Working memory: Unemployed but still doing day labor

Daniel S. Ruchkin; Jordan Grafman; Katherine Cameron; Rita S. Berndt

doi:10.1017/S0140525X03550166

Working memory: Unemployed but still doing day labor

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 December 2003

Daniel S. Ruchkin ,

Jordan Grafman ,

Katherine Cameron and

Rita S. Berndt

Show author details

Daniel S. Ruchkin*: Affiliation:
Department of Physiology, Program in Neurosciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201
Jordan Grafman*: Affiliation:
National Institutes of Health, Cognitive Neuroscience Section, NINDS, Bethesda, MD20892http://intra.ninds.hih.gov/Lab.asp?Org_ID=83
Katherine Cameron*: Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Washington College, Chestertown, MD21620http://faculty.washcoll.edu/bios/cameron_katherine.html
Rita S. Berndt*: Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Program in Neurosciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21201http://neuroscience.umaryland.edu/faculty.asp?FacultyID=4
*: druchkin@mindspring.com
grafmanj@ninds.hih.gov
katherine.cameron@washcoll.edu
rberndt@umaryland.edu

Article contents

Abstract:
References

Get access

Rights & Permissions

Abstract:

The goal of our target article is to establish that electrophysiological data constrain models of short-term memory retention operations to schemes in which activated long-term memory is its representational basis. The temporary stores correspond to neural circuits involved in the perception and subsequent processing of the relevant information, and do not involve specialized neural circuits dedicated to the temporary holding of information outside of those embedded in long-term memory. The commentaries ranged from general agreement with the view that short-term memory stores correspond to activated long-term memory (e.g., Abry, Sato, Schwartz, Loevenbruck & Cathiard [Abry etal.], Cowan, Fuster, Grote, Hickok & Buchsbaum, Keenan, Hyönä & Kaakinen [Keenan et al.], Martin, Morra), to taking a definite exception to this view (e.g., Baddeley, Düzel, Logie & Della Sala, Kroger, Majerus, Van der Linden, Colette & Salmon [Majerus et al.], Vallar).

Type: Authors' Response
Information: Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 26 , Issue 6 , December 2003 , pp. 760 - 777

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X03550166 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, J. R. & Bower, G. H. (1973) Human associative memory. Winston. [MH]Google Scholar

Anderson, J. R. & Matessa, M. (1997) A production system theory of serial memory. Psychological Review 104:728–48. [MTM, SMo]Google Scholar

Anokhin, A., Lutzenberger, W. & Birbaumer, N. (1999) Spatiotemporal organization of brain dynamics and intelligence: An EEG study in adolescents. International Journal of Psychophysiology 33:259–73. [WK]Google Scholar

Atkinson, R. C. & Juola, J. F. (1974) Search and decision processes in recognition memory. In: Learning, memory, and thinking, ed. Krantz, D. H., Atkinson, R. C., Luce, R. D. & Suppes, P., pp. 243–93. Freeman. [FR]Google Scholar

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 2: Advances in research and theory, ed. Spence, K.W. & Spence, J. T., pp. 89– 195. Academic Press. [AB, NC, MH, JGWR, aDSR]Google Scholar

Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1971) The control of short-term memory. Scientific American 224:82–90. [JGWR]Google Scholar

Awh, E., Anllo-Vento, L. & Hillyard, S. A. (2000) The role of spatial selective attention in working memory for locations: Evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12:840–47. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Awh, E. & Jonides, J. (2001) Overlapping mechanisms of attention and spatial working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:119–26. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Awh, E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Buxton, R. B., Frank, L. R., Love, T., Wong, E. C. & Gmeindl, L. (1999) Rehearsal in spatial working memory: Evidence from neuroimaging. Psychological Science 10:433–37. [JJ, aDSR]Google Scholar

Awh, E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Schumacher, E. H., Koeppe, R. A. & Katz, S. (1996) Dissociation of storage and rehearsal in verbal working memory: Evidence from positron emission tomography. Psychological Science 7:25–31. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Awh, E., Smith, E. E. & Jonides, J. (1995) Human rehearsal processes and the frontal lobes: PET evidence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 769:97–117. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. (1966a) Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic and formal similarity. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 18:362–65. [AB, MDP, rDSR]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. (1966b) The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 18:302–309. [MDP, rDSR]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. (1986) Working memory. (Oxford Psychology Series No. 11.) Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press. [NC, JMK, JKK, NM, SMo, NO, aDSR]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. (2000) The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(11):417–23. [AB, WK, aDSR]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. (2001a) Is working memory still working? American Psychologist 56:851–64. [AB, FB, NC, JKF, MDP, aDSR]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. (2001b) The magic number and the episodic buffer. Commentary on Cowan. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:117–18. [AB]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. (2002) Levels of working memory. In: Perspectives on human memory and cognitive ageing: Essays in honor of Fergus Craik, ed. Naveh-Benjamin, M., Moscovitch, M. & Roediger, H. L., pp 111–23. Psychology Press. [AB, NC, aDSR]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. & Dale, H. C. (1966) The effect of semantic similarity on retroactive interference in long- and short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5:417–20. [MDP]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D., Gathercole, S. & Papagno, C. (1998) The phonological loop as a language learning device. Psychological Review 105:158–73. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, G. J. (1974) Working memory. In: The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, vol. 8, ed. Bower, G. H., pp. 742–75. Academic Press. [MDP, JGWR, aDSR]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, G. J. (1977) Recency reexamined. In: Attention and performance, VI, ed. Dornic, S., pp. 647–67. Erlbaum. [JGWR]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, G. J. (1993) The recency effect: Implicit learning with explicit retrieval? Memory and Cognition 21:146–55. [AB]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D., Kopelman, M. D. & Wilson, B. A., eds. (2002) The handbook of memory disorders, 2nd edition. Wiley. [GV]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. & Levy, B. A. (1971) Semantic coding and short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 89:132–36. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. & Logie, R. H. (1999) Working memory: The multiple component model. In: Models of working memory, ed. Miyake, A. & Shah, P., pp 28–61. Cambridge University Press. [RHL, aDSR]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D., Papagno, C. & Vallar, G. (1988) When long-term learning depends on short-term storage. Journal of Memory and Language 27:586–95. [JKF, rDSR, GV]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N. & Buchanan, M. (1975) Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14:575–89. [MDP]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. & Wilson, B. A. (2002) Prose recall and amnesia: Implications for the structure of working memory. Neuropsychologia 40:1737–43. [MDP, rDSR]Google Scholar

Barceló, F., Muñoz-Céspedes, J. M., Pozo, M. A. & Rubia, F. J. (2000a) Attentional set shifting modulates the target P3b response in the Wisconsin card sorting test. Neuropsychologia 38:1342–55. [FB]Google Scholar

Barceló, F., Periáñez, J. & Knight, R. T. (2002) Think differently: A brain orienting response to task novelty. NeuroReport 13:1887–92. [FB, rDSR]Google Scholar

Barceló, F., Suwazono, S. & Knight, R. T. (2000b) Prefrontal modulation of visual processing in humans. Nature Neuroscience 3:399–403. [FB]Google Scholar

Basar, E. (1998) Brain function and oscillations II: Integrative brain function. Neurophysiology and cognitive processes. Springer. [SW]Google Scholar

Basso, A., Spinnler, H., Vallar, G. & Zanobio, E. (1982) Left hemisphere damage and selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory: A case study. Neuropsychologia 20:263–74. [JKF]Google Scholar

Becker, J. T., MacAndrew, D. K. & Fiez, J. A. (1999) A comment on the functional localization of the phonological storage subsystem of working memory. Brain and Cognition 41:27–38. [GH]Google Scholar

Beeman, M. (1998) Coarse semantic coding and discourse comprehension. In: Right hemisphere language comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience, ed. Beeman, M. & Chiarello, C., pp. 255–84. Erlbaum. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Bell, A. J. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1995) An information-maximization approach to blind separation and blind deconvolution. Neural Computation 7(6):1129–59. [MAE]Google Scholar

Bentin, S., Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1993) Electrophysiological evidence for task effects on semantic priming in auditory word processing. Psychophysiology 30:161–69. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Bentin, S., McCarthy, G. & Wood, C. C. (1984) ERP evidence for semantic priming in a memory recognition task. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience, Bristol, 1984. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Bentin, S., McCarthy, G. & Wood, C. C. (1985) Event-related potentials, lexical decision and semantic priming. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 60:343–55. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Berndt, R. S. & Mitchum, C. C. (1990) Auditory and lexical information sources in immediate recall: Evidence from a patient with deficit to the phonological short-term store. In: Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory, ed. Vallar, G. & Shallice, T., pp. 115–44. Cambridge University Press. [NM]Google Scholar

Bisley, J. W. & Goldberg, M. E. (2003) Neuronal activity in the lateral intraparietal area and spatial attention. Science 299(5603):81–86. [JJ]Google Scholar

Bjork, R. A. (1975) Short-term storage: The ordered output of a central processor. In: Cognitive theory, vol. 1, ed. Restle, F., Shiffrin, R. M., Castellan, N. J., Lindman, H. R. & Pisoni, D. B., pp. 151–71. Erlbaum. [JGWR]Google Scholar

Boardman, I. & Bullock, D. (1991) A neural network model of serial order recall from short-term memory. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Seattle, Washington, vol. II, pp. 879–84. IEEE Service Center. [SG]Google Scholar

Bosch, V., Mecklinger, A. & Friederici, A. D. (2001) Slow cortical potentials during retention of object, spatial, and verbal information. Cognitive Brain Research 10:219–37. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Bowey, J. A. (2001) Nonword repetition and young children's receptive vocabulary: A longitudinal study. Applied Psycholinguistics 22:441–69. [SMo]Google Scholar

Bradski, G., Carpenter, G. A. & Grossberg, S. (1994) STORE working memory networks for storage and recall of arbitrary temporal sequences. Biological Cybernetics 71:469–80. [SG]Google Scholar

Braver, T. S., Cohen, J. D. & Barch, D. M. (2002) The role of prefrontal cortex in normal and disordered cognitive control: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. In: Principles of frontal lobe function, ed. Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T., pp. 428–47. Oxford University Press. [FB]Google Scholar

Brener, R. (1940) An experimental investigation of memory span. Journal of Experimental Psychology 26:467–82. [GV]Google Scholar

Bressler, S. L. & Kelso, J. A. S. (2001) Cortical coordination dynamics and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:26–36. [SW]Google Scholar

Broadbent, D. E. (1971) Decision and stress. Academic Press. [NC]Google Scholar

Brown, A. L. & Campione, J. C. (1973) Mediation in discrimination transfers: A reply to Cole and Medin. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 15:356–59. [IG]Google Scholar

