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33. Adopted by 120 to 22, with 6 abstentions. Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and Venezuela are the only non-Western states that voted against the resolution.

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66. UN GAOR, 16th sess., 1084th plen mtg, UN Doc. A/PV.1084 (19 December 1961) at para. 175; UN GAOR, 16th sess., 1085th plen mtg, UN Doc. A/PV.1085 (20 December 1961) at para. 104.

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118. GA Res. 60/1 (16 September 2005) at paras. 111−15. See also Report of the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, UN Doc. A/59/565 (2 December 2004) at 23.

119. See e.g. UN GAOR, 62nd sess., Third Committee, 50th mtg, UN Doc. A/C.3/62/SR.50 (20 November 2007) at 4 (DPRK), 5 (Thailand), 6 (Malaysia), 7 (India, Indonesia), 7−8 (Singapore), 9 (Viet Nam); UN GAOR, 63rd sess., Third Committee, 45th mtg, UN Doc. A/C.3/63/SR.45 (21 November 2008) at 2 (DPRK, Malaysia), 2−3 (Thailand), 4 (India, Indonesia, Viet Nam); UN GAOR, 65th sess., Third Committee, 47th mtg, UN Doc. A/C.3/65/SR.47 (18 November 2010) at 9 (China, Viet Nam), 10 (Malaysia, India, Thailand).

120. The draft resolutions were sponsored mainly by Western states (with the exception of Australia, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea): UN Doc. A/C.3/62/L.41/Rev.1 (2007); UN Doc. A/C.3/63/L.33 (2008); UN Doc. A/C.3/65/L.48/Rev.1 (2010). Although those draft resolutions were adopted, Asian states, with the exception of Japan, Mongolia, Palau, the Republic of Korea, and Timor-Leste, voted against it or abstained.

121. See e.g. UN SCOR, 61st Year, 5526th mtg, UN Doc. S/PV.5526 (15 September 2006) at 3 (Qatar); UN SCOR, 62nd Year, 5619th mtg, UN Doc. S/PV.5619 (12 January 2007) at 3 (South Africa), 5−6 (Qatar), 8 (the Democratic Republic of Congo).

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124. See e.g. UN GAOR, Human Rights Council, 5th spec. sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/S-5/SR.1 (2 October 2007) at 6 (Portugal on behalf of the EU), 9 (France), 11 (Germany).

125. The expression “condemns” was replaced with “strongly deplores” before the Europe-sponsored draft resolution was put to the vote for adoption: UN GAOR, Human Rights Council, 5th spec. sess., UN Doc. A/HRC/S-5/SR.2 (2 October 2007) at 16 (Portugal).

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129. “Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka” (31 March 2011) at para. 427, online: UN <http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf>.

130. Report of the Human Rights Council on Its Eleventh Special Session, UN Doc. A/HRC/S-11/2 (26−27 May 2009) at paras. 2−5.

131. Shigeki SAKAMOTO, “Challenges to a Human Rights Mechanism in the Asia-Pacific Region: The Experience of the Universal Periodic Review of the UN Human Rights Council” in Nasu and Saul, supra note 87, 49 at 61.

132. Statement by Malaysia at the 11th Special Session of the Human Rights Council on the Situation of Human Rights in Sri Lanka, Geneva (26 May 2009) at para. 3, online: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights via <http://portal.ohchr.org>; Statement by the Maldives at the 11th Special Session of the Human Rights Council, Geneva (26 May 2009) at 1, online: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights via <http://portal.ohchr.org>.

133. Statement by the Head of Delegation of Indonesia His Excellency Mr Dian Triansyah Djani at the Special Session on the Human Rights Situation in Sri Lanka (26 May 2009) at 2, online: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights via <http://portal.ohchr.org>.

134. Statement by Ambassador Zamir Akram of Pakistan on behalf of the OIC at the Special Session of the Human Rights Council on the “Human Rights Situation in Sri Lanka”, Geneva (26 May 2009) at 2, online: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights via <http://portal.ohchr.org>.

135. Ibid.

136. Human Rights Council Res S-11/1 Assistance to Sri Lanka in the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (27 May 2009).

137. Statement by His Excellency Mr Sihasak Phuangketkeow, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Thailand at the 11th Special Session of the Human Rights Council on the Human Rights Situation in Sri Lanka (26 May 2009) at 2, online: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights via <http://portal.ohchr.org>.

138. Statement by His Excellency Ambassador Vu Dung, Permanent Representative of Viet Nam at the 11th Special Session of the Human Rights Council on “The Human Rights Situation in Sri Lanka”, Geneva (27 May 2009) at 1, online: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights via <http://portal.ohchr.org>.

139. Mely CABALLERO-ANTHONY, Ralf EMMERS, and Amitav ACHARYA, eds., Non-Traditional Security in Asia: Dilemmas in Securitization (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006)Google Scholar

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141. “China's Position Paper on the New Security Concept” (31 July 2002), online: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China <http://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/gjs/gjzzyhy/2612/2614/t15319.htm>.

142. For the author's analytical framework for the consideration of security in international law, see Hitoshi NASU, “The Expanded Conception of Security and International Law: Challenges to the UN Collective Security System” (2011) 3 Amsterdam Law Forum 15.

143. Originally founded as the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe by the 1975 Helsinki Accords: Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, 1 August 1975, 14 I.L.M. 1292.

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146. Illustrative is the Asian states’ response to the situation in East Timor, as discussed in Part II(B1).

147. Severino, supra note 85 at 90.

148. See above, Parts II(B2) and II(B3).

149. HAACKE, Jürgen, “‘Enhanced Interaction’ with Myanmar and the Project of a Security Community: Is ASEAN Refining or Breaking with Its Diplomatic and Security Culture?” (2005) 27 Contemporary Southeast Asia 188CrossRefGoogle Scholar

150. In December 1999, CSCAP's Working Group on Comprehensive and Cooperative Security held a meeting in Seoul to discuss the evolving concept of non-intervention. The summary of discussions is reproduced in Wu, supra note 5 at 37−9.

151. THAYER, Carlyle A., “Southeast Asia: Challenges to Unity and Regime Legitimacy” (1999) 26 Southeast Asian Affairs 3 at 4Google Scholar

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153. Ibid., at 594−5.

154. Amitav ACHARYA, “Regional Institutions and Security in the Asia-Pacific: Evolution, Adaptation, and Prospects for Transformation” in Amitav ACHARYA and Evelyn GOH, eds., Reassessing Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007)Google Scholar

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156. Press Release: Inaugural Relief Flight for Victims of Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar from Don Mueang Airport Thailand, 24 May 2008, online: ASEAN <http://www.aseansec.org/21566.htm>.

157. See UN SCOR, 63rd Year, 5898th mtg, UN Doc S/PV.5898 (27 May 2008) at 15 (Panama), 18 (France), 21 (Belgium, Croatia). See also Rebecca BARBER, “The Responsibility to Protect the Survivors of Natural Disaster: Cyclone Nargis, a Case Study” (2009) 14 Journal of Conflict & Security Law 3. Subsequently, the East Asian Summit issued a statement on disaster management on 25 October 2009 to enhance the regional preparedness for natural disasters, and on 24 December 2009, ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response came into force. See East Asia Summit, Cha-am Hua Hin Statement on EAS Disaster Management, 25 October 2009, online: Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade <http://www.dfat.gov.au/asean/eas/statement-disaster-management.pdf>; ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response, 26 July 2005 (entered into force 24 December 2009), online: ASEAN: <http://www.aseansec.org/17579.htm>.