaws: Revolution in Country Music (New York, Country Music Magazine/Doubleday/Dolphin)Google Scholar
Barthes, R. 1977. ‘The grain of the voice’, in Image-Music-Text, trans. Heath, Stephen (New York, Hill and Wang), pp. 179–89Google Scholar
Bertrand, M. 2004. ‘I don't think Hank done it that way: Elvis, country music, and the reconstruction of southern masculinity’, in A Boy Named Sue: Gender and Country Music, ed. McCusker, K.M. and Pecknold, D. (Jackson, University Press of Mississippi), pp. 5985Google Scholar
Brackett, D. 2000. Interpreting Popular Music (Berkeley, University of California Press)Google Scholar
Bufwack, M.A., and Oermann, R.K. 2003. Finding Her Voice: Women in Country Music, 1800–2000 (Nashville, Country Music Foundation and Vanderbilt University Press)Google Scholar
Burns, L. 2002. ‘“Close readings” of popular song: intersections among sociocultural, musical, and lyrical meanings’, in Disruptive Divas: Feminism, Identity & Popular Music, ed. Burns, L. and Lafrance, M. (London, Routledge), pp. 3161Google Scholar
Camilleri, L. 2010. ‘Shaping sounds, shaping spaces’, Popular Music, 29/2, pp. 199212CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chanan, M. 1997. Repeated Takes: A Short History of Recording and Its Effects on Music (London, Verso)Google Scholar
Ching, B. 2001. Wrong's What I Do Best: Hard Country Music and Contemporary Culture (New York, Oxford University Press)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, P. 1983. ‘“A magic science”: rock music as a recording art’, Popular Music, 3, pp. 195213CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, S. 1997. ‘Men making a scene: rock music and production of gender’, in Sexing the Groove: Popular Music and Gender, ed. Whiteley, S. (London, Routledge), pp. 1736Google Scholar
Coppage, N. 1976. ‘Crossing over with Waylon Jennings’, Stereo Review, 37, pp. 104106Google Scholar
Davis, R. 2009. ‘Creative ownership and the case of the sonic signature or, “I'm listening to this record and wondering whodunit?”’, Journal on the Art of Record Production, 4, October. http://arpjournal.com/1365/creative-ownership-and-the-case-of-the-sonic-signature-or-%E2%80%98i%E2%80%99m-listening-to-this-record-and-wondering-whodunit%E2%80%99/ (accessed 6 January 2012)Google Scholar
Denisoff, R.S. 1983. Waylon: A Biography (Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press)Google Scholar
Den Tandt, C. 2004. ‘From craft to corporate interfacing: rock musicianship in the age of music television and computer-programmed music’, Popular Music and Society, 27/2, pp. 139–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dockwray, R., and Moore, A.F. 2010. ‘Configuring the sound-box, 1965–1972’, Popular Music, 29/2, pp. 181–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, P. 2005. Echo & Reverb: Fabricating Space in Popular Music Recording, 1900–1960 (Middletown, Wesleyan University Press)Google Scholar
Dunne, M. 1993. ‘Romantic narcissism in “outlaw” cowboy music’, in All That Glitters: Country Music in America, ed. Lewis, G.H. (Bowling Green, Bowling Green University Press), pp. 226–38Google Scholar
Edwards, L.H. 2009. Johnny Cash and the Paradox of American Identity (Bloomington, Indiana University Press)Google Scholar
Ellison, C.W. 1995. Country Music Culture: From Hard Times to Heaven (Jackson, University Press of Mississippi)Google Scholar
Faludi, S. 1991. Backlash: The Undeclared War against Women (New York, Crown)Google Scholar
Flippo, C. 1994. ‘From the Bump-Bump Room to the Barricades: Waylon, Tompall, and the Outlaw revolution’, in Country: The Music and Musicians from the Beginnings to the '90s, ed. Kingsbury, P. and Axelrod, A. (New York, Country Music Foundation Press), pp. 313–27Google Scholar
Fox, A. 2004. Real Country: Music and Language in Working-Class Culture (Durham, Duke University Press)Google Scholar