Brown, G. D. A. (2002) Time and memory. Paper presented at the Sixth Conference of the Australasian Cognitive Science Society, Fremantle, Western Australia, April 2002. [JKF]Google Scholar

Brown, G. D. A., Preece, T. & Hulme, C. (2000) Oscillator-based memory for serial order. Psychological Review 107:127–81. [JKF]Google Scholar

Brown, J., Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (1999) How the basal ganglia use parallel excitatory and inhibitory learning pathways to selectively respond to unexpected rewarding cues. Journal of Neuroscience 19:10502–11. [SG]Google Scholar

Buccino, G., Binkofski, F., Fink, G. R., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., Seitz, R. J., Zilles, K., Rizzolatti, G. & Freund, H. J. (2001) Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: An fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience 13:400–404. [CA]Google Scholar

Buchsbaum, B., Hickok, G. & Humphries, C. (2001) Role of left posterior superior temporal gyrus in phonological processing for speech perception and production. Cognitive Science 25:663–78. [GH]Google Scholar

Buckner, R. L., Koutstaal, W., Schacter, D., Wagner, A. & Rosen, B. (1998) Functional-anatomic study of episodic retrieval using fMRI: I. Retrieval effort versus retrieval success. Neuroimage 7:151–62. [ADF]Google Scholar

Buckner, R. L., Raichle, M. E., Miezin, F. M. & Petersen, S. E. (1996) Functional anatomic studies of memory retrieval for auditory words and visual pictures. Journal of Neuroscience 16:6219–35. [ADF]Google Scholar

Burgess, N. & Hitch, G. J. (1999) Memory for serial order: A network model of the phonological loop and its timing. Psychological Review 106:551–81. [MTM]Google Scholar

Cabeza, R. & Nyberg, L. (1997) Imaging cognition: An empirical review of PET studies with normal subjects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9:1–26. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Cabeza, R. & Nyberg, L. (2000) Imaging cognition II: An empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12:1–47. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Cameron, K., Haarmann, H. J., Grafman, J. & Ruchkin, D. S. (2004) Activated long-term memory is the representational basis for the semantic component of verbal short-term memory. (under review). [arDSR]Google Scholar

Caplan, D., Alpert, N. & Waters, G. S. (1998) Effects of syntactic structure and propositional number on patterns of regional cerebral blood flow. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10:541–52. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Caplan, D. & Waters, G. S. (1999) Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:77–126. [aDSR, SW]Google Scholar

Carpenter, G. A. & Grossberg, S., eds. (1991) Pattern recognition by selforganizing neural networks. MIT Press. [SG]Google Scholar

Caspers, H., Speckmann, E. J. & Lehmenkuhler, A. (1987) DC potentials of the cerebral cortex: Seizure activity and changes in gas pressures. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology 106:127–78. [ED]Google Scholar

Chafee, M. V. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1998) Matching patterns of activity in primate prefrontal area 8a and parietal area 7ip neurons during a spatial working memory task. Journal of Neurophysiology 79(6):2919–40. [ED, MH, FR, rDSR]Google Scholar

Chase, W. G. & Ericsson, K. A. (1982) Exceptional memory. American Scientist 70:607–15. [JMK]Google Scholar

Chase, W. G. & Simon, H. A. (1973) Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology 4:55–81. [JDR]Google Scholar

Cheung, H. & Kemper, S. (1993) Recall and articulation of English and Chinese words by Chinese-English bilinguals. Memory and Cognition 21:666–70. [SMo]Google Scholar

Clissa, P. J. & Maybery, M. T. (2003) Binding in auditory working memory. (Manuscript in preparation). [MTM]Google Scholar

Cocchini, G., Logie, R. H., Della Sala, S. & MacPherson, S. (2002) Concurrent performance of two memory tasks: Evidence for domain specific working memory systems. Memory and Cognition 30:1086–95. [RHL]Google Scholar

Cohen, J. D., Perlstein, W. M., Braver, T. S., Nystrom, L. E., Noll, D. C., Jonides, J. & Smith, E. E. (1997) Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task. Nature 386:604–608. [CA]Google Scholar

Cohen, M. A. & Grossberg, S. (1986) Neural dynamics of speech and language coding: Developmental programs, perceptual grouping, and competition for short-term memory. Human Neurobiology 5:1–22. [SG]Google Scholar

Cole, M. & Medin, D. (1973) On the existence and occurrence of mediation in discrimination transfer: A critical note. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 15:352–55. [IG]Google Scholar

Collette, F., Majerus, S., Van der Linden, M., Dabe, P., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., Luxen, A. & Salmon, E. (2001) Contribution of long-term memory to verbal short-term memory tasks. A PET activation study. Memory 9:249–59. [SMa]Google Scholar

Coltheart, M. (1980) Iconic memory and visible persistence. Perception and Psychophysics 27:183–228. [MAE]Google Scholar

Conrad, R. (1964) Acoustic confusion in immediate memory. British Journal of Psychology 55:75–84. [NM]Google Scholar

Conrad, R. & Hull, A. J. (1968) Input modality and the serial position curve in short-term memory. Psychonomic Science 10:135–36. [AB]Google Scholar

Cooke, A., Zurif, E. B., DeVita, C., Alsop, D., Koenig, P., Detre, J., Gee, J., Pinãngo, M., Balogh, J. & Grossman, M. (2001) Neural basis for sentence comprehension: Grammatical and short-term memory components. Human Brain Mapping 15:80–94. [ADF]Google Scholar

Cooper, N. R., Croft, R. J., Dominey, S. J., Burgess, A. P. & Gruzelier, J. H. (2003) Paradox lost? Exploring the role of alpha oscillations during externally vs. internally directed attention and the implications for idling and inhibition hypotheses. Journal of Psychophysiology 47:65–74. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Cornoldi, C. (1995) La memoria di lavoro visuo-spaziale [Visuo-spatial working memory]. In: Le immagini mentali [Mental images], ed. Marucci, F. La Nuova Italia. [SMo]Google Scholar

Courtney, S. M., Petit, L., Maisog, J. M., Ungerleider, L. G. & Haxby, J. V. (1998) An area specialized for spatial working memory in human frontal cortex. Science 279(5355):1347–51. [JJ]Google Scholar

Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L.G., Keil, K. & Haxby, J. V. (1996) Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex. Cerebral Cortex 6:39–49. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L.G., Keil, K. & Haxby, J. V. (1997) Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory. Nature 386:608–11. [AM, aDSR]Google Scholar

Cowan, N. (1984) On short and long auditory stores. Psychological Bulletin 96:341–70. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Cowan, N. (1988) Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin 104:163–91. [JMK, SMo, aDSR]Google Scholar

Cowan, N. (1995) Attention and memory: An integrated framework. Oxford Psychology Series, No. 26. Oxford University Press. [NC, aDSR]Google Scholar

Cowan, N. (1999) An embedded-processes model of working memory. In: Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control, ed. Miyake, A. & Shah, P., pp. 62–101. Cambridge University Press. [NC, SMo, aDSR]Google Scholar

Cowan, N. (2001) The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:87–185. [NC, NO, aDSR]Google Scholar

Cowan, N., Baddeley, A. D., Elliott, E. M. & Nugent, L. D. (2003) Items are not lists in short-term memory: Opposing global and local effects of word length. Psychological Bulletin and Review 10:74–79. [AB]Google Scholar

Cowan, N., Day, L., Saults, J. S., Keller, T. A., Johnson, T. & Flores, L. (1992) The role of verbal output time in the effects of word length on immediate memory. Journal of Memory and Language 31:1–17. [NC]Google Scholar

Cowan, N. & Kail, R. (1996) Covert processes and their development in short-term memory. In: Models of short-term memory, ed. Gathercole, S. E., pp. 29–50. Psychology Press. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Cowan, N., Nugent, L. D., Elliott, E. M. & Geer, T. (2000) Is there a temporal basis of the word length effect? A response to Service (1998). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 53A:647–60. [NC]Google Scholar

Cowan, N., Saults, J. S. & Nugent, L. D. (1997) The role of absolute and relative amounts of time in forgetting within immediate memory: The case of tone pitch comparisons. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 4:393–97. [NC]Google Scholar

Cowan, N., Saults, S. & Nugent, L. (2001) The ravages of absolute and relative amounts of time on memory. In: The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder, ed. Roediger, H. L. III, Nairne, J. S., Neath, I. & Surprenant, A., pp. 315–30. American Psychological Association. [NC]Google Scholar

Craik, F. I. M. & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11:671–84. [BJK, JGWR, GV]Google Scholar

Craik, F. I. & Masani, P. A. (1969) Age and intelligence differences in coding and retrieval of word lists. British Journal of Psychology 60:315–19. [MDP]Google Scholar

Crick, F. M., & Tulving, E. (1975) Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 104:268–94. [FB]Google Scholar

Crowder, R. G. (1993) Short-term memory: Where do we stand? Memory and Cognition 21:142–45. [NC, JKF, NO, aDSR]Google Scholar

Damasio, A. R. (1989) Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A system-level proposal for the neuronal substrates of recall and recognition. Cognition 33:25–62. [FR]Google Scholar

Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. R. (1980) The anatomical basis of conduction aphasia. Brain 103:337–50. [GH]Google Scholar

Daneman, M. & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19:450–66. [JMK]Google Scholar

Dapretto, M. & Bookheimer, S. Y. (1999) Form and content: Dissociating syntax and semantics in sentence comprehension. Neuron 24:427–32. [ADF]Google Scholar

Davachi, L. & Wagner, A. D. (2002) Hippocampal contributions to episodic encoding: Insights from relational and item-based learning. Journal of Neurophysiology 88:982–90. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Davidoff, J. B. & Ostergaard, A. L. (1984) Colour anomia resulting from weakened short-term colour memory. Brain 107:415–30. [JKF]Google Scholar

Dehaene, S. & Changeux, J. P. (1995) Neuronal models of prefrontal cortical functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 769:305–19. [FB]Google Scholar

Dell, G. S. & O’Seaghdha, P. G. (1992) Stages in lexical access in language production. Cognition 42:287–314. [NM]Google Scholar

Della Sala, S., Cowan, N., Beschin, N. & Perini, M. (in press) Just lying there, remembering: Improving recall of prose in amnesic patients with mild cognitive impairments by minimizing interference. Memory. [NC, rDSR]Google Scholar

Della Sala, S. & Logie, R. H. (2002) Neuropsychological impairments of visual and spatial working memory. In: Handbook of memory disorders, 2nd edition, ed. Miyake, A. & Shah, P., pp. 271–92. Wiley. [RHL]Google Scholar

D’Esposito, M. D., Aguirre, G. K., Zarahn, A. E., Ballard, D., Shin, R. K. & Lease, J. (1998) Functional MRI studies of spatial and nonspatial working memory. Cognitive Brain Research 7:1–13. [AM]Google Scholar

