Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T02:12:07.536Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The evolutionary social brain: From genes to psychiatric conditions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 June 2008

Bernard Crespi
Affiliation:
Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
Christopher Badcock
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, London School of Economics, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom. crespi@sfu.caC.Badcock@lse.ac.ukhttp://www.sfu.ca/biology/faculty/crespi/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/sociology/whoswho/badcock.htm

Abstract

The commentaries on our target article, “Psychosis and Autism as Diametrical Disorders of the Social Brain,” reflect the multidisciplinary yet highly fragmented state of current studies of human social cognition. Progress in our understanding of the human social brain must come from studies that integrate across diverse analytic levels, using conceptual frameworks grounded in evolutionary biology.

Type
Authors' Response
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alberti, A., Romano, C., Falco, M., Calì, F., Schinocca, P., Galesi, O., Spalletta, A., Di Benedetto, D. & Fichera, M. (2007) 1.5 Mb de novo 22q11.21 microduplication in a patient with cognitive deficits and dysmorphic facial features. Clinical Genetics 71:177–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, S. C., Wood, M. D., Tunster, S. J., Barton, S. C., Surani, M. A. & John, R. M. (2007) Cdkn1c (p57Kip2) is the major regulator of embryonic growth within its imprinted domain on mouse distal chromosome 7. BMC Developmental Biology 7:53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arking, D. E., Cutler, D. J., Brune, C. W., Teslovich, T. M., West, K., Ikeda, M., Rea, A., Guy, M., Lin, S., Cook, E. H. & Chakravarti, A. (2008) A common genetic variant in the neurexin superfamily member CNTNAP2 increases familial risk of autism. American Journal of Human Genetics 82:160–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asperger, H. (1944) Die “autistichen psychopathen” im kindesalter [Autistic psychopathy in infancy]. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten [Archive for Psychiatry and Nerve Disease] 117:76136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badcock, C. R. (2002) Incest, the libido theory, and sociobiology and psychoanalysis. In: The Freud encyclopedia, ed. Erwin, E., pp. 273–75, 321–24, 534–35. Routledge.Google Scholar
Badcock, C. R. (2004) Mentalism and mechanism: The twin modes of human cognition. In: Human nature and social values: Implications of evolutionary psychology for public policy, ed. Crawford, C. & Salmon, C., pp. 99116. Erlbaum. (Published online in 2002).Google Scholar
Badcock, C. R. (2008) An evolutionary theory of mind and of mental illness: Genetic conflict and the mentalistic continuum. In: Foundations of evolutionary psychology: Ideas, issues and applications, ed. Crawford, C. & Krebs, D., pp. 430–50. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Badcock, C. R. (in preparation) Autism to mind cancer: A new view of the mind and mental illness.Google Scholar
Baron, C. A., Tepper, C. G., Liu, S. Y., Davis, R. R., Wang, N. J., Schanen, N. C. & Gregg, J. P. (2006) Genomic and functional profiling of duplicated chromosome 15 cell lines reveal regulatory alterations in UBE3A-associated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway processes. Human Molecular Genetics 15:853–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S. (1989) Are autistic children “behaviorists”? An examination of their mental-physical and appearance-reality distinctions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 19:579600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995) Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (2002) The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:248–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S. (2003) The essential difference: The truth about the male and female brain. Basic Books/Penguin.Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (2005) The empathizing system: A revision of the 1994 model of the mindreading system. In: Origins of the social mind, ed. Ellis, B. J. & Bjorklund, D. F., pp. 468–92. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Barry, R. J., Leitner, R. P., Clarke, A. R. & Einfeld, S. L. (2005) Behavioral aspects of Angelman syndrome: A case control study. American Journal of Medical Genetics: Part A 132:812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bassett, A. S., Bury, A., Hodgkinson, K. A. & Honer, W. G. (1996) Reproductive fitness in familial schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 21:151–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bearden, C. E., Woodin, M. F., Wang, P. P., Moss, E., McDonald-McGinn, D., Zackai, E., Emannuel, B. & Cannon, T. D. (2001) The neurocognitive phenotype of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Selective deficit in visual-spatial memory. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 23:447–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentall, R. P. (2003a) Madness explained: Psychosis and human nature. Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Berg, J. S., Brunetti-Pierri, N., Peters, S. U., Kang, S. L., Fong, C., Salamone, J., Freedenberg, D., Hannig, V. L., Prock, L. A., Miller, D. T., Raffalli, P., Harris, D. J., Erickson, R. P., Cunniff, C., Clark, G. D., Blazo, M. A., Peiffer, D. A., Gunderson, K. L., Sahoo, T., Patel, A., Lupski, J. R., Beaudet, A. L. & Cheung, S. W. (2007) Speech delay and autism spectrum behaviors are frequently associated with duplication of the 7q11.23 Williams-Beuren syndrome region. Genetics in Medicine 9:427–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bering, J. M. (2002) The existential theory of mind. Review of General Psychology 6:324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bersani, G., Russo, D., Limpido, L. & Marconi, D. (2007) Mood disorder in a patient with Smith-Magenis syndrome: A case report. Neuroendocrinology Letters 28:710.Google Scholar
Blackshaw, A. J., Kinderman, P., Hare, D. J. & Hatton, C. (2001) Theory of mind, causal attribution and paranoia in Asperger syndrome. Autism 5(2):147–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boks, M. P., de Vette, M. H., Sommer, I. E., van Rijn, S., Giltay, J.C., Swaab, H. & Kahn, R. S. (2007a) Psychiatric morbidity and X-chromosomal origin in a Klinefelter sample. Schizophrenia Research 93:399402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonaglia, M. C., Giorda, R., Mani, E., Aceti, G., Anderlid, B., Baroncini, A., Pramparo, T. & Zuffardi, O. (2006) Identification of a recurrent breakpoint within the SHANK3 gene in the 22q13.3 deletion syndrome. Journal of Medical Genetics 43:822–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonanno, G. A., Holen, A., Keltner, D. & Horowitz, M. J. (1995) When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing: Verbal-autonomic response dissociation and midlife conjugal bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69:975–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowler, D. M. (1992) “Theory of mind” in Asperger's syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 33:877–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunet, A., Armengol, L., Pelaez, T., Guillamat, R., Vallès, V., Gabau, E., Estivill, X. & Guitart, M. (2008) Failure to detect the 22q11.2 duplication syndrome rearrangement among patients with schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Functions 4:10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, M. G., Dasouki, M. J., Zhou, X. P., Talebizadeh, Z., Brown, M., Takahashi, T. N., Miles, J. H., Wang, C. H., Stratton, R., Pilarski, R. & Eng, C. (2005) Subset of individuals with autism spectrum disorders and extreme macrocephaly associated with germline PTEN tumour suppressor gene mutations. Journal of Medical Genetics 42:318–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, T. D. & Keller, M. C. (2006) Endophenotypes in the genetic analyses of mental disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2:267–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantor, R. M., Yoon, J. L., Furr, J. & Lajonchere, C. M. (2007) Paternal age and autism are associated in a family-based sample. Molecular Psychiatry 12:419–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiu, P. H., Kayali, M. A., Kishida, K. T., Tomlin, D., Klinger, L. G., Klinger, M. R. & Montague, P. R. (2008) Self responses along cingulate cortex reveal quantitative neural phenotype for high-functioning autism. Neuron 57:463–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiu, S., Wegelin, J. A., Blank, J., Jenkins, M., Day, J., Hessl, D., Tassone, F. & Hagerman, R. (2007) Early acceleration of head circumference in children with Fragile X syndrome and autism. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 28:31–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chubb, J. E., Bradshaw, N. J., Soares, D. C., Porteous, D. J. & Millar, J. K. (2008) The DISC locus in psychiatric illness. Molecular Psychiatry 13:3664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Claridge, G., Pryor, R. & Watkins, G. (1990) Sounds from the bell jar: Ten psychotic authors. Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coan, P. M., Burton, G. J. & Ferguson-Smith, A. C. (2005) Imprinted genes in the placenta – A review. Placenta 26(Suppl. A):S1020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, D., Martel, C., Wilson, A., Déchambre, N., Amy, C., Duverger, L., Guile, J., Pipiras, E., Benzacken, B., Cavé, H., Cohen, L., Héron, D. & Plaza, M. (2007) Brief report: Visual-spatial deficit in a 16-year-old girl with maternally derived duplication of proximal 15q. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37:1585–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compton, M. T., Celentana, M., Price, B. & Furman, A. C. (2004) A case of Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism) and psychosis. Psychopathology 37:190–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, E. H. Jr., Lindgren, V., Leventhal, B. L., Courchesne, R., Lincoln, A., Shulman, C., Lord, C. & Courchesne, E. (1997) Autism or atypical autism in maternally but not paternally derived proximal 15q duplication. American Journal of Human Genetics 60:928–34.Google ScholarPubMed