Fox, P. 2009. Natural Acts: Gender, Race, and Rusticity in Country Music (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frith, S. 1981. Sound Effects: Youth, Leisure, and the Politics of Rock ‘n’ Roll (New York, Pantheon)Google Scholar
Frith, S. 1996. Performing Rites: On the Value of Popular Music (Cambridge, Harvard)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, T., and Dack, J. 2008. ‘A sense of place: a sense of space’, in Recorded Music: Philosophical and Critical Reflections, ed. Doğantan-Dack, M. (London, Middlesex University Press), pp. 172–86Google Scholar
Hawkins, S. 1996. ‘Perspectives in popular musicology: music, Lennox, and meaning in 1990s pop’, Popular Music, 15/1, pp. 1736CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennion, A. 1983/1990. ‘The production of success: an antimusicology of the pop song’, Popular Music, 3, pp. 159193, in On Record: Rock, Pop, and the Written Word, ed. Frith, S. and Goodwin, A. (New York, Pantheon), pp. 185–206Google Scholar
Hickey, D. 1974. ‘In defense of the telecaster cowboy outlaws’, Country Music, January, pp. 9095Google Scholar
Hodgson, J. 2007. ‘Outline for a theory of recording practice with reference to the mix of Pink Floyd's “Speak to Me” (1973)’, Journal on the Art of Record Production (Academic), 1/1. http://www.artofrecordproduction.com/content/view/200/104/ (accessed 15 December 2007)Google Scholar
Holt, D.B., and Thompson, C.J. 2004. ‘Man-of-action heroes: the pursuit of heroic masculinity in everyday consumption’, Journal of Consumer Research, 31/2, pp. 425–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howlett, M. 2009. ‘Producing a credible vocal’, in The Cambridge Companion to Recorded Music, ed. Cook, N., Clarke, E., Leech-Wilkinson, D. and Rink, J. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), pp. 3031CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isenhour, J. 2011. He Stopped Loving Her Today: George Jones, Billy Sherrill, and the Pretty-Much Totally True Story of the Making of the Greatest Country Record of All Time (Jackson, University Press of Mississippi)Google Scholar
Jennings, W., with Kaye, L. 1996. Waylon: An Autobiography (New York, Warner Books)Google Scholar
Jensen, J. 1998. The Nashville Sound: Authenticity, Commercialization, and Country Music (Nashville, Vanderbilt University Press)Google Scholar
Joseph, F. 1984. ‘Waylon Jennings: he shook country to the core’, Guitar Player, pp. 2433.Google Scholar
Kealy, E.R. 1979/1990. ‘From craft to art: the case of sound mixers and popular music’, Work and Occupations, 6/3, pp. 329, in On Record: Rock, Pop, and the Written Word, ed. Frith, S. and Goodwin, A. (New York, Pantheon), pp. 206–20Google Scholar
Kosser, M. 2006. How Nashville Became Music City, U.S.A.: 50 Years of Music Row (Milwaukee, Hal Leonard)Google Scholar
Lacasse, S. 2000. ‘Listen to my voice’: the evocative power of vocal staging in recorded rock music and other forms of vocal expression', PhD dissertation (Liverpool, University of Liverpool)Google Scholar
LaChapelle, P. 2007. Proud to Be an Okie: Cultural Politics, Country Music, and Migration to Southern California (Berkeley, University of California Press)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leppert, R., and Lipsitz, G. 1990. ‘“Everybody's lonesome for somebody”: age, the body and experience in the music of Hank Williams’, Popular Music, 9/3, pp. 259–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, M.S. 2000. ‘Nashville Sound-era studio musicians’, in Country Music Annual 2000, ed. Wolfe, C.K. and Akenson, J.E. (Lexington, University Press of Kentucky), pp. 22–9Google Scholar
Lomax, J. III. 1985. Nashville: Music City USA (New York, Harry N. Abrams)Google Scholar