D’Esposito, M. D., Detre, J. A., Alsop, D. C., Shin, R. K., Atlas, S. & Grossman, M. (1995) The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory. Nature 378:279–81. [aDSR]Google Scholar

D’Esposito, M. D., Postle, B. R. & Rypma, B. (2000) Prefrontal cortical contributions to working memory: Evidence from event-related fMRI studies. Experimental Brain Research 133:3–11. [MH]Google Scholar

Di Pellegrino, G. & Wise, S. P. (1993) Visuospatial versus visuomotor activity in the premotor and prefrontal cortex of a primate. The Journal of Neuroscience 13(3):1227–43. [JJ]Google Scholar

Doupe, A. J. & Kuhl, P. K. (1999) Birdsong and human speech: Common t hemes and mechanisms. Annual Review of Neuroscience 22:567–631. [GH]Google Scholar

Downing, P. E. (2000) Interactions between visual working memory and selective attention. Psychological Science 11:467–73. [JJ]Google Scholar

Dronkers, N. F., Redfern, B. B. & Knight, R. T. (2000) The neural architecture of language disorders. In: The new cognitive neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S., pp. 949–58. MIT Press. [GH]Google Scholar

Düzel, E., Cabeza, R., Picton, T.W., Yonelinas, A.P., Scheich, H., Heinze, H.-J. & Tulving, E. (1999) Task-related and item-related brain processes of memory retrieval. Psychology 96:1794–99. [ADF]Google Scholar

Düzel, E., Habib, R., Schott, B., McIntosh, A. R. & Heinze, H. J. (2003) A multivariate, spatiotemporal anaylsis of electromagnetic time-frequency data of recognition memory. Neuroimage 18:185–97. [ED]Google Scholar

Düzel, E., Hufnagel, A., Helmstaedter, C. & Elger, C. (1996) Verbal working memory components can be selectively influenced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropsychologia 34(8):775–83. [ED]Google Scholar

Eichenbaum, H. (2000) A cortical-hippocampal system for declarative memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1:41–50. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Elliott, M. A. & Müller, H. J. (1998) Synchronous information presented in 40-Hz flicker enhances visual feature binding. Psychological Science 9(4):277–83. [MAE]Google Scholar

Elliott, M. A. & Müller, H. J. (2000) Evidence for a 40 Hz oscillatory short-term memory revealed by human reaction time measurements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 26(3):703–18. [MAE]Google Scholar

Engel, A. K. & Singer, W. (2001) Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:16–25. [MTM, arDSR]Google Scholar

Engle, R. W., Cantor, J. & Carullo, J. J. (1992) Individual differences in working memory and comprehension: A test of four hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18:972–92. [SMo]Google Scholar

Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G. & Faloon, S. (1980) Acquisition of a memory skill. Science 208:1181–82. [MDP]Google Scholar

Ericsson, K. A. & Kintsch, W. (1995) Long-term working memory. Psychological Review 102:211–45. [JMK, MDP]Google Scholar

Farmer, E. W., Berman, J. V. F. & Fletcher, Y. L. (1986) Evidence for a visuospatial scratch-pad in working memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 38(A):675–88. [MTM]Google Scholar

Faust, M. & Chiarello, C. (1998) Constraints on sentence priming in the cerebral hemispheres: Effects of intervening words in sentences and lists. Brain and Language 63:219–36. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Fiala, J. C., Grossberg, S. & Bullock, D. (1996) Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in cerebellar Purkinje cells as substrate for adaptive timing of the classically conditioned eye-blink response. Journal of Neuroscience 16:3760–74. [SG]Google Scholar

Fiebach, C. J. & Friederici, A. D. (2003) Syntactic complexity and verbal working memory load: fMRI demonstrates an interaction in Broca's area. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Supplement 141. [ADF]Google Scholar

Fiebach, C. J., Schlesewsky, M, Bornkessel, I. & Friederici, A. D. (in press) Distinct neural correlates of legal and illegal word order variations in German: How can fMRI inform cognitive models of sentence processing? In: The online study of sentence comprehension: Eyetracking, ERP and beyond, ed. Carreiras, M. & Clifton, C. Psychology Press. [ADF]Google Scholar

Fiebach, C. J., Schlesewsky, M. & Friederici, A. D. (2001) Syntactic working memory and the establishment of filler-gap dependencies: Insights from ERPs and fMRI. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 30:321–38. [ADF]Google Scholar

Fiebach, C. J., Schlesewsky, M. & Friederici, A. D. (2002) Separating syntactic memory costs and syntactic integration costs during parsing: The processing of German WH-questions. Journal of Memory and Language 47:250–72. [ADF]Google Scholar

Freedman, M. L. & Martin, R. C. (2001) Dissociable components of short-term memory and their relation to long-term learning. Cognitive Neuropsychology 18:193–226. [NM]Google Scholar

Friederici, A. D. (2002) Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:78–84. [ADF]Google Scholar

Friederici, A. D., Rüschemeyer, S.-A., Hahne, A. & Fiebach, C. J. (2003) The role of left inferior frontal and superior temporal cortex in sentence comprehension: Localizing syntactic and semantic processes. Cerebral Cortex 13:170–77. [ADF]Google Scholar

Foster, J. K. & Jelicic, M., eds. (1999) Memory: Systems, process or function? Oxford University Press. [JKF]Google Scholar

Fuster, J. M. (1995) Memory in the cerebral cortex: An empirical approach to neural networks in the human and nonhuman primate. MIT Press. [AM, JMF, aDSR]Google Scholar

Fuster, J. M. (1997) Network memory. Trends in Neurosciences 20:451–59. [MH, aDSR]Google Scholar

Fuster, J. M. (2003) Cortex and mind: Unifying cognition. Oxford University Press. [FB, JMF]Google Scholar

Gathercole, S. E. (1995) Is nonword repetition a test of phonological memory or long-term knowledge? It all depends on the nonwords. Memory and Cognition 23:83–94. [AB]Google Scholar

Gathercole, S. E. & Baddeley, A. D. (1989) Evaluation of the role of phonological STM in the development of vocabulary in children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Memory and Language 28:200–13. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Gathercole, S. E. & Baddeley, A. D. (1990) Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: Is there a causal connection? Journal of Memory and Language 29:336–60. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Gathercole, S. E. & Baddeley, A. D. (1993) Working memory and language. Erlbaum. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Gathercole, S. E., Hitch, G. J., Service, E. & Martin, A. J. (1997) Phonological short-term memory and new word learning in children. Developmental Psychology 33:966–79. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. H.ll, M. & Peaker, S. (2001) Dissociable lexical and phonological influences on serial recognition and serial recall. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 54A:1–30. [AB]Google Scholar

Geffen, G., Moar, K. J., O’Hanlon, A. P., Clark, C. R. & Geffen, L. B. (1990) Performance measures of 16- to 86-year-old males and females on the Auditory Verbal Learning Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 4:45–63. [RV]Google Scholar

Gevins, A. & Smith, M. (2000) Neurophysiological measures of working memory and individual differences in cognitive ability and cognitive style. Cerebral Cortex 10:829–39. [WK]Google Scholar

Giraud, A. L. & Price, C. (2001) The constraints functional neuroimaging places on classical models of auditory word processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13:754–65. [SMa]Google Scholar

Glanzer, M. (1977) Commentary on “Storage mechanisms in recall.” In: Human memory: Basic processes, ed. Bower, G., pp. 115–24. Academic Press. [JGWR]Google Scholar

Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995) Cellular basis of working memory. Neuron 14(3):477–85. [ED]Google Scholar

Goldman-Rakic, P. S., O’ Scalaidhe, S. P. & Chafee, M. V. (2000) Domain specificity in cognitive systems. In: The new cognitive neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S., pp. 733–42. MIT Press. [MH]Google Scholar

Grady, C. L., Haxby, J. V., Horwitz, B., Schapiro, M. B., Rapoport, S. I., Ungerleider, L. Mishkin, M., Carson, R. E. & Herscovitch, P. (1992) Dissociation of object and spatial vision in human extrastriate cortex: Agerelated changes in activation of regional cerebral blood flow measured with [15O]Water and positron emission tomography. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4:23–34. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Grafman, J. & Weingartner, H. (1996) A combinatorial-binding and strength (CBS) model of memory. Is it a better framework for amnesia? In: Basic and applied memory: Theory in context, ed. Herrmann, D., Johnson, M., McEvoy, C., Hertzog, C. & Hertel, P., pp. 259–76. Erlbaum. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Graham, K. S. & Hodges, J. R. (1997) Differentiating the roles of the hippocampal complex and the neocortex in long-term memory storage: Evidence from the study of semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 11:77–89. [BJK]Google Scholar

Grasby, P. M., Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Bench, C., Frackowiak, R. S. J. & Dolan, R. J. (1993) Functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditory-verbal memory function. Brain 116:1–20. [SMa]Google Scholar

Gobet, F., Lane, P. C., Croker, S., Cheng, P. C., Jones, G., Oliver, I. & Pine, J. M. (2001) Chunking mechanisms in human learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:236–43. [MDP]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. (1968) Some physiological and biochemical consequences of psychological postulates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 60:758–65. [SG]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. (1978a) A theory of human memory: Self-organization and performance of sensory-motor codes, maps, and plans. In: Progress in theoretical biology, vol. 5, ed. Rosen, R. & Snell, F., pp. 233–374. Academic Press. (Reprinted in Grossberg, S. (1982) Studies of mind and brain. Kluwer/Reidel.) [SG]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. (1978b) Behavioral contrast in short-term memory: Serial binary memory models or parallel continuous memory models? Journal of Mathematical Psychology 3:199–219. [SG]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. (1980) How does a brain build a cognitive code? Psychological Review 87:1–51. [SG]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. (1982) Studies of mind and brain. Kluwer/Reidel. [SG]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. (1987) The adaptive brain, vols. I & II. Elsevier/North Holland. [SG]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. (1988) Neural networks and natural intelligence. MIT Press. [SG]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. (1999) The link between brain learning, attention, and consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 8:1–44. [SG]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. & Kuperstein, M. (1986) Neural dynamics of adaptive sensory-motor control: Ballistic eye movements. Elsevier/North-Holland. (Expanded edition: Pergamon, 1989). [SG]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. & Myers, C. (2000) The resonant dynamics of conscious speech: Interword integration and duration-dependent backward effects. Psychological Review 107 :735–67. [SG]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. & Stone, G. (1986a) Neural dynamics of attention switching and temporal-order information in short-term memory. Memory and Cognition 14:451–68. [SG]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. & Stone, G. (1986b) Neural dynamics of word recognition and recall: Attentional priming, learning, and resonance. Psychological Review 93:46–74. [SG]Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. & Williamson, J. R. (2001) A neural model of how horizontal and interlaminar connections of visual cortex develop into adult circuits that carry out perceptual grouping and learning. Cerebral Cortex 11:37–58. [SG]Google Scholar

