Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T10:21:45.472Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Changes in adult children's participation in parent care

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2012

MAXIMILIANE E. SZINOVACZ*
Affiliation:
Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA.
ADAM DAVEY
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
*
Address for correspondence: Maximiliane E. Szinovacz, Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125-3393, USA. E-mail: maxi.szinovacz@umb.edu

Abstract

Care-giving research has focused on primary care-givers and relied on cross-sectional data. This approach neglects the dynamic and systemic character of care-giver networks. Our analyses address changes in care-givers and care networks over a two-year period using pooled data from the US Health and Retirement Study, 1992–2000. Based on a matrix of specific adult-child care-givers across two consecutive time-points, we assess changes in any adult-child care-giver and examine the predictors of change. A change in care-giver occurred in about two-fifths of care-giving networks. Ability to provide care based on geographical proximity, availability of alternative care-givers, and gender play primary roles in the stability of care networks. Results underline the need to shift care-giving research toward a dynamic and systemic perspective.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andrieu, S., Bocquet, H., Joel, A., Gillette-Guyonnet, G., Nourhashemp, F., Salva, A., Grand, A. and The Real.Fr Group 2005. Changes in informal care over one year for elderly persons with Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 9, 2, 121–6.Google Scholar
Arber, S. and Ginn, J. 1991. Gender and Later Life. Sage, London.Google Scholar
Barrett, A. and Lynch, S. 1999. Caregiving networks of elderly persons: variation by marital status. The Gerontologist, 39, 6, 695704.Google Scholar
Bengtson, V. L. and Allen, K. R. 1993. The life course perspective applied to families over time. In Boss, P. G., Doherty, W. J., LaRossa, R., Schumm, W. R. and Steinmetz, S. K. (eds), Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods. Plenum, New York, 469–98.Google Scholar
Boaz, R., Hu, J. and Ye, Y. 1999. The transfer of resources from middle-aged children to functionally limited elderly parents: providing time, giving money, sharing space. The Gerontologist, 39, 6, 648–57.Google Scholar
Bolin, K., Lindgren, B. and Lundborg, P. 2008. Your next of kin or your own career? Caring and working among the 50+ of Europe. Journal of Health Economics, 27, 39, 718–38.Google Scholar
Brandt, M., Haberkern, K. and Szydlik, M. 2009. Intergenerational help and care in Europe. European Sociological Review, 25, 5, 585601.Google Scholar
Bullock, K., Crawford, S. L. and Tennstedt, S. L. 2003. Employment and caregiving: exploration of African American caregivers. Social Work, 48, 2, 150–62.Google Scholar
Burton, L. C., Zdaniuk, B., Schulz, R., Jackson, S. and Hirsch, C. 2003. Transitions in spousal caregiving. The Gerontologist, 43, 2, 230–41.Google Scholar
Byrne, D., Goeree, M., Hiedemann, B. and Stern, S. 2002. Long-term Care, formal home health care, and informal care. Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.Google Scholar
Campbell, L. D. and Martin-Matthews, A. 2000. The importance of coresidence and being primary provider of care for men's filial care involvement. Journal of Family Issues, 21, 8, 1006–30.Google Scholar
Campbell, L. D. and Martin-Matthews, A. 2003. The gendered nature of men's filial care. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 58B, 6, S350–8.Google Scholar
Checkovich, T. J. and Stern, S. 2002. Shared caregiving responsibilities of adult children with elderly parents. The Journal of Human Resources, 37, 3, 441–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Couch, K. A., Daly, M. C. and Wolf, D. A. 1999. Time? Money? Both? The allocation of resources to older parents. Demography, 36, 2, 219–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coward, R. T., Cutler, S. J. and Mullen, R. A. 1990. Residential differences in the composition of the helping networks of impaired elders. Family Relations, 22, 1, 4450.Google Scholar