Craddock, N., O'Donovan, M. C. & Owen, M. J. (2005) The genetics of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Dissecting psychosis. Journal of Medical Genetics 42:193204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, J. S., Hatton, C., Craig, F. B. & Bentall, R. P. (2004) Persecutory beliefs, attributions and theory of mind: Comparison of patients with paranoid delusions, Asperger's syndrome and healthy controls. Schizophrenia Research 69:2933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crespi, B. J. (2006) The natural selection of psychosis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29:410–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crespi, B. J. (2007) Sly FOXP2: Genomic conflict in the evolution of language. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22:174–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crespi, B. J.(under revision) Genomic imprinting in the development and evolution of psychosis. Biological Reviews.Google Scholar
Crespi, B. J.(in review) Genomic sister-disorders of growth development and cognition. BMC Medical Genomics.Google Scholar
Crespi, B. J. (in press a) Language unbound: Genomic conflict and psychosis in the origin of modern humans. In: Social communication, ed. Hughes, D. & D'Ettorre, P.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crespi, B. J. (in press b) Turner syndrome and the evolution of human sexual dimorphism. Evolutionary Applications.Google Scholar
Dawson, M., Soulières, I., Gernsbacher, M. A. & Mottron, L. (2007) The level and nature of autistic intelligence. Psychological Science 18:657–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Boer, L., Röder, I. & Wit, J. M. (2006) Psychosocial, cognitive, and motor functioning in patients with suspected Sotos syndrome: A comparison between patients with and without NSD1 gene alterations. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 48:582–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeLisi, L. E., Maurizio, A. M., Svetina, C., Ardekani, B., Szulc, K., Nierenberg, J., Leonard, J. & Harvey, P. D. (2005) Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) as a genetic model for psychotic disorders. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 135:1523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennis, M., Lockyer, L., Lazenby, A. L., Donnelly, R. E., Wilkinson, M. & Schoonheyt, W. (1999) Intelligence patterns among children with high-functioning autism, phenylketonuria, and childhood head injury. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 29:517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Depienne, C., Heron, D., Betancur, C., Benyahia, B., Trouillard, O., Bouteiller, D., Verloes, A., LeGuern, E., Leboyer, M. & Brice, A. (2007) Autism, language delay and mental retardation in a patient with 7q11 duplication. Journal of Medical Genetics 44:452–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derry, C., Temple, I. K. & Venkat-Raman, K. (1999) A probable case of familial Weaver syndrome associated with neoplasia. Journal of Medical Genetics 36:725–28.Google ScholarPubMed
Douglas, J., Cilliers, D., Coleman, K., Tatton-Brown, K., Barker, K., Bernhard, B., Burn, J., Huson, S., Josifova, D., Lacombe, D., Malik, M., Mansour, S., Reid, E., Cormier-Daire, V., Cole, T. & Rahman, N. (2007) Mutations in RNF135, a gene within the NF1 microdeletion region, cause phenotypic abnormalities including overgrowth. Nature Genetics 39:963–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doyle, T. F., Bellugi, U., Korenberg, J. R. & Graham, J. (2004) “Everybody in the world is my friend” hypersociability in young children with Williams syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics: Part A 124:263–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drury, V. M., Robinson, E. J. & Birchwood, M. (1998) “Theory of mind” skills during an acute episode of psychosis and following recovery. Psychological Medicine 28:1101–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dutta, S., Guhathakurta, S., Sinha, S., Chatterjee, A., Ahmed, S., Ghosh, S., Gangopadhyay, P. K., Singh, M. & Usha, R. (2007) Reelin gene polymorphisms in the Indian population: A possible paternal 5’UTR-CGG-repeat-allele effect on autism. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 144:106–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dykens, E. M. (2000) Are jigsaw puzzle skills “spared” in persons with Prader-Willi syndrome? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 43:343–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dykens, E. M. (2003) Anxiety, fears, and phobias in persons with Williams syndrome. Developmental Neuropsychology 23:291316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dykens, E. M., Finucane, B. M. & Gayley, C. (1997) Brief report: Cognitive and behavioral profiles in persons with Smith-Magenis syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 27:203–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dykens, E. M., Sutcliffe, J. S. & Levitt, P. (2004) Autism and 15q11-q13 disorders: Behavioral, genetic, and pathophysiological issues. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 10:284–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edelmann, L., Prosnitz, A., Pardo, S., Bhatt, J., Cohen, N., Lauriat, T., Ouchanov, L., González, P. J., Manghi, E. R., Bondy, P., Esquivel, M., Monge, S., Delgado, M. F., Splendore, A., Francke, U., Burton, B. K. & McInnes, L. A. (2007) An atypical deletion of the Williams-Beuren syndrome interval implicates genes associated with defective visuospatial processing and autism. Journal of Medical Genetics 44:136–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelen, J. J., Loots, W. J., Albrechts, J. C., Schrander-Stumpel, C. T., Dirckx, R., Smeets, H. J., Hamers, A. J. & Geraedts, J. P. (1999) Duplication within chromosome region 15q11-q13 in a patient with similarities to Prader-Willi syndrome confirmed by region-specific and band-specific FISH. Genetic Counseling 10:123–32.Google Scholar
Ensenauer, R. E., Adeyinka, A., Flynn, H. C., Michels, V. V., Lindor, N. M., Dawson, D. B., Thorland, E. C., Lorentz, C. P., Goldstein, J. L., McDonald, M. T., Smith, W. E., Simon-Fayard, E., Alexander, A. A., Kulharya, A. S., Ketterling, R. P., Clark, R. D. & Jalal, S. M. (2003) Microduplication 22q11.2, an emerging syndrome: Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular analysis of thirteen patients. American Journal of Human Genetics 73:1027–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fatemi, S. H., Reutiman, T. J., Folsom, T. D., Huang, H., Oishi, K., Mori, S., Smee, D. F., Pearce, D. A., Winter, C., Sohr, R. & Juckel, G. (2008) Maternal infection leads to abnormal gene regulation and brain atrophy in mouse offspring: Implications for the genesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Schizophrenia Research 99:5670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feinstein, C. & Singh, S. (2007) Social phenotypes in neurogenetic syndromes. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 16:631–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fidler, D. J., Bailey, J. N. & Smalley, S. L. (2000) Macrocephaly in autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 42:737–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiore, R., Siegel, G. & Schratt, G. (in press) MicroRNA function in neuronal development, plasticity and disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, M. (2005) The genesis of artistic creativity: Asperger's syndrome and the arts. Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar
Fowden, A. L., Sibley, C., Reik, W. & Constancia, M. (2006) Imprinted genes, placental development and fetal growth. Hormone Research 65(Suppl. 3):5058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freud, S. (1905/1953) Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In: The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, italic, ed. Strachey, J., Freud, A., Strachey, A. & Tyson, A., pp. 136243. The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.Google Scholar
Friedman, J. I., Vrijenhoek, T., Markx, S., Janssen, I. M., van der Vliet, W. A., Faas, B. H., Knoers, N. V., Cahn, W., Kahn, R. S., Edelmann, L., Davis, K. L., Silverman, J. M., Brunner, H. G., van Kessel, A. G., Wijmenga, C., Ophoff, R. A. & Veltman, J. A. (2008) CNTNAP2 gene dosage variation is associated with schizophrenia and epilepsy. Molecular Psychiatry 13:261–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frith, C. D. (1992) The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Psychology Press/Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Frith, U. (2003) Autism: Explaining the enigma. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Geschwind, D. H., Boone, K. B., Miller, B. L. & Swerdloff, R. S. (2000) Neurobehavioral phenotype of Klinefelter syndrome. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6:107–16.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gimelbrant, A., Hutchinson, J. N., Thompson, B. R. & Chess, A. (2007) Widespread monoallelic expression on human autosomes. Science 318:1136–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ginsburg, J. (2004) Coughs and sneezes spread mind diseases. New Scientist 184:4043.Google Scholar