Grote, I. (2003) Individualizing self-instruction for adults with developmental disabilities: Intensifying its occurrence produces generalized compliance with SI. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 15:281–99. [IG]Google Scholar

Grote, I. (2003) (submitted) Self-instruction is just instruction: Review of a research program. [IG]Google Scholar

Guenther, F. H., Hampson, M. & Johnson, D. (1998) A theoretical investigation of reference frames for the planning of speech movements. Psychological Review 105:611–33. [GH]Google Scholar

Gupta, P. (1996) Verbal short-term memory and language processing: A computational model. Brain and Language 55:194–97. [NM]Google Scholar

Haan, H., Streb, J., Bien, S. & Rösler, F. (2000) Individual cortical current density reconstructions of the semantic N400 effect: Using a generalized minimum norm model with different constraints (L1 and L2 norm). Human Brain Mapping 11:178–92. [FR]Google Scholar

Haarmann, H. J. & Cameron, K. A. (in press) Active maintenance of sentence meaning in working memory: Evidence from EEG coherences. International Journal of Psychophysiology. [arDSR]Google Scholar

Haarmann, H. J., Cameron, K. A. & Ruchkin, D. S. (2002) Neural synchronization mediates on-line sentence processing: EEG coherence evidence from filler-gap constructions. Psychophysiology 39:820–25. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Haarmann, H. J., Cameron, K. A. & Ruchkin, D. S. (2003a) Short-term semantic retention during on-line sentence comprehension. Brain potential evidence from filler-gap constructions. Cognitive Brain Research 15:178–90. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Haarmann, H. J., Cameron, K. A. & Ruchkin, D. S. (2003a) (submitted) The effect of semantic relatedness on the active maintenance of sentence meaning in working memory. [ADF, aDSR]Google Scholar

Haarmann, H. J., Davelaar, E. J. & Usher, M. (2003b) Individual differences in semantic short-term memory capacity and reading comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 48(2):320–45. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Haarmann, H. & Usher, M. (2001) Maintenance of semantic information in capacity-limited item short-term memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 8:568–78. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Hagoort, P. (2000) Electrocortical reflections on the binding problem for language. Paper presented at the Fourth European Conference of The Federation of European Psychophysiology Societies, Amsterdam, May 24–27, 2000. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Hamann, S. B. & Squire, L. R. (1996) Level-of-processing effects in wordcompletion priming: A neuropsychological study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22:933–47. [BJK]Google Scholar

Hamilton, A. C. & Martin, R. C. (2002) Inhibition and proactive interference effects in impaired semantic short-term memory of aphasic patients. Brain and Language 83:146–48. [NM]Google Scholar

Hanley, J. R., Young, A. W. & Pearson, N. A. (1991) Impairment of the visuospatial sketch pad. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology 43(A):101–25. [JKF, MTM, aDSR]Google Scholar

Hanten, G. & Martin, R. C. (2000) Contributions of phonological and semantic short-term memory to sentence processing: Evidence from two cases of closed head injury in children. Journal of Memory and Language 43(2):335–61. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Harris, J. A., Miniussi, C., Harris, I. M. & Diamond, M. E. (2002) Transient storage of a tactile memory trace in primary somatosensory cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 22(19):8720–25. [ED]Google Scholar

Harter, M. R. & Aine, C. J. (1984) Brain mechanisms of visual selective attention. In: Brain mechanisms of selective attention, ed. Parasuraman, R. & Davies, D. R., pp. 293–321. Academic Press. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Haxby, J. V., Petit, L., Ungerleider, L. G. & Courtney, S. M. (2000) Distinguishing the functional roles of multiple regions in distributed neural systems for visual working memory. Neuroimage 11:145–56. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Horwitz, B., Rapoport, S. & Grady, C. L. (1995) Hemispheric differences in neural systems for face working memory: A PETrCBF study. Human Brain Mapping 3:68–82. [AM]Google Scholar

Heil, M., Rolke, B., Engelkamp, J., Rösler, F., Özcan, M. & Hennighausen, E. (1999) Event-related brain potentials during recognition of ordinary and bizarre action phrases following verbal and subject-performed encoding conditions. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 11:261–80. [MH]Google Scholar

Heil, M., Rösler, F. & Hennighausen, E. (1996) Topographically distinct cortical activation in episodic long-term memory: The retrieval of spatial versus verbal information. Memory and Cognition 24:777–95. [MH]Google Scholar

Heil, M., Rösler, F. & Hennighausen, E. (1997) Topography of brain electrical activity dissociates the retrieval of spatial versus verbal information from episodic long-term memory in humans. Neuroscience Letters 222:45–48. [FR]Google Scholar

Henson, R. N. A., Burgess, N. & Frith, C. D. (2000) Recoding, storage, rehearsal and grouping in verbal short-term memory: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 38:426–40. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Hickok, G. (2000) Speech perception, conduction aphasia, and the functional neuroanatomy of language. In: Language and the brain, ed. Grodzinsky, Y., Shapiro, L. & Swinney, D., pp. 87–104. Academic Press. [GH]Google Scholar

Hickok, G., Buchsbaum, B., Humphries, C. & Muftuler, T. (2003) Auditory-motor interaction revealed by fMRI: Speech, music, and working memory in area Spt. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15:673–82. [GH]Google Scholar

Hickok, G. & Poeppel, D. (2000) Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(4):131–38. [CA, GH, rDSR]Google Scholar

Hillyard, S. A. & Anllo-Vento, L. (1998) Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95:781–87. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A. & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2002) The cognitive neuroscience of sleep: Neuronal systems, consciousness and learning. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3(9):679–93. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Hodges, J. R. & Graham, K. S. (1998) A reversal of the temporal gradient for famous person knowledge in semantic dementia: Implications for the organization of long-term memory. Neuropsychologia 36:803–25. [BJK]Google Scholar

Hodges, J. R. & Miller, B. (2001) The neuropsychology of frontal variant frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia. Introduction to the Special Topic Papers: Part II. Neurocase 7:113–21. [BJK]Google Scholar

Holcomb, P. J. (1988) Automatic and attentional processing: An event-related brain potential analysis of semantic priming. Brain and Language 35:66–85. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Holcomb, P. J. & Neville, H. J. (1990) Auditory and visual semantic priming in lexical decision: A comparison using event-related brain potentials. Language and Cognitive Processes 5:281–312. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Holyoak, K. J. & Thagard, P. (1997). The analogical mind. American Psychologist 52:35–44. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Homan, R. W., Herman, J. & Purdy, P. (1987) Cerebral location of international 10–20 system electrode placement. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 66:376–82. [MAE]Google Scholar

Honey, G., Bullmore, E. & Sharma, T. (2000) Prolonged reaction time to a verbal working memory task predicts increased power of posterior parietal cortical activation. NeuroImage 12:495–503. [CA]Google Scholar

Hulme, C., Maugham, S. & Brown, G. D. A. (1991) Memory for familiar and unfamiliar words: Evidence for a long-term memory contribution to shortterm memory span. Journal of Memory and Language 30:685–701. [SMo, aDSR]Google Scholar

Hulme, C., Roodenrys, S., Brown, G. & Mercer, R. (1995) The role of long-term memory mechanisms in memory span. British Journal of Psychology 86:527–36. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Hulme, C., Roodenrys, S., Schweickert, R., Brown, G. D. A., Martin, S. & Stuart, G. (1997) Word-frequency effects on short-term memory tasks: Evidence for a redintegration process in immediate serial recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23:1217–32. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Ivnik, R. J., Malec, J. F., Smith, G. E., Tangalos, E. G., Petersen, R. C., Kokmen, E. & Kurland, L. T. (1992) Mayo's older Americans normative studies: Updated AVLT norms for ages 56 to 97. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 6 (Suppl.):83–104. [RV]Google Scholar

James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology, vols. 1 & 2. Henri Holt. (Reprinted by Dover Publications, 1950; Thoemmes Press, 1999.) [JKF, JGWR]Google Scholar

Jensen, O., Gelfand, J., Kounios, J. & Lisman, J. (2002) Oscillations in the alpha band (9–12 Hz) increase with memory load during retention in a short-term memory task. Cerebral Cortex 12:877–82. [WK]Google Scholar

Jensen, O. & Tesche, C. (2002) Frontal theta activity in humans increases with memory load in a working memory task. European Journal of Neuroscience 15(8):1395–1400. [WK]Google Scholar

Jones, D. M. & Macken, W. J. (1996) Irrelevant tones produce an irrelevant speech effect: Implications for phonological coding in working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19:369–81. [GH]Google Scholar

Jones, H. R. (1973) The use of visual and verbal memory processes by three-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 15:340–51. [IG]Google Scholar

Jonides, J., Schumacher, E. H., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Marshuetz, C. & Willis, C. R. (1998) The role of parietal cortex in verbal working memory. Journal of Neuroscience 18:5026–34. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Minoshima, S. & Mintun, M. A. (1993) Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature 363:623–25. [JJ, aDSR]Google Scholar

Kaakinen, J. K., Hyönä, J. & Keenan, J. M. (2003) How prior knowledge, working memory capacity, and relevance of information affect eye fixations in expository text. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29:447–57. [JMK]Google Scholar

Kast, B. (2001) Nature 411:126–28. [CA]Google Scholar

Kastner, S., Pinsk, M. A., De Weerd, P., Desimone, R. & Ungerleider, L. G. (1999) Increased activity in human visual cortex during directed attention in the absence of visual stimulation. Neuron 22(4):751–61. [JKK]Google Scholar

Kastner, S. & Ungerleider, L. G. (2000) Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 23:315–41. [JJ]Google Scholar

Kellenbach, M. L. & Mitchie, P. T. (1996) Modulation of event-related potentials by semantic priming: Effects of color-cued selective attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8:155–73. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Khader, P., Streb, J., Scherag, A. & Rösler, F. (2003) Differences between noun and verb processing in a minimal phrase context: A semantic priming study using event-related brain potentials. Cognitive Brain Research 17:293–313. [MH]Google Scholar

Kircher, T. T. J., Brammer, N., Andreu, N. T., Williams, S. C. R. & McGuire, P. K. (2001) Engagement of right temporal cortex during processing of linguistic context. Neuropsychologia 39:798–809. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Klimesch, W. (1999) EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: A review and analysis. Brain Research Reviews 29:169–95. [WK, arDSR]Google Scholar

Klimesch, W., Doppelmayr, M., Schwaiger, J., Auinger, P. & Winkler, T. (1999) “Paradoxical” alpha synchronization in a memory task. Cognitive Brain Research 7:493–501. [WK]Google Scholar