Mather, O.C. 2008. ‘“Regressive country”: the voice of Gram Parsons’, in Old Roots, New Routes: The Cultural Politics of Alt. Country Music, ed. Fox, P. and Ching, B. (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press), pp. 162–70Google Scholar
McCusker, K.M. 2008. Lonesome Cowgirls and Honky-Tonk Angels: The Women of Barn Dance Radio (Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press)Google Scholar
Mellard, J.D. 2009. ‘Cosmic cowboys, armadillos, and outlaws: the cultural politics of Texan identity in the 1970s’, PhD dissertation (Austin, University of Texas)Google Scholar
Messner, M. 1993. ‘“Changing men” and feminist politics in the United States’, Theory and Society, 22/5, pp. 723–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, A.F. 2012. Song Means: Analysing and Interpreting Recording Popular Song (Farnham, Ashgate)Google Scholar
Moore, A.F., and Dockwray, R. 2008. ‘The establishment of the virtual performance space in rock’, Twentieth-Century Music, 5/2, pp. 219–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, A.F., Schmidt, P., and Dockwray, R. 2009. ‘A hermeneutics of spatialization for recorded song’, Twentieth-Century Music, 6/1, pp. 83114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moylan, W. 2007. Understanding and Crafting the Mix: The Art of Recording, 2nd edn (Boston, Focal Press)Google Scholar
Moylan, W. 2009. ‘Considering space in music’, Journal on the Art of Record Production, 4. http://arpjournal.com/1379/considering-space-in-music/ (accessed 6 January 2012)Google Scholar
Neal, J.R. 2004. ‘Dancing together: the rhythms of gender in the country dance hall’, in A Boy Named Sue: Gender and Country Music, ed. McCusker, K.M. and Pecknold, D. (Jackson, University Press of Mississippi), pp. 132–54Google Scholar
Neal, J.R. 2007. ‘Narrative paradigms, musical signifiers, and form as function in country music’, Music Theory Spectrum, 29/1, pp. 4172CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Negus, K. 1999. Music Genres and Corporate Cultures (London, Routledge)Google Scholar
Nicholls, D. 2007. ‘Narrative theory as an analytic tool in the study of popular music texts’, Music & Letters, 88/2, pp. 297315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega, T. 1998. ‘“My name is Sue! How do you do?”: Johnny Cash as lesbian icon’, in Reading Country Music: Steel Guitars, Opry Stars, and Honky-Tonk Bars, ed. Tichi, C. (Durham, Duke University Press), pp. 222–33Google Scholar
Ownby, T. 1997. ‘Freedom, manhood, and white male tradition in 1970s southern rock music’, in Haunted Bodies: Gender and Southern Texts, ed. Goodwyn Jones, A. and Donaldson, S.V. (Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press), pp. 369–88Google Scholar
Patoski, J.N. 2008. Willie Nelson: An Epic Life (New York, Little, Brown, & Co.)Google Scholar
Pecknold, D. 2004. ‘“I wanna play house”: configurations of masculinity in the Nashville Sound era’, in A Boy Named Sue: Gender and Country Music, ed. McCusker, K.M. and Pecknold, D. (Jackson, University Press of Mississippi), pp. 86106Google Scholar
Peterson, R. 1997. Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity (Chicago, University of Chicago Press)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, R. 1998. ‘The dialectic of hard-core and soft-shell country music’, in Reading Country Music: Steel Guitars, Opry Stars, and Honky-Tonk Bars, ed. Tichi, C. (Durham, Duke University Press), pp. 234–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regev, M. 2002. ‘The “pop-rockization” of popular music’, in Popular Music Studies, ed. Hesmondhalgh, D. and Negus, K. (London, Arnold), pp. 251–64Google Scholar
Rogers, J.N. 1989. The Country Music Message: Revisited (Fayetteville, University of Arkansas Press)Google Scholar