Girirajan, S., Vlangos, C. N., Szomju, B. B., Edelman, E., Trevors, C. D., Dupuis, L., Nezarati, M., Bunyan, D. J. & Elsea, S. H. (2006) Genotype-phenotype correlation in Smith-Magenis syndrome: Evidence that multiple genes in 17p11.2 contribute to the clinical spectrum. Genetics in Medicine 8:417–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaser, R. L., Ramsay, J. P. & Morison, I. M. (2006) The imprinted gene and parent-of-origin effect database now includes parental origin of de novo mutations. Nucleic Acids Research 34:D2931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gothelf, D. (2007) Velocardiofacial syndrome. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 16:677–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grandin, T. & Johnson, C. (2005) Animals in translation: Using the mysteries of autism to decode animal behavior. Scribner.Google Scholar
Gray, V., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Funnell, E. & Tassabehji, M. (2006) In-depth analysis of spatial cognition in Williams syndrome: A critical assessment of the role of the LIMK1 gene. Neuropsychologia 44:679–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gropman, A. L., Elsea, S., Duncan, W. C. & Smith, A. C. M. (2007) New developments in Smith-Magenis syndrome (del 17p11.2). Current Opinion in Neurology 20:125–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haig, D. (2006) Intragenomic politics. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 113:6874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haig, D. & Wharton, R. (2003) Prader-Willi syndrome and the evolution of human childhood. American Journal of Human Biology 15:320–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamer, D. (2004) The god gene: How faith is hardwired into our genes. Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D., (ed.) (1996) Narrow roads of gene land, vol. 1: Evolution of social behaviour. Spektrum.Google Scholar
Happé, F., Ronald, A. & Plomin, R. (2006) Time to give up on a single explanation for autism. Nature Neuroscience 9(10):1218–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrington, L., Langdon, R., Siegert, R. J. & McClure, J. (2005a) Schizophrenia, theory of mind, and persecutory delusions. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 10:87104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassed, S., Vaz, S. A., Lee, J., Mulvihill, J. J. & Li, S. (2004) Expanded phenotype of the 22q duplication syndrome. American Journal of Human Genetics 75(Suppl.):151.Google Scholar
Haukka, J., Suvisaari, J. & Lönnqvist, J. (2003) Fertility of patients with schizophrenia, their siblings, and the general population: A cohort study from 1950 to 1959 in Finland. American Journal of Psychiatry 160:460–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayashi, M., Kato, M., Igarashi, K. & Kashima, H. (2008) Superior fluid intelligence in children with Asperger's disorder. Brain and Cognition 66:306–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayesmoore, J. B., Bray, N. J., Owen, M. J. & O'Donovan, M. C. (in press) DISC1 mRNA expression is not influenced by common Cis-acting regulatory polymorphisms or imprinting. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics.Google Scholar
Hermelin, B. (2001) Bright splinters of the mind: A personal story of research with autistic savants. Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar
Hobbs, K., Kennedy, A., Dubray, M., Bigler, E. D., Petersen, P. B., McMahon, W. & Lainhart, J. E. (2007) A retrospective fetal ultrasound study of brain size in autism. Biological Psychiatry 62:1048–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houston, R. & Frith, U. (2000) Autism in history: The case of Hugh Blair of Borgue. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Howlin, P., Baron-Cohen, S. & Hadwin, J. (1999) Teaching children with autism to mind-read: A practical guide. Wiley.Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. K. (1996) Leaps of faith: Science, miracles, and the search for supernatural consolation. Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Irwin, H. J. (1993) Belief in the paranormal: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 87:139.Google Scholar
Isanon, A. (2001) Spirituality and the autism spectrum. Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, L. K. & Rapoport, J. L. (1998) Research update: Childhood-onset schizophrenia: Implications of clinical and neurobiological research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 39:101–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Jamison, K. R. (1993) Touched with fire: Manic-depressive illness and the artistic temperament. Free Press.Google Scholar