Koch, C. & Ullman, S. (1985) Shifts in selective visual attention: Towards the under-laying neural circuitry. Human Neurobiology 4:219–27. [SG]Google Scholar

Kompass, R. & Elliott, M. A. (2001) Modeling as part of perception: A hypothesis on the function of neural oscillations. In: Fechner Day 2001. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the International Society of Psychophysics, pp. 130–35, ed. Sommerfeld, E., Kompass, R. & Lachmann, T. Pabst Science Publishers. [MAE]Google Scholar

Kopelman, M. D. (2002) Disorders of memory. Brain 125:2152–90. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Kroger, J. K., House, M. G. & Sagei, K. (1998) Selection of relevant information without gating in a spiking cortico-thalamo-striatal model of working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (Supplement) 10:1134. [JKK]Google Scholar

Kroger, J. K., Sabb, F. W., Fales, C. L., Bookheimer, S. Y., Cohen, M. S. & Holyoak, K. J. (2002) Recruitment of anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human reasoning: A parametric study of relational complexity. Cerebral Cortex 12(5):477–85. [JKK, rDSR]Google Scholar

Kuperberg, G. R., McGuire, P. K., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Wright, I. C., Lythgoe, D. J., Williams, S. C. R. & David, A. S. (2000) Common and distinct neural substrates for pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic processing of spoken sentences: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12:321–41. [ADF]Google Scholar

Kutas, M. & Federmeier, K. D. (2000) Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4:463–70. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1989) An electrophysiological probe of incidental semantic association. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1:38–49. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Laakso, M. P., Frisoni, G. B., Kononen, M., Mikkonen, M., Beltramello, A., Geroldi, C., Bianchetti, A., Trabucchi, M., Soininen, H. & Aronen, H. J. (2000) Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A morphometric MRI study. Biological Psychiatry 47:1056–63. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Lang, W., Starr, A., Lang, V., Lindinger, G. & Deecke, L. (1992) Cortical DC potential shifts accompanying auditory and visual short-term memory. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 82:285–95. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Laughery, K. R. & Pinkus, A. L. (1966) Short-term memory: Effects of acoustic similarity, presentation rate and presentation mode. Psychonomic Science 6(6):285–86. [AB]Google Scholar

Lehrl, S. (1977) Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest MWT-B. Manual. Straube-Verlag. [RV]Google Scholar

Loftus, G. R. & Mackworth, N. H. (1978) Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Cognition, Perception, and Performance 4(4):565–72. [JDR]Google Scholar

Logie, R. H. (1995) Visuo-spatial working memory. Erlbaum. [RHL, SMo]Google Scholar

Logie, R. H. (2003) Spatial and visual working memory: A mental workspace. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 42: Cognitive vision, ed. Irwin, D. & Ross, B Academic Press. [RHL]Google Scholar

Logie, R. H., Della Sala, S., Laiacona, M., Chalmers, P. & Wynn, V. (1996) Group aggregates and individual reliability: The case of verbal short-term memory. Memory and Cognition 24:305–21. [RHLGoogle Scholar

Logie, R. H., Venneri, A., Della Sala, S., Redpath, T. & Marshall, I. (in press) Brain activation and the phonological loop: The impact of rehearsal. Brain and Cognition. [RHL]Google Scholar

Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T. & Oeltermann, A. (2001) Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature 412:150–57. [ED]Google Scholar

Lovatt, P., Avons, S. E. & Masterson, J. (2002) Output decay in immediate serial recall: Speech time revisited. Journal of Memory and Language 46:227–43. [NC]Google Scholar

Low, A., Rockstroh, B., Cohen, R., Hauk, O., Berg, P. & Maier, W. (1999) Determining working memory from ERP topography. Brain Topography 12:39–47. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Luck, S. J. & Vogel, E. K. (1998) Response from Luck and Vogel. (A response to “Visual and auditory working memory capacity,” by N. Cowan, in the same issue.) Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2:78–80. [NC]Google Scholar

Majerus, S., Laureys, S., Collette, F., DelFiore, G., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., Maquet, P. & Metz-Lutz, M.-N. (2003a) Phonological STM networks after recovery of Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Human Brain Mapping 19:133–44. [SMa]Google Scholar

Majerus, S., Van der Linden, M., Poncelet, M., & Metz-Lutz, M.-N. (2003b) Can phonological and semantic STM be dissociated? Further evidence from Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Cognitive Neuropsychology. (in press). [SMa]Google Scholar

Makeig, S., Westerfield, M., Jung, T. P., Covington, J., Townsend, J., Sejnowski, T. J. & Courchesne, E. (1999) Functionally independent components of the late positive event-related potential during visual spatial attention. The Journal of Neuroscience 19(7):2665–80. [MAE]Google Scholar

Mangun, G. R., Hillyard, S. A. & Luck, S. J. (1993) Electrocortical substrates of visual selective attention. In: Attention and performance XIV. Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience, ed. Meyer, D. E. & Kornblum, S., pp. 219–43. MIT Press. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Manoach, D. S., Schlaug, G., Siewert, B., Darby, D. G., Bly, B. M., Benfield, A. Edelman, R. R. & Warach, S. (1997) Prefrontal cortex fMRI signal changes are correlated with working memory load. NeuroReport 8:545–49. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Markowitsch, H. J. (2000) The anatomical bases of memory. In: The new cognitive neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S., pp. 781–95. MIT Press. [MH]Google Scholar

Martin, N. (1999) Measurements of auditory-verbal STM abilities in aphasic subjects with word retrieval deficits. Brain and Language 69:358–61. [NM]Google Scholar

Martin, N. & Ayala, J. (submitted) Measurements of auditory-verbal STM in aphasia: Effects of task, item and word processing impairment. Brain and Language. [NM]Google Scholar

Martin, N., Dell, G. S., Saffran, E. M. & Schwartz, M. F. (1994) Origins of paraphasias in deep dysphasia: Testing the consequences of decay impairment to an interactive spreading activation model of language. Brain and Language 47:609–660. [NM]Google Scholar

Martin, N. & Gupta, P. (2004) Exploring the relationships between word processing and verbal short-term memory: Evidence from associations and dissociations. Cognitive Neuropsychology 21:213–28. [NM]Google Scholar

Martin, N. & Saffran, E. M. (1990) Repetition and verbal STM in transcortical sensory aphasia: A case study. Brain and Language 39:254–88. [NM]Google Scholar

Martin, N. & Saffran, E. M. (1997) Language and auditory-verbal short-term memory impairments: Evidence for common underlying processes. Cognitive Neuropsychology 14(5):641–82. [NM, aDSR]Google Scholar

Martin, N. & Saffran, E. M. (1999) Effects of word processing and short-term memory deficits on verbal learning: Evidence from aphasia. International Journal of Psychology 34(5/6):330–46. [NM]Google Scholar

Martin, N., Saffran, E. M. & Dell, G. S. (1996) Recovery in deep dysphasia: Evidence for a relation between auditory-verbal STM capacity and lexical errors in repetition. Brain and Language 52:83–113. [NM]Google Scholar

Martin, N., Saffran, E. M., Dell, G. S., Schwartz, M. F. & Gupta, P. (2000) Neuropsychological and computational evidence for a model of lexical processing, verbal short-term memory and learning. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Beijing, October 2000, vol. II, pp. 20–25. China Military Friendship Publisher. [NM]Google Scholar

Martin, R. C. & Lesch, M. F. (1996) Associations and dissociations between language impairment and list recall: Implications for models of STM. In: Models of working memory, ed. Gathercole, S. E., pp. 149–78. Psychology Press. [NM]Google Scholar

Martin, R. C. & Romani, C. (1994) Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension: A multiple-components view. Neuropsychology 8:506–23. [arDSR]Google Scholar

Martin, R. C., Shelton, J. R. & Yaffee, L. S. (1994) Language processing and working memory: Neuropsychological evidence for separate phonological and semantic capacities. Journal of Memory and Language 33:83–111. [JKF, JMK, NM, rDSR]Google Scholar

Maybery, M. T., Ford, K., Huitson, M., Parmentier, F. B. R. & Jones, D. M. (2003) The influence of changing-state irrelevant speech on the retention of verbal and spatial sequences. (Manuscript in preparation.) [MTM]Google Scholar

Maybery, M. T., Parmentier, F. B. R. & Jones, D. M. (2002) Grouping of list items reflected in the timing of recall: Implications for models of serial verbal memory. Journal of Memory and Language 47:360–85. [MTM]Google Scholar

Mayes, A. R. (2000) Selective memory disorders. In: The Oxford handbook of memory, ed. Tulving, E. & Craik, F. I. M. Oxford University Press. [JKF]Google Scholar

McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L. & O’Reilly, R. C. (1995) Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review 102:419–57. [MH, FR]Google Scholar

McGuire, P. K., Silbersweig, D. A. & Frith, C. D. (1996) Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery. Psychological Medicine 26:29–38. [CA]Google Scholar

McLennan, C. T., Luce, P. A. & Charles-Luce, J. (2003) Representation of lexical form. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29(4):539–53. [SG]Google Scholar

Mecklinger, A., Bosch, V., Gruenewald, C., Bentin, S. & von Cramon, D. Y. (2000) What have Klingon letters and faces in common? An fMRI study on contentspecific working memory systems. Human Brain Mapping 11:146–61. [AM, rDSR]Google Scholar

Mecklinger, A., Gruenewald, C., Besson, M., Magnie, M. N. & von Cramon, D. Y. (2002) Separable neuronal circuitries for manipulable and non-manipulable objects in working memory. Cerebral Cortex 12:1115–23. [MH]Google Scholar

Mecklinger, A. & Pfeifer, E. (1996) Event-related potentials reveal topographical and temporal distinct neuronal activation patterns for spatial and object working memory. Cognitive Brain Research 4: 211–24. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Melton, A. W. (1963) Implications of short-term memory for a general theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2:1–21. [AB, GV]Google Scholar

Miller, E. K., Erickson, C. A. & Desimone, R. (1996) Neural mechanisms of visual working memory in prefrontal cortex of the macaque. Journal of Neuroscience 16(16):5154–67. [ED]Google Scholar

Miltner, W., Braun, C., Johnson, R. Jr., Simpson, G. V. & Ruchkin, D. S. (1994) A test of brain electrical source analysis (BESA): A simulation study. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 91:295–310. [arDSR]Google Scholar

Miyake, A. & Shah, P., eds. (1999) Models of working memory. Cambridge University Press. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Monsell, S. (1984) Components of working memory underlying verbal skills: A “distributed capacities” view. In: Attention and performance, vol. X: Control of language processes, ed. Bouma, H. & Bouwhuis, D. G., pp. 327–50. Erlbaum. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Morra, S. (1989) Untitled paper presentation at the Workshop on Working Memory, Schoonloo, the Netherlands, April 21–24, 1989. [SMo]Google Scholar

Morra, S. (1990) Why another model of working memory? Paper presented at the IVth Conference of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology, Como, Italy, September 15–19, 1990. [SMo]Google Scholar

Morra, S. (1998) Magazzini di memoria? Pronti per l’oblio! [Memory stores? Ready for forgetting!] Giornale Italiano di Psicologia 25:695–730. [SMo]Google Scholar

Morra, S. (2000) A new model of verbal short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 75:191–227. [SMo]Google Scholar

Morra, S. (2001) Nothing left in store … But how do we measure attentional capacity? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:132–33. [SMo]Google Scholar

Morra, S., Mazzoni, G. & Sava, D. (1993) Esiste un loop articolatorio di capacità limitata? [Is there a time-limited articulatory loop?] In: Proceedings of the Società Italiana di Psicologia Research Division Conference, Rome, September 29–October 2, 1993, pp. 94–95. [SMo]Google Scholar

Moscovitch, M. & Winocur, G. (2001) Working-with-memory and the frontal lobes: Human and animal models. Brain and Cognition 47(1–2):22–33. [JKF]Google Scholar

Murdock, B. B. Jr. (1972) Short-term memory. In: The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory, vol. 5, ed. Bower, G. H., pp. 67–127. Academic Press. [AB]Google Scholar

Murphy, K., Corfield, D. R., Guz, A., Fink, G. R., Wise, R. J., Harrison, J. & Adams, L. (1997) Cerebral areas associated with motor control of speech in humans. (JAP) Journal of the American Psychological Association 83(5):1438–47. [CA]Google Scholar

Nairne, J. S. (2002) Remembering over the short-term: The case against the standard model. Annual Review of Psychology 53:53–81. [NC]Google Scholar

Naveh-Benjamin, M. & Jonides, J. (1984) Maintenance rehearsal: A two-component analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 10: 369–85. [JJ]Google Scholar

Neath, I., Brown, G. D. A., Poirier, M. & Fortin, C. (1999) Short-term/working memory: An overview. International Journal of Psychology 34(5–6):273–75. [JKF]Google Scholar

Newman, A. J., Pancheva, R., Ozawa, K., Neville, H. J. & Ullmann, M. T. (2001) An event-related fMRI study of syntactic and semantic violations. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 30:339–64. [ADF]Google Scholar

Ng, H. L. H. & Maybery, M. T. (2002) Temporal grouping effects in short-term memory: An evaluation of time-dependent models. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 55:391–424. [MTM]Google Scholar

Ng, H. L. H. & Maybery, M. T. (2003) Grouping in verbal short-term memory: Do oscillators code the positions of items. (under review) [MTM]Google Scholar

Ni, W., Constable, R. T., Mencl, W. E., Pugh, K. R., Fulbright, R. K., Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B. A., Gore, J. C. & Shankweiler, D. (2000) An event-related neuroimaging study distinguishing form and content in sentence processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12:120–33. [ADF]Google Scholar

Nicolson, R. & Fawcett, A. (1991) Decomposing working memory: New evidence from memory span. Paper presented at the International Conference on Memory, Lancaster, United Kingdom, July 15–19, 1991. [SMo]Google Scholar

Nobre, A. C. & McCarthy, G. (1994) Language-related ERPs: Scalp distrbutions and modulation by word type and semantic priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6:233–55. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Nunez, P. L. (1981) Electrical fields of the brain. Oxford University Press. [FR]Google Scholar

Nunez, P. L., Silberstein, R. B., Shi, Z. P., Carpenter, M. R., Srinivasan, R., Tucker, D. M., Doran, S. M., Cadusch, P. J. & Wijesinghe, R. S.. (1999) EEC coherency II: Experimental comparisons of multiple measures. Clinical Neurophysiology 110:469–86. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Nyberg, L., Petersson, K. M., Nilsson, L. G., Sandblom, J., Aberg, C. & Ingvar, M. (2001) Reactivation of motor brain areas during explicit memory for actions. Neuroimage 14:521–28. [MH]Google Scholar

Oliveri, M., Turriziani, P., Carlesimo, G. A., Koch, G., Tomaiuolo, F., Panella, M. & Caltagirone, C. (2001) Parieto-frontal interactions in visual-object and visual-spatial working memory: Evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Cerebral Cortex 11(7):606–18. [ED, rDSR]Google Scholar

O’Reilly, R. C. & Norman, K. A. (2002) Hippocampal and neocortical contributions to memory: Advances in the complementary learning systems framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:505–10. [MH]Google Scholar

Osaka, M., Nishizaki, Y., Komori, M. & Osaka, N. (2002) Effect of focus in verbal working memory: Critical role of focus word in reading. Memory and Cognition 30:562–71. [NO]Google Scholar

Osaka, M., Osaka, N., Kondo, H., Morishita, M., Fukuyama, H., Aso, T. & Shibasaki, H. (2003) Neural basis of individual differences in working memory: An fMRI study. NeuroImage 18:789–97. [NO]Google Scholar

Osaka, N., Osaka, M., Kondo, N. Morishita, H., Fukuyama, M. & Shibasaki, H. (2003a) An emotion-based facial expression word activates laughter module in the human brain: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience Letters 340:127–30. [NO]Google Scholar

Osaka, N., Osaka, M., Kondo, N. M.rishita, H. F.kuyama, M. & Shibasaki, H. (2003b) Individual differences in working memory under reading span task: An fMRI study. (submitted). [NO]Google Scholar

Owen, A. M. (1997) The functional organization of working memory processes within human lateral frontal cortex: The contribution of functional neuroimaging. European Journal of Neuroscience 9:1329–39. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Owen, A. M., Evans, A. C. & Petrides, M. (1996) Evidence for a two-stage model of spatial working memory processing within the lateral frontal cortex: A positron emission tomography study. Cerebral Cortex 6(1):31–38. [JDR]Google Scholar

Page, M. P. A. (2000) Connectionist modelling in psychology: A localist manifesto. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23:443–67. [SG]Google Scholar

Page, M. P. A. & Norris, D. G. (1998) The primacy model: A new model of immediate serial recall. Psychological Review 104:761–81. [SG]Google Scholar

Pascual-Leone, J. (1987) Organismic processes for neo-Piagetian theories: A dialectical causal account of cognitive development. International Journal of Psychology 22:531–70. [SMo]Google Scholar

Pashler, H. & Shiu, L-P. (1999) Do images involuntarily trigger search? A test of Pillsbury's hypothesis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 6:445–48. [JJ]Google Scholar

Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993) The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 362:342–45. [CA, MH, RHL, aDSR]Google Scholar

Paulesu, E., Frith, U., Snowling, M., Gallagher, A., Morton, J., Frackowiak, R. S. J. & Frith, C. D. (1996) Is developmental dyslexia a disconnection syndrome? Evidence from PET scanning. Brain 119:143–57. [GV]Google Scholar

Pearson, K. (1943) The grammar of science. Dent. (Originally published in 1892). [IG]Google Scholar

Penney, C. G. (1989) Modality effects and the structure of short-term verbal memory. Memory and Cognition 17:398–422. [AB, NO, aDSR]Google Scholar

Petrides, M. (1995) Impairments on nonspatial self-ordered and externally ordered working memory tasks after lesions of the mid-dorsal part of the lateral frontal cortex in the monkey. Journal of Neuroscience 15:359–75. [JDR]Google Scholar

Petrides, M. (2000) The role of the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in working memory. Experimental Brain Research 133:44–54. [FR]Google Scholar

Petrides, M. & Pandya, D. N. (1984) Projections to the frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 228:105–16. [JJ]Google Scholar

Petrides, M. & Pandya, D. N. (2002) Association pathways of the prefrontal cortex and functional observations. In: Principles of frontal lobe function, ed. Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T., pp. 31–50 Oxford University Press. [AM]Google Scholar

Petsche, H. & Etlinger, S. C. (1998) EEG and thinking. Austrian Academy of Sciences. [SW]Google Scholar

Phillips, W. A. (1974) On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory. Perception and Psychophysics 16:283–90. [WAP]Google Scholar

Phillips, W. A. (1983a) Change perception needs sensory storage. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:35–36. [WAP]Google Scholar

Phillips, W. A. (1983b) Short-term visual memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 302:295–309. [WAP]Google Scholar

Phillips, W. A. & Christie, D. F. M. (1977a) Components of visual memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29:117–33. [WAP]Google Scholar

Phillips, W. A. & Christie, D. F. M. (1977b) Interference with visualization. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29:637–50. [WAP]Google Scholar

Phillips, W. A. & Singer, W. (1974) Function and interaction of on and off transients in vision, I: Psychophysics. Experimental Brain Research 19:493–506. [WAP]Google Scholar

Pitt, M. & Shoaf, L. (2002) Linking verbal transformations to their causes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 28:150–62. [CA]Google Scholar

Poldrack, R. A., Wagner, A. D., Prull, M. W., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1999) Functional specialization for semantic and phonological processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage 10:15–35. [CA]Google Scholar

Posner, M. I. & Petersen, S. E. (1990) The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 13:25–42. [JJ]Google Scholar

Posner, M. I. & Rothbart, M. K. (1991) Attentional mechanisms and conscious experience. In: The neuropsychology of consciousness, ed. Milner, A. D. & Rugg, M. D., pp. 91–111. Academic Press. [NC]Google Scholar

Posner, M. I., Walker, J. A., Friedrich, F. J. & Rafal, R. D. (1984) Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention. Journal of Neuroscience 4:1863–74. [JJ]Google Scholar

Postle, B. R., Berger, J. S. & D’Esposito, M. (1999) Functional neuroanatomical double dissociation of mnemonic and executive control processes contributing to working memory performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96:12959–64. [arDSR]Google Scholar

Potter, M. C. (1993) Very short-term conceptual memory. Memory and Cognition 21(2):156–61. [NM]Google Scholar

Prabhakaran, V., Narayanan, K., Zhao, Z. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2000) Integration of diverse information in working memory within the frontal lobe. Nature Neuroscience 3(1):85–90. [MDP, arDSR, GV]Google Scholar

Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (1993) The story of the two-store model: Past criticisms, current status, and future directions. In: Attention and performance XIV: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience, ed. Meyer, D. E. & Kornblum, S., pp. 467–88. MIT Press. [JGWR]Google Scholar

Rappelsberger, P. & Petsche, H. (1988) Probability mapping: Power and coherence analyses of cognitive processes. Brain Topography 1:46–54. [SW]Google Scholar

Reingold, E. M., Charness, N., Pomplun, M. & Stampe, D. M. (2001) Visual span in expert chess players: Evidence from eye movements. Psychological Science 12(1):48–55. [JDR]Google Scholar

Reisberg, D., Smith, J. D., Baxter, A. D. & Sonenshine, M. (1989) Enacted auditory images are ambiguous; pure auditory images are not. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 41A:619–41. [CA]Google Scholar