Sanjek, D. 2004. ‘Muddying the clear water: the dubious transparency of country music’, in A Boy Named Sue: Gender and Country Music, ed. McCusker, K.M. and Pecknold, D. (Jackson, University Press of Mississippi), pp. viixvGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. 2008. Vocal Tracks: Performance and Sound Media (Berkeley, University of California Press)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J.L. 1995. The Waylon Jennings Discography (Westport, Greenwood Press)Google Scholar
Stimeling, T.D. 2011. ‘“Phases and stages, circles and cycles”: Willie Nelson and the concept album’, Popular Music, 30/3, pp. 389408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streissguth, M. 2004. ‘Anita Kerr: arranger’, in Voices of the Country: Interviews with Classic Country Performers (London, Routledge), pp. 5765CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tichi, C. 1994. High Lonesome: The American Culture of Country Music (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press)Google Scholar
Tucker, S.R. 1984. ‘Progressive country music, 1972–1976: its impact and creative highlights’, Southern Quarterly, 22/3, pp. 93110Google Scholar
Vander Wel, S. 2008. ‘I am a honky-tonk girl’: country music, gender, and migration', PhD dissertation (Los Angeles, University of California at Los Angeles)Google Scholar
Walser, R. 2003. ‘Popular music analysis: ten apothegms and four instances’, in Analyzing Popular Music, ed. Moore, A.F. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar
Whiteley, S. 2007. ‘Which Freddie? Construction of masculinity in Freddie Mercury and Justin Hawkins’, in Oh Boy! Masculinities and Popular Music, ed. Jarman-Ivens, F. (New York, Routledge), pp. 2138Google Scholar
Williams, A. 2002. ‘“Been drowning me out”: sonic aesthetics, neo-new traditionalists, and the performance of process’, Echo: A Music Centered Journal, 4/2. http://www.echo.ucla.edu/volume4-issue2/folk/williams.html (accessed 12 November 2011)Google Scholar
Williams, A. 2007. ‘Divide and conquer: power, role, formation, and conflict in recording studio architecture,’ Journal on the Art of Record Production, 1, February. http://arpjournal.com/343/divide-and-conquer-power-role-formation-and-conflict-in-recording-studio-architecture/ (accessed 6 January 2012)Google Scholar
Wolk, D. 2004. ‘Compressing pop: how your favorite song got squished’, in This Is Pop: In Search of the Elusive Experience at Experience Music Project, ed. Weisbard, E. (Cambridge, Harvard University Press), pp. 212–22Google Scholar
Zagorski-Thomas, S. 2009. ‘The medium in the message: phonographic staging techniques that utilize the sonic characteristics of reproduction media’, Journal on the Art of Record Production, 4. http://arpjournal.com/621/the-medium-in-the-message-phonographic-staging-techniques-that-utilize-the-sonic-characteristics-of-reproduction-media/ (accessed 6 January 2012)Google Scholar
Zak, A.J. III., 2001. The Poetics of Rock: Cutting Tracks, Making Records (Berkeley, University of California Press)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zak, A.J. III., 2009. ‘Getting sounds: the art of sound engineering’, in The Cambridge Companion to Recorded Music, ed. Cook, N., Clarke, E., Leech-Wilkinson, D. and Rink, J. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), pp. 6376CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Discography

Jennings, Waylon, Ladies Love Outlaws. RCA Victor. 1972.Google Scholar
Jennings, Waylon, Lonesome, On'ry, and Mean. RCA Victor. 1973.Google Scholar
Jennings, Waylon, This Time. RCA Victor. 1974.Google Scholar
Jennings, Waylon, Dreaming My Dreams. RCA Victor. 1975.Google Scholar
Jennings, Waylon, Ol' Waylon. RCA Victor. 1977.Google Scholar
Jennings, Waylon, Nelson, W., Glaser, T., and Colter, J., Wanted! The Outlaws. RCA Victor. 1976.Google Scholar
Nelson, Willie, Phases and Stages. Atlantic. 1974.Google Scholar
Nelson, Willie, Red Headed Stranger. Columbia. 1975.Google Scholar
Rogers, Kenny. Kenny Rogers. United Artists. 1977.Google Scholar