Järvinen-Pasley, A., Bellugi, U., Reilly, J., Mills, D. L., Galaburda, A., Reiss, A. L. & Korenberg, J. R. (2008) Defining the social phenotype in Williams syndrome: A model for linking gene, the brain, and behavior. Development and Psychopathology 20:135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jedele, K. B. (2007) The overlapping spectrum of Rett and Angelman syndromes: A clinical review. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 14:108–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnstone, K. A., DuBose, A. J., Futtner, C. R., Elmore, M. D., Brannan, C. I. & Resnick, J. L. (2006) A human imprinting centre demonstrates conserved acquisition but diverged maintenance of imprinting in a mouse model for Angelman syndrome imprinting defects. Human Molecular Genetics 15:393404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, S. R. & Fernyhough, C. (2007) Thought as action: Inner speech, self-monitoring, and auditory verbal hallucinations. Consciousness and Cognition 16:391–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keller, M. C. & Miller, G. (2006) Resolving the paradox of common, harmful, heritable mental disorders: Which evolutionary genetic models work best? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29(4):385452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kent, L., Bowdin, S., Kirby, G. A., Cooper, W. N. & Maher, E. R. (in press) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: A behavioral phenotype-genotype study. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics.Google Scholar
Kesler, S. R. (2007) Turner syndrome. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 16:709–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keverne, E. B., Fundele, R., Narasimha, M., Barton, S. C. & Surani, M. A. (1996) Genomic imprinting and the differential roles of parental genomes in brain development. Brain Research, Developmental Brain Research 92:91100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kilpinen, H., Ylisaukko-Oja, T., Hennah, W., Palo, O. M., Varilo, T., Vanhala, R., Nieminen-, Wendt T., von Wendt, L., Paunio, T. & Peltonen, L. (2008) Association of DISC1 with autism and Asperger syndrome. Molecular Psychiatry 13(2):187–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kravariti, E., Toulopoulou, T., Mapua-Filbey, F., Schulze, K., Walshe, M., Sham, P., Murray, R. M. & McDonald, C. (2006) Intellectual asymmetry and genetic liability in first-degree relatives of probands with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 188:186–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwasnicka-Crawford, D. A., Roberts, W. & Scherer, S. W. (2007) Characterization of an autism-associated segmental maternal heterodisomy of the chromosome 15q11–13 region. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37:694702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lajiness-O'Neill, R., Beaulieu, I., Asamoah, A., Titus, J. B., Bawle, E., Ahmad, S., Kirk, J. W. & Pollack, R. (2006) The neuropsychological phenotype of velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS): Relationship to psychopathology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 21:175–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landers, M., Calciano, M. A., Colosi, D., Glatt-Deeley, H., Wagstaff, J. & Lalande, M. (2005) Maternal disruption of Ube3a leads to increased expression of Ube3a-ATS in trans. Nucleic Acids Research 33:3976–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langdon, R. (2005) Theory of mind in schizophrenia. In: Other minds: How humans bridge the divide between self and others, ed. Malle, B. F. & Hodges, S. D., pp. 333–42. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Langdon, R. & Coltheart, M. (2001) Visual perspective-taking and schizotypy: Evidence for a simulation-based account of mentalizing in normal adults. Cognition 82:126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langdon, R., Corner, T., McLaren, J., Coltheart, M. & Ward, P. B. (2006b) Attentional orienting triggered by gaze in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 44:417–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LaRusso, L. (1978) Sensitivity of paranoid patients to nonverbal clues. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87:463–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laursen, T. M., Munk-Olsen, T., Nordentoft, M. & Bo Mortensen, P. (2007) A comparison of selected risk factors for unipolar depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia from a Danish population-based cohort. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68:1673–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lauterbach, E. C., Spears, T. E., Prewett, M. J., Price, S. T., Jackson, J. G. & Kirsh, A. D. (1994) Neuropsychiatric disorders, myoclonus, and dystonia in calcification of basal ganglia pathways. Biological Psychiatry 35:345–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, K., Campbell, R., Swettenham, J., Terstegge, J., Akers, R., Coleman, M. & Skuse, D. (2003) Interpreting gaze in Turner syndrome: Impaired sensitivity to intention and emotion, but preservation of social cueing. Neuropsychologia 41:894905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leekam, S. R. & Perner, J. (1991) Does the autistic child have a meta-representational deficit? Cognition 40:203–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leslie, A. M. & Thaiss, L. (1992) Domain specificity in conceptual development: Neuropsychological evidence from autism. Cognition 43:225–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leyfer, O. T., Woodruff-Borden, J., Klein-Tasman, B. P., Fricke, J. S. & Mervis, C. B. (2006) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in 4 to 16-year-olds with Williams syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 141:615–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, A. J., Searcy, Y. M., Jones, W. & Lord, C. (2007) Social interaction behaviors discriminate young children with autism and Williams syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 46:323–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ling, J. Q., Li, T., Hu, J. F., Vu, T. H., Chen, H. L., Qiu, X. W., Cherry, A. M. & Hoffman, A. R. (2006) CTCF mediates interchromosomal colocalization between Igf2/H19 and Wsb1/Nf1. Science 312:269–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luedi, P. P., Dietrich, F. S., Weidman, J. R., Bosko, J. M., Jirtle, R. L. & Hartemink, A. J. (2007) Computational and experimental identification of novel human imprinted genes. Genome Research 17:1723–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynn, P. M. Y. & Davies, W. (2007) The 39,XO mouse as a model for the neurobiology of Turner syndrome and sex-biased neuropsychiatric disorders. Behavioural Brain Research 179:173–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mao, R., Jalal, S. M., Snow, K., Michels, V. V., Szabo, S. M. & Babovic-Vuksanovic, D. (2000) Characteristics of two cases with dup(15)(q11.2–q12): One of maternal and one of paternal origin. Genetics in Medicine 2:131–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marlowe, H. A. (1986) Social intelligence: Evidence for multidimensionality and construct independence. Journal of Educational Psychology 78:5258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, C. R., Noor, A., Vincent, J. B., Lionel, A. C., Feuk, L., Skaug, J., Shago, M., Moessner, R., Pinto, D., Ren, Y., Thiruvahindrapduram, B., Fiebig, A., Schreiber, S., Friedman, J., Ketelaars, C. E., Vos, Y. J., Ficicioglu, C., Kirkpatrick, S., Nicolson, R., Sloman, L., Summers, A., Gibbons, C. A., Teebi, A., Chitayat, D., Weksberg, R., Thompson, A., Vardy, C., Crosbie, V., Luscombe, S., Baatjes, R., Zwaigenbaum, L., Roberts, W., Fernandez, B., Szatmari, P. & Scherer, S.W. (2008) Structural variation of chromosomes in autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Human Genetics 82:477–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, N. D. T., Smith, W. R., Cole, T. J. & Preece, M. A. (2007) New height, weight and head circumference charts for British children with Williams syndrome. Archives of Disease in Childhood 92:598601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattick, J. S. & Makunin, I. V. (2006) Non-coding RNA. Human Molecular Genetics 15 Spec No 1:R1729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAlonan, G. M., Daly, E., Kumari, V., Critchley, H. D., van Amelsvoort, T., Suckling, J., Simmons, A., Sigmundsson, T., Greenwood, K., Russell, A., Schmitz, N., Happé, F., Howlin, P. & Murphy, D. G. M. (2002) Brain anatomy and sensorimotor gating in Asperger's syndrome. Brain 125:1594–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mednick, S. A., Huttunen, M. O. & Machón, R. A. (1994) Prenatal influenza infections and adult schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 20:263–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meechan, D. W., Maynard, T. M., Gopalakrishna, D., Wu, Y. & LaMantia, A. S. (2007) When half is not enough: Gene expression and dosage in the 22q11 deletion syndrome. Gene Expression 13:299310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, U., Yee, B. K. & Feldon, J. (2007) The neurodevelopmental impact of prenatal infections at different times of pregnancy: The earlier the worse? Neuroscientist 13:241–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer-Lindenberg, A. & Weinberger, D. R. (2006) Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7:818–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Money, J. (1993) Specific neuro-cognitive impairments associated with turner (45,X) and Klinefelter (47,XXY) syndromes: A review. Social Biology 40:147–51.Google Scholar
Moore, C. (2004) Different connections. Sunday Times, October 10, 2004, p. 10.Google Scholar