Coward, R. T. and Dwyer, J. W. 1990. The association of gender, siblings network composition, and patterns of parent care by adult children. Research on Aging, 12, 2, 158–81.Google Scholar
Dautzenberg, M. G., Diedriks, J. P. and Philipsen, H. 2000. The competing demands of paid work and parent care – middle-aged daughters providing assistance to elderly parents. Research on Aging, 22, 2, 165–87.Google Scholar
Davey, A. and Szinovacz, M. E. 2008. Division of care among adult children. In Szinovacz, M. E. and Davey, A. (eds), Caregiving Contexts: Cultural, Familial, and Societal Implications. Springer, New York, 133–59.Google Scholar
Dilworth-Anderson, P., Williams, I. C. and Gibson, B. E. 2002. Issues of race, ethnicity, and culture in caregiving research: a 20-year review (1980–2000). The Gerontologist, 42, 2, 237–72.Google Scholar
Doty, P., Jackson, M. E. and Crown, W. 1998. The impact of female caregivers’ employment status on patterns of formal and informal eldercare. The Gerontologist, 38, 3, 331–41.Google Scholar
Dwyer, J. W., Henretta, J. C., Coward, R. T. and Barton, A. J. 1992. Changes in the helping behaviors of adult children as caregivers. Research on Aging, 14, 3, 351–75.Google Scholar
Engers, M. and Stern, S. 2002. Long-term care and family bargaining. International Economic Review, 43, 1, 73114.Google Scholar
Ettner, S. L. 1995. The impact of ‘parent care’ on female labor supply decisions. Demography, 32, 1, 6380.Google Scholar
Finch, J. and Mason, J. 1993. Negotiating Family Responsibilities. Tavistock/Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Franks, M. M., Pierce, L. S. and Dwyer, J. W. 2003. Expected parent-care involvement of adult children. The Journal of Applied Gerontology, 22, 1, 104–17.Google Scholar
Gallagher, S. K. and Gerstel, N. 2001. Connections and constraints: the effects of children on caregiving. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 1, 265–75.Google Scholar
Geerlings, S. W., Pot, A. M., Twisk, J. W. R. and Deeg, D. J. H. 2005. Predicting transitions in the use of informal and professional care by older adults. Ageing & Society, 25, 1, 111–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerstel, N. and Gallagher, S. K. 2001. Men's caregiving: gender and the contingent character of care. Gender & Society, 15, 2, 197217.Google Scholar
Grundy, E. and Henretta, J. C. 2006. Between elderly parents and adult children: a new look at the intergenerational care provided by the ‘sandwich generation’. Ageing & Society, 26, September, 707–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haberkern, K. and Brandt, M. 2010. Intergenerationale und professionelle Unterstützung älterer Personen in Europa. WSI-Mitteilungen, 4, 188–95.Google Scholar
Haberkern, K. and Szydlik, M. 2010. State care provision, societal opinion and children's care of older parents in 11 European countries. Ageing & Society, 30, 2, 299323.Google Scholar
Henretta, J. C., Hill, M. S., Li, W., Soldo, B. J. and Wolf, D. A. 1997. Selection of children to provide care: the effect of earlier parental transfers. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52B, Special issue, 110–9.Google Scholar
Henz, U. 2006. Informal caregiving at working age: effects of job characteristics and family configuration. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 2, 411–29.Google Scholar
Hequembourg, A. and Brallier, S. 2005. Gendered stories of parental caregiving among siblings. Journal of Aging Studies, 19, 1, 5371.Google Scholar
Igel, C., Brandt, M., Haberkern, K. and Szydlik, M. 2009. Specialization between family and state. Intergenerational time transfers in Western Europe. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 40, 2, 203–27.Google Scholar
Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Neal, M. B., Ha, J. and Hammer, L. 2003 a. Redressing inequity in parent care among siblings. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 1, 201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Neal, M. B., Ha, J. and Hammer, L. B. 2003 b. Collaboration among siblings providing care for older parents. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 40, 3, 5166.Google Scholar
Jette, A. M., Tennstedt, S. L. and Branch, L. G. 1992. Stability of informal long-term care. Journal of Aging & Health, 4, 2, 193211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, R. W. and Favreault, M. M. 2000. Parental Care at Midlife: Balancing Work and Family Responsibilities Near Retirement. The Retirement Project Brief Series, No. 9, Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.Google Scholar
Juster, F. T. and Suzman, R. 1995. An overview of the Health and Retirement Study. The Journal of Human Resources, 30, Special issue, S756.Google Scholar
Kelman, H. R., Thomas, C. and Tanaka, J. S. 1994. Longitudinal patterns of formal and informal social support in an urban elderly population. Social Science Medicine, 38, 7, 905–14.Google Scholar
Lashewicz, B., Manning, G., Hall, M. and Keating, N. 2007. Equity matters: doing fairness in the context of family caregiving. Canadian Journal of Aging, 26, supplement 1, 91102.Google Scholar
Lawrence, J., Goodnow, J., Woods, K. and Karantzas, G. 2002. Distribution of caregiving tasks among family members: the place of gender and availability. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 4, 493509.Google Scholar
Lawton, M. P., Moss, M., Hoffman, C. and Perkinson, M. 2000. Two transitions in daughters’ caregiving careers. The Gerontologist, 40, 4, 437–48.Google Scholar
Lerner, M., Somers, D., Reid, D., Chiriboga, D. and Tierney, M. 1991. Adult children as caregivers: egocentric biases in judgments of sibling contributions. The Gerontologist, 31, 6, 746–55.Google Scholar
Little, R. J. A. and Rubin, D. B. 1989. The analysis of social science data with missing values. Sociological Methods and Research, 18, 2–3, 292326.Google Scholar
Lyons, K., Zarit, S. and Townsend, A. 2000. Families and formal service usage: stability and change in patterns of interface. Aging & Mental Health, 4, 3, 234–43.Google Scholar
Martin-Matthews, A. and Campbell, L. D. 1995. Gender roles, employment, and informal care. In Arber, S. and Ginn, J. (eds), Connecting Gender and Ageing. A Sociological Approach. Open University Press, Buckingham, UK, 129–43.Google Scholar
Martire, L. M. and Stephens, M. A. 2003. Juggling parent care and employment responsibilities: the dilemmas of adult daughter caregivers in the workforce. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 9, 1, 2333.Google Scholar
Matthews, S. 1992. Placing filial behavior in the context of the family. In Bauer, B. (ed.), Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Family Caregiving Research. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 5562.Google Scholar
Matthews, S. 1995. Gender and the division of filial responsibility between lone sisters and their brothers. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 50, 5, S312–20.Google Scholar
Matthews, S. H. 1987. Provision of care to old parents: division of responsibility among children. Research on Aging, 9, 1, 4560.Google Scholar
Matthews, S. H. 2002. Sisters and Brothers/Daughters and Sons: Meeting the Needs of Old Parents. Unlimited Publishing, Bloomington, Indiana.Google Scholar
Merrill, D. M. 1993. Daughters-in-law as caregivers to the elderly: defining the in-law relationship. Research on Aging, 15, 1, 7091.Google Scholar
Miller, B. and McFall, S. 1991. Stability and change in the informal task support network of frail older persons. The Gerontologist, 31, 6, 735–45.Google Scholar
Moen, P., Robison, J. and Fields, V. 1994. Women's work and caregiving roles: a life course approach. Journal of Gerontology, 49, 4, S176–86.Google Scholar
National Alliance for Caregiving 1998. The Caregiving Boom: Baby Boomer Women Giving Care. National Alliance for Caregiving, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Orel, N. A. and Dupuy, P. 2002. Grandchildren as auxiliary caregivers for grandparents with cognitive and/or physical limitations: coping strategies and ramifications. Child Study Journal, 32, 4, 192213.Google Scholar
Pavalko, E. K. and Artis, J. E. 1997. Women's caregiving and paid work: causal relationships in late midlife. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52B, 4, S170–9.Google Scholar
Pavalko, E. K., Henderson, K. A. and Cott, A. 2008. Workplace policies and caregiving. In Szinovacz, M. E. and Davey, A. (eds), Caregiving Contexts: Cultural, Familial, and Societal Implications. Springer, New York, 195214.Google Scholar
Peek, C. W., Zsembik, B. A. and Coward, R. T. 1997. The changing caregiving networks of older adults. Research on Aging, 19, 3, 333–61.Google Scholar
Peek, M., Coward, R. and Peek, C. 2000. Race, aging and care: can differences in family and household structure account for race variations in informal care? Research on Aging, 22, 2, 117–42.Google Scholar
Pezzin, L. E., Pollak, R. A. and Schone, B. S. 2008. Parental marital disruption, family type, and transfers to disabled elderly parents. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 63B, 6, S349–58.Google Scholar
Pezzin, L. E. and Schone, B. 1997. The allocation of resources in intergenerational households: adult children and their elderly parents. Women, Health, and Aging, 87, 2, 460–4.Google Scholar
Pezzin, L. E. and Schone, B. S. 1999. Intergenerational household formation, female labor supply and informal caregiving: a bargaining approach. Journal of Human Resources, 34, 3, 475–89.Google Scholar
Pillemer, K. and Suitor, J. J. 2006. Making choices: a within-family study of caregiver selection. The Gerontologist, 46, 4, 439–48.Google Scholar
Pinquart, M. and Sorensen, S. 2005. Ethnic differences in stressors, resources, and psychological outcome of family caregiving: a meta-analysis. The Gerontologist, 45, 1, 90106.Google Scholar
Reid, J. and Hardy, M. 1999. Multiple roles and well-being among midlife women: testing role strain and role enhancement theories. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 54, 6, S329–38.Google Scholar
Sabatelli, R. M. and Shehan, C. L. 1993. Exchange and resource theories. In Boss, P. G., Doherty, W. J., LaRossa, R., Schumm, W. R. and Steinmetz, S. K. (eds), Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods. A Contextual Approach. Plenum, New York, 382411.Google Scholar
Sarkisian, N. and Gerstel, N. 2004. Explaining the gender gap in help to parents: the importance of employment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 2, 431–51.Google Scholar
Schafer, J. L. 1997. Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. Chapman & Hall, London.Google Scholar
Scharlach, A., Sobel, E. and Roberts, R. 1991. Employment and caregiver strain: an integrative model. The Gerontologist, 31, 6, 778–87.Google Scholar
Seltzer, M. and Li, L. 1996. The transitions of caregiving: subjective and objective definitions. The Gerontologist, 36, 5, 614–26.Google Scholar
Seltzer, M. M. and Li, L. W. 2000. The dynamics of caregiving: transitions during a three-year prospective study. The Gerontologist, 40, 2, 165–78.Google Scholar
Settersten, R. A. 2003. Invitation to the life course: the promise. In Settersten, R. A. (ed.), Invitation to the Life Course: Toward New Understanding of Later Life. Baywood, Amityville, New York, 112.Google Scholar
Shuey, K. and Hardy, M. 2003. Assistance to aging parents and parents-in-law: does lineage affect family allocation decisions? Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 2, 418.Google Scholar
Silverstein, M., Conroy, S. J., Wang, H., Giarrusso, R. and Bengtson, V. L. 2002. Reciprocity in parent–child relations over the adult life course. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 57, 1, S313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sloan, F. A., Picone, G. and Hoerger, T. J. 1997. The supply of children's time to disabled elderly parents. Economic Inquiry, 35, April, 295–16.Google Scholar
Spiess, K. and Schneider, U. 2003. Interactions between care-giving and paid work hours among European midlife women, 1994 to 1996. Ageing & Society, 23, 1, 4168.Google Scholar
Stark, O. 1995. Altruism and Beyond: An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges Within Families and Groups. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Stephens, M. A. and Townsend, A. L. 1997. Stress of parent care: positive and negative effects of women's other roles. Psychology of Aging, 12, 2, 376–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephens, M. A. P., Townsend, A. L., Martire, L. M. and Druley, J. A. 2001. Balancing parent care with other roles: interrole conflict of adult daughter caregivers. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 56, 1, P2434.Google Scholar
Stern, S. 1995. Estimating family long-term care decisions in the presence of endogenous child characteristics. The Journal of Human Resources, 30, 3, 551–80.Google Scholar
Stern, S. 1996. Measuring child work and residence adjustments to parents’ long-term care needs. The Gerontologist, 36, 1, 7687.Google Scholar
Stoller, E. P. 1990. Males as helpers: the role of sons, relatives, and friends. The Gerontologist, 30, 2, 228–35.Google Scholar
Stoller, E. P. and Pugliesi, K. L. 1989 a. Other roles of caregivers: competing responsibilities or supportive resources. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 44, 6, S231–8.Google Scholar
Stoller, E. P. and Pugliesi, K. L. 1989 b. The transition to the caregiving role: a panel study of helpers of elderly people. Research on Aging, 11, 3, 312–30.Google Scholar
Strawbridge, W. and Wallhagen, M. 1991. Impact of family conflict on adult child caregivers. The Gerontologist, 31, 6, 770–7.Google Scholar
Sudha, S. and Mutran, E. J. 1999. Ethnicity and eldercare: comparison of attitudes toward adult care homes and care by families. Research on Aging, 21, 4, 570–94.Google Scholar
Suitor, J. J. and Pillemer, K. 1996. Sources of support and interpersonal stress in the networks of married caregiving daughters: findings from a 2-year longitudinal study. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 51, 6, S297306.Google Scholar
Szinovacz, M. E. 2003. Dealing with dementia: perspectives of caregivers’ children. Journal of Aging Studies, 17, 4, 445–72.Google Scholar
Szinovacz, M. E. 2008. Children in caregiving families. In Szinovacz, M. E. and Davey, A. (eds), Caregiving Contexts: Cultural, Familial, and Societal Implications. Springer, New York, 161–90.Google Scholar
Szinovacz, M. E. and Davey, A. 2007. Changes in adult child caregiver networks. The Gerontologist, 47, 3, 280–95.Google Scholar
Thibault, J. W. and Kelley, H. H. 1959. The Social Psychology of Groups. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Uhlenberg, P. and Cheuk, M. 2008. Demographic change and the future of informal caregiving. In Szinovacz, M. E. and Davey, A. (eds), Caregiving Contexts. Cultural, Familial, and Societal Implications. Springer, New York, 933.Google Scholar
Whitchurch, G. G. and Constantine, L. L. 1993. Systems theory. In Boss, P. G., Doherty, W. J., LaRossa, R., Schumm, W. R. and Steinmetz, S. K. (eds), Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods. A Contextual Approach. Plenum, New York, 325–52.Google Scholar
White-Means, S. I. and Hong, G.-S. 2001. Giving incentives of adult children who care for disabled parents. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35, 2, 364–98.Google Scholar
White-Means, S. I. and Rubin, R. M. 2008. Parent caregiving choices of middle-generation Blacks and Whites in the United States. Journal of Aging and Health, 20, 5, 560–82.Google Scholar
Wolf, D. A., Freedman, V. and Soldo, B. J. 1997. The division of family labor: care for elderly parents. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52B, Special issue, S102–9.Google Scholar
Wolff, J. L. and Kasper, J. D. 2006. Caregivers of frail elders: updating a national profile. The Gerontologist, 46, 3, 344–56.Google Scholar
Wong, R., Kitayama, K. E. and Soldo, B. J. 1999. Ethnic differences in time transfers from adult children to elderly parents. Research on Aging, 21, 2, 144–75.Google Scholar