Richardson, J. T. E., Longoni, A. M. & Di Masi, N., N. (1996) Persistence of the phonological trace in working memory. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive – Current Psychology of Cognition 15:557–81. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Rickard, T. C. & Grafman, J. (1998) Losing their configural mind: Amnesic patients fail on transverse patterning. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10:509–24. [arDSR]Google Scholar

Rodriguez, E., George, N., Lachaux, J. P., Martinerie, J., Renault, B. & Varela, F. (1999) Perception's shadow: Long-distance synchronization of human brain activity. Nature 397:430–33. [CA, aDSR]Google Scholar

Roediger, H. L. III, Buckner, R. L. & McDermott, K. B. (1999) Components of processing. In: Memory: Systems, process or function?, ed. Foster, J. K. & Jelicic, M., pp. 31–65. Oxford University Press. [JKF]Google Scholar

Röhm, D., Klimesch, W., Haider, H. & Doppelmayr, M. (2001) The role of theta and alpha oscillations for language comprehension in the human electroencephaologram. Neuroscience Letters 310:137–40. [WK]Google Scholar

Roldan, C. E. & Phillips, W. A. (1980) Functional differences between upright and rotated images. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32:397–412. [WAP]Google Scholar

Rolke, B., Heil, M., Hennighausen, E., Häussler, C. & Rösler, F. (2000) Topography of brain electrical activity dissociates the sequential order transformation of verbal versus spatial information in humans. Neuroscience Letters 282:81–84. [FR]Google Scholar

Romani, C. & Martin, R. (1999) A deficit in the short-term retention of lexicalsemantic information: Forgetting words but remembering a story. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 128:56–77. [arDSR, GV]Google Scholar

Ronnberg, J., Soderfeldt, B. & Risberg, J. (2000) The cognitive neuroscience of signed language. Acta Psychologica 105:237–54. [MDP]Google Scholar

Roodenrys, S. & Hulme, C. (1993) The development of short-term memory span: Separable effects of speech rate and long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 56:431–42. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Rösler, F. & Heil, M. (2003) The principle of code-specific memory representations. In: Principles of learning and memory, ed. Kluwe, R. H., Lüer, G. & Rösler, F., pp. 71–92. Birkhäuser. [MH, FR]Google Scholar

Rösler, F., Heil, M. & Hennighausen, E. (1995) Distinct cortical activiation patterns during long-term memory retrieval of verbal, spatial, and color information. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7:51–65. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Rösler, F., Heil, M. & Röder, B. (1997) Slow negative brain potentials as reflections of specific modular resources of cognition. Biological Psychology 45:109–41. [FR]Google Scholar

Ruchkin, D. S., Berndt, R. S., Johnson, R. J., Grafman, J., Ritter, W. & Canoune, H. L. (1999) Lexical contributions to retention of verbal information in working memory: Event-related brain potential evidence. Journal of Memory and Language 41:345–64. [arRDSR]Google Scholar

Ruchkin, D. S., Berndt, R. S., Johnson, R. Jr., Ritter, W., Grafman, J. & Canoune, H. L. (1997a) Modality-specific processing streams in verbal working memory: Evidence from spatio-temporal patterns of brain activity. Cognitive Brain Research 6:95–113. [arDSR]Google Scholar

Ruchkin, D. S., Canoune, H., Johnson, R. Jr. & Ritter, W. (1995) Working memory and preparation elicit different patterns of slow wave event-related brain potentials. Psychophysiology 32:399–410. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Ruchkin, D. S., Grafman, J., Krauss, G. L., Johnson, R. Jr., Canoune, H. & Ritter, W. (1994) Event-related brain potential evidence for a verbal working memory deficit in multiple sclerosis. Brain 117:289–305. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Ruchkin, D. S., Johnson, R. Jr., Canoune, H. & Ritter, W. (1990) Short-term memory storage and retention: An event-related brain potential study. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 76:419–39. [NO, aDSR]Google Scholar

Ruchkin, D. S., Johnson, R. Jr., Grafman, J., Canoune, H. & Ritter, W. (1992) Distinctions and similarities among working memory processes: An eventrelated potential study. Cognitive Brain Research 1:53–66. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Ruchkin, D. S., Johnson, R. Jr., Grafman, J., Canoune, H. & Ritter, W. (1997b) Multiple visuo-spatial working memory buffers: Evidence from spatiotemporal patterns of brain activity. Neuropsychologia 35:195–209. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Ryan, J. D. (2001) The nature of visual memory representations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. [JDR]Google Scholar

Ryan, J. D. & Cohen, N. J. (2001) The existence of internal visual memory representations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24(5):1002–1003. [JDR]Google Scholar

Ryan, J. D. & Cohen, N. J. (2001) (under revision). The contribution of multiple memory systems to on-line scene representations. [JDR]Google Scholar

Ryan, J. D. & Cohen, N. J. (2001) (in press) Processing and short-term retention of relational information in amnesia. Neuropsychologia. [JDR]Google Scholar

Rypma, B. & D’Esposito, M. (1999) The roles of prefrontal brain regions in components of working memory: Effects of memory load and individual differences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:6558–63. [MDP]Google Scholar

Rypma, B. & D’Esposito, M. (2000) Isolating the neural mechanisms of age-related changes in human working memory. Nature Neuroscience 3:509–15. [MDP]Google Scholar

Rypma, B. & D’Esposito, M. (2001) Age-related changes in brain-behavior relationships: Evidence from event-related functional MRI studies. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 13:235–56. [MDP]Google Scholar

Rypma, B., Prabhakaran, V., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1999) Load-dependent roles of prefrontal cortical regions in the maintenance of working memory. NeuroImage 9:216–26. [MDP]Google Scholar

Sachs, J. S. (1967) Recognition memory for syntactic and semantic objects of connected discourse. Perception and Psychophysics 2:437–42. [FB]Google Scholar

Sachs, J. S. (1974) Memory in reading and listening to discourse. Memory and Cognition 2:95–100. [FB]Google Scholar

Saffran, E. M. (1990) Short-term memory impairment and language processing. In: Cognitive neuropsychology and neurolinguistics: Advances in models of cognitive function and impairment, ed. Caramazza, A., pp. 137–68. Erlbaum. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Saffran, E. M. & Martin, N. (1990) Neuropsychological evidence for lexical involvement in short-term memory. In: Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory, ed. Vallar, G. & Shallice, T., pp. 145–66. Cambridge University Press. [NM, aDSR]Google Scholar

Saffran, E. M. & Martin, N. (1999) Meaning but not words: Neuropsychological evidence for very short-term conceptual memory. In: Fleeting memories: Cognition of brief visual stimuli, ed. Coltheart, V., pp. 225–38. MIT Press. [NM]Google Scholar

Saint-Aubin, J. & Poirier, M. (1999) Semantic similarity and immediate serial recall: Is there a detrimental effect on order information? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 52A:367–94. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Salamé, P. & Baddeley, A. (1982) Disruption of short-term memory by unattended speech: Implications for the structure of working memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 21:150–64. [GH]Google Scholar

Sarntheim, J., Petsche, H., Rappelsberger, P., Shaw, G. L. & von Stein, A. (1998) Synchronization between prefrontal and posterior association cortex during human working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:7092–96. [WK, AM, aDSR]Google Scholar

Sato, M., Baciu, M., Abry, C., Loevenbruck, H. & Segebarth, C. (2003) A functional MRI study of the verbal transformation effect. In: Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Phonetics Science, Barcelona, Spain, vol. 2, ed. Solé, M. J., Recasens, D. & Romero, J., pp. 1639–42. [CA]Google Scholar

Sato, M. & Schwartz, J. L. (2003) Linking speech, verbal imagery and working memory: Articulatory control constraints in the verbal transformation effect. In: Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Phonetics Science, Barcelona, Spain, vol. 1, ed. Solé, M. J., Recasens, D. & Romero, J., pp. 435–38. [CA]Google Scholar

Schack, B. & Klimesch, W. (2002) Frequency characteristic of evoked and oscillatory electroencephalographic activity in a human memory scanning task. Neuroscience Letters 331:107–10. [WK]Google Scholar

Schack, B., Vath, N., Petsche, H., Geissler, H.-G. & Mueller, E. (2002) Phasecoupling of theta-gamma EEG rhythms during short-term memory processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology 44:143–63. [SW]Google Scholar

Schack, B. & Weiss, S. (2003) Event-related phase coupling phenomena during verbal memory encoding. Brain Topography 15:201. [SW]Google Scholar

Schack, B., Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger, P. (2003) Cerebral information transfer during word processing: Where and when does it occur and how fast is it? Human Brain Mapping 19:18–36. [SW]Google Scholar

Schacter, D. L. & Buckner, R. L. (1998) On the relations among priming, conscious recollection, and intentional retrieval: Evidence from neuroimaging research. Neurobiology, Learning and Memory 70:284–303. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Scherg, M. (1990) Fundementals of dipole source potential analysis. In: Auditory evoked electric and magnetic fields. Topographic mapping and functional localization. Advances in audiology, vol. 6, ed. Grandori, F. Romani, G. L. & Hoke, M. Karger, pp. 40–69. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Scoville, W. B. & Milner, B. (1957) Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychaitry 20:11–21. [MDP, rDSR]Google Scholar

Serences, J. T., Schwarzbach, J., Courtney, S. M., Golay, X. & Yantis, S. (in preparation) Control of object based attention in human cortex. [JJ]Google Scholar

Service, E. (1998) The effect of word length on immediate serial recall depends on phonological complexity, not articulatory duration. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 51A:283–304. [NC]Google Scholar

Shallice, T. (1988) From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge University Press. [NM]Google Scholar

Shallice, T. & Vallar, G. (1990) The impairment of auditory-verbal short-term storage. In: Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory, ed. Vallar, G. & Shallice, T., pp. 11–53. Cambridge University Press. [GH, aDSR, GV]Google Scholar

Shallice, T. & Warrington, E. K. (1970) Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: A neuropsychological study. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 22:261–73. [MDP, rDSR]Google Scholar

Shergill, S. S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C., Murray, R. M. & McGuire, P. K. (2001) A functional study of auditory verbal imagery. Psychological Medicine 31(2):241–53. [CA]Google Scholar

Shepard, R. N. (1978) The mental image. American Psychologist 33:125–37. [WAP]Google Scholar

Shiffrin, R. M. (1975) Short-term store: The basis for a memory system. In: Cognitive theory, vol. 1, ed. Restle, F., Shiffrin, R. M., Castellan, N. J., Lindman, H. & Pisoni, D. B., pp. 193–218. Erlbaum. [JGWR]Google Scholar

Shiffrin, R. M. (1976) Capacity limitations in information processing, attention, and memory. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, vol. 4: Memory processes, ed. Estes, W. K., pp. 177–236. Erlbaum. [SMo, JGWR]Google Scholar

Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) Commentary on “Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes.” In: Human memory: Basic processes, ed. Bower, G., pp. 1–5. Academic Press. [JGWR]Google Scholar

Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review 84:127–90. [FR]Google Scholar

Shulman, H. G. (1971) Similarity effects in short-term memory. Psychological Bulletin 75:399–415. [NM]Google Scholar

Simons, D. J. & Levin, D. T. (1997) Change blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1:261–67. [WAP]Google Scholar

Singer, W. & Phillips, W. A. (1974) Function and interaction of on and off transients in vision, II: Neurophysiology. Experimental Brain Research 19:507–21. [WAP]Google Scholar

Smith, E. E. & Jonides, J. (1997) Working memory: A view from neuroimaging. Cognitive Psychology 33:5–42. [GH, JJ, MTM]Google Scholar

Smith, E. E. & Jonides, J. (1999) Neuroscience – Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 283:1657–61. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Smith, E. E., Jonides, J., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Schumacher, E. H. & Minoshima, S. (1995) Spatial versus object working memory: PET investigations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7:337–56. [JJ, aDSR]Google Scholar

Smith, J. D., Reisberg, D. & Wilson, M. (1995) The role of subvocalization in auditory imagery. Neuropsychologia 11:1433–54. [CA]Google Scholar

Speirs, H. J., Maquire, E. A. & Burgess, N. (2001) Hippocampal amnesia. Neurocase 7:35782. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Sperling, G. (1960) The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs 74:1–29. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Squire, L. R. (1992) Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological Review 99:195–231. [MH]Google Scholar

Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B. J. & Musen, G. (1993) The structure and organization of memory. Annual Review of Psychology 44:453–95. [BJK]Google Scholar

Squire, L. R. & Zola, S. M. (1998) Episodic memory, semantic memory, and amnesia. Hippocampus 8:205–11. [BJK]Google Scholar

Srinivasan, R., Nunez, P. L. & Silberstein, R. B. (1998) Spatial filtering and neocortical dynamics: Estimates of EEG coherence. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 45:814–27. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Strub, R. L. & Gardner, H. (1974) The repetition defect in conduction aphasia: Mnestic or linguistic? Brain and Language 1:241–55. [GV]Google Scholar

Tewes, U. (1991) HAWIE-R. Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligenztest für Erwachsene. Revision 1991. Verlag Hans Huber. [RV]Google Scholar

Toth, J. P. & Hunt, R. R. (1999) Not one versus many, but zero versus any: Structure and function in the context of the multiple memory systems debate. In: Memory: Systems, process or function?, ed. Foster, J. K. & Jelicic, M. Oxford University Press. [JKF]Google Scholar

Tuller, B. & Kelso, J. A. S. (1990) Phase transitions in speech production and their perceptual consequences. In: Attention and performance XIII, ed. Jeannerod, M., pp. 429–52. Erlbaum. [CA]Google Scholar

Ungerleider, L. G. & Mishkin, M. (1982) Two cortical visual systems. In: Analysis of visual behavior, ed. Ingle, D. J., Goodale, M. A. & Mansfield, R. J. W., pp. 549–86. MIT Press. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Usher, M., Haarmann, H., Cohen, J. D. & Horn, D. (2001) Neural mechanism for the magical number 4: Competitive interactions and non-linear oscillations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:151–52. [NC]Google Scholar

Vallar, G. (2000) The methodological foundations of human neuropsychology: Studies in brain-damaged patients. In: Handbook of neuropsychology, vol. 1, 2nd edition, ed. Boller, F., Grafman, J. & Rizzolatti, G., pp. 305–44. Elsevier. [GV]Google Scholar

Vallar, G. (2002) Short-term memory. In: Encyclopedia of the human brain, vol. 4, ed. Ramachandran, V. S., pp. 367–81. Elsevier. [GV]Google Scholar

Vallar, G. & Baddeley, A. D. (1984) Fractionation of working memory: Neuropsychological evidence for a phonological short-term store. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 23:151–61. [NM, aDSR]Google Scholar

Vallar, G., De Betta, A. M. & Silveri, M. C. (1997) The phonological short-term store rehearsal system: Patterns of impairment and neural correlates. Neuropsychologia 35:795–812. [aDSR, GV]Google Scholar

Vallar, G. & Papagno, C. (1995) Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory. In: Handbook of memory disorders, ed. Baddeley, A. D., Wilson, B. A. & Watts, F. N., pp. 135–65. Wiley. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Vallar, G. & Papagno, C. (2002) Neuropsychological impairments of verbal short-term memory. In: Handbook of memory disorders, 2nd edition, ed. Baddeley, A. D., Wilson, B. A. & Kopelman, M., pp. 249–70. Wiley. [GV]Google Scholar

Vallar, G. & Shallice, T. (1990) Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory. Cambridge University Press. [NM]Google Scholar

Van Essen, D. C., Anderson, C. H. & Felleman, D. J. (1992) Information processing in the primate visual system: An integrated systems perspective. Science 255:419–23. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Varela, F., Lachaux, J.-P., Rodriguez, E. & Martinerie, J. (2001) The brainweb: Phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2:229–39. [aDSR, SW]Google Scholar

Verleger, R. (2002) Event-related EEG potential research in neurological patients. In: The cognitive electrophysiology of mind and brain, ed. Zani, A. & Proverbio, A. M., pp. 309–41. Academic Press. [RV]Google Scholar

von Stein, A., Rappelsberger, P., Sarnthein, J. & Petsche, H. (1999) Synchronization between temporal and parietal cortex during multimodal object processing in man. Cerebral Cortex 9:137–50. [aDSR]Google Scholar

von Stein, A. & Sarnthein, J. (2000) Different frequencies for different scales of cortical integration: From local gamma to long range alpha/theta synchronization. International Journal of Psychophysiology 38:301–13. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Wager, T. D. & Jonides, J. (in preparation) A meta-analysis of attention-switching. [JJ]Google Scholar

Wagner, A. D., Maril, A., Bjork, R. A. & Schacter, D. L. (2001) Prefrontal contributions to executive control: fMRI evidence for functional distinctions within lateral prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage 14:1337–47. [JDR]Google Scholar

Walker, I. & Hulme, C. (1999) Concrete words are easier to recall than abstract words: Evidence for a semantic contribution to short-term serial recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 25:1256–71. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Waltz, J. A., Knowlton, B. J., Holyoak, K. J., Boon, K. B., Mishkin, F. S., Santoa, M. D. M., Thomas, C. R. & Miller, B. L. (1999) A system for relational reasoning in human prefrontal cortex. Psychological Science 10:119–25. [JDR]Google Scholar

Wang, X. J. (2001) Synaptic reverberation underlying mnemonic persistent activity. Trends in Neuroscience 24(8):455–63. [ED]Google Scholar

Warren, M. R. (1961) Illusory changes of distinct speech upon repetition – the verbal transformation effect. British Journal of Psychology 52:249–58. [CA]Google Scholar

Warren, M. R. & Gregory, R. L (1958) An auditory analogue of the visual reversible figure. American Journal of Psychology 71:612–13. [CA]Google Scholar

Warrington, E. K. & Rabin, P. (1971) Visual span of apprehension in patients with unilateral cerebral lesions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 23:432–44. [JKF]Google Scholar

Warrington, E. K. & Shallice, T. (1969) The selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory. Brain 92:885–96. [JKF, rDSR]Google Scholar

Watkins, M. J. (1977) The intricacy of memory span. Memory and Cognition 5:529–534.Google Scholar

Watt, R. J. & Phillips, W. A. (2000) The function of dynamic grouping in vision. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4:447–54. [WAP]Google Scholar

Waugh, N. C. & Norman, D. A. (1965) Primary memory. Psychological Review 72:89–104. [AB]Google Scholar

Weiss, S. & Mueller, H. M. (2003) The contribution of EEG coherence to the investigation of language. Brain and Language 85:325–43. [SW]Google Scholar

Weiss, S., Mueller, H. M., King, J. W., Kutas, M. & Rappelsberger, P. (2001) EEGcoherence analysis of naturally spoken English relative clauses. Brain Topography 13:317. [SW]Google Scholar

Weiss, S., Mueller, H. M. & Rappelsberger, P. (2000) Theta synchronisation predicts efficient memory encoding of concrete and abstract nouns. NeuroReport 11:2357–61. [SW]Google Scholar

Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger, P. (1998) Left frontal EEG coherence reflects modality independent language processes. Brain Topography 11:33–42. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger, P. (2000) Long-range EEG synchronization during word encoding correlates with successful memory performance. Cognitive Brain Research 9:299–312. [SW]Google Scholar

Wheeler, M. E., Petersen, S. E. & Buckner, R. L. (2000) Memory's echo: Vivid remembering reactivates sensory-specific cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97:11125–29. [aDSR]Google Scholar

Wiggs, C. L., Weisberg, J.& Martin, A. (1999) Neural correlates of semantic and episodic memory retrieval. Neuropsychologia 37:103–18. [ADF]Google Scholar

Wilson, M. (2001) The case for sensorimotor coding in working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 8:44–57. [AB, GH, MDP]Google Scholar

Wise, R. J. S., Scott, S. K., Blank, S. C., Mummery, C. J., Murphy, K. & Warburton, E. A. (2001) Separate neural subsystems within “Wernicke's area.” Brain 124:83–95. [SMa]Google Scholar

Wood, J. N. & Grafman, J. (2003) Human prefrontal cortex: Processing and representational perspectives. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4:140–47. [rDSR]Google Scholar

Yantis, S. & Serences, J. T. (2003) Cortical mechanisms of space-based and object-based attentional control. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 13:187–93. [JJ]Google Scholar

Yonelinas, A. P., Kroll, N. E., Dobbins, I., Lazzara, M. & Knight, R. T. (1998) Recollection and familiarity deficits in amnesia: Convergence of rememberknow, process dissociation, and receiver operating characteristic data. Neuropsychology 12:323–39. [BJK]Google Scholar

Zarahn, E., Aguirre, G. K. & D’Esposito, M. (1997) A trial-based experimental design for fMRI. Neuroimage 6:122–38. [MDP]Google Scholar

Zeaman, D. & House, B. J. (1979) A review of attention theory. In: Handbook of mental deficiency: Psychological theory and research, 2nd edition, ed. Ellis, N. R. Wiley. [IG]Google Scholar

PDF 923.2 KB

Article contents

Working memory: Unemployed but still doing day labor

Abstract:

Access options

References

Save article to Kindle

Save article to Dropbox

Save article to Google Drive

Reply to: Submit a response

Your details

You have entered the maximum number of contributors

Conflicting interests