Mors, O., Mortensen, P. B. & Ewald, H. (2001) No evidence of increased risk for schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder in persons with aneuploidies of the sex chromosomes. Psychological Medicine 31:425–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mouridsen, S. E. & Hansen, M. B. (2002) Neuropsychiatric aspects of Sotos syndrome. A review and two case illustrations. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 11:4348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mraz, K. D., Green, J., Dumont-Mathieu, T., Makin, S. & Fein, D. (2007) Correlates of head circumference growth in infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Neurology 22:700–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mukaddes, N. M. & Herguner, S. (2007) Autistic disorder and 22q11.2 duplication. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 8:127–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nation, K. & Penny, S. (2008) Sensitivity to eye gaze in autism: Is it normal? Is it automatic? Is it social? Development and Psychopathology 20:7997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nettle, D. (2006) Schizotypy and mental health amongst poets, visual artists, and mathematicians. Journal of Research in Personality 40:876–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishimura, Y., Martin, C. L., Vazquez-Lopez, A., Spence, S. J., Alvarez-Retuerto, A. I., Sigman, M., Steindler, C., Pellegrini, S., Schanen, N. C., Warren, S. T. & Geschwind, D. H. (2007b) Genome-wide expression profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines distinguishes different forms of autism and reveals shared pathways. Human Molecular Genetics 16:1682–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nomura, T., Kimura, M., Horii, T., Morita, S., Soejima, H., Kudo, S. & Hatada, I. (2008) MeCP2-dependent repression of an imprinted miR-184 released by depolarization. Human Molecular Genetics 17:1192–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowicki, S. T., Tassone, F., Ono, M. Y., Ferranti, J., Croquette, M. F., Goodlin-Jones, B. & Hagerman, R. J. (2007) The Prader-Willi phenotype of Fragile X syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 28:133–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nurmi, E. L., Amin, T., Olson, L. M., Jacobs, M. M., McCauley, J. L., Lam, A. Y., Organ, E. L., Folstein, S. E., Haines, J. L. & Sutcliffe, J. S. (2003) Dense linkage disequilibrium mapping in the 15q11-q13 maternal expression domain yields evidence for association in autism. Molecular Psychiatry 8:624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perrin, M. C., Brown, A. S. & Malaspina, D. (2007) Aberrant epigenetic regulation could explain the relationship of paternal age to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33(6):1270–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickup, G. J. (2006) Theory of mind and its relation to schizotypy. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 11(2):177–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plante, I., Davidovic, L., Ouellet, D. L., Gobeil, L., Tremblay, S., Khandjian, E. W. & Provost, P. (2006) Dicer-derived MicroRNAs are utilized by the Fragile X mental retardation protein for assembly on target RNAs. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2006:64347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potocki, L., Bi, W., Treadwell-Deering, D., Carvalho, C. M. B., Eifert, A., Friedman, E. M., Glaze, D., Krull, K., Lee, J. A., Lewis, R. A., Mendoza-Londono, R., Robbins-Furman, P., Shaw, C., Shi, X., Weissenberger, G., Withers, M., Yatsenko, S. A., Zackai, E. H., Stankiewicz, P. & Lupski, J. R. (2007) Characterization of Potocki-Lupski syndrome (dup(17)(p11.2p11.2)) and delineation of a dosage-sensitive critical interval that can convey an autism phenotype. American Journal of Human Genetics 80:633–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Povinelli, D. J. (2000) Folk physics for apes: The chimpanzee's theory of how the world works. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rampersaud, E., Morris, R. W., Weinberg, C. R., Speer, M. C. & Martin, E. R. (2007) Power calculations for likelihood ratio tests for offspring genotype risks, maternal effects, and parent-of-origin (POO) effects in the presence of missing parental genotypes when unaffected siblings are available. Genetic Epidemiology 31:1830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randerson, J. (2002) All in the mind? New Scientist 176:10.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, S. G., Butler, G. E. & Jones, M. (1990) Edinburgh study of growth and development of children with sex chromosome abnormalities. IV. Birth Defects Original Article Series 26:144.Google ScholarPubMed
Reichenberg, A., Gross, R., Weiser, M., Bresnahan, M., Silverman, J., Harlap, S., Rabinowitz, J., Shulman, C., Malaspina, D., Lubin, G., Knobler, H. Y., Davidson, M. & Susser, E. (2006) Advancing paternal age and autism. Archives of General Psychiatry 63(9):1026–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rennison, N. (2005) Sherlock Holmes: The unauthorized biography. Atlantic.Google Scholar
Rickard, I. J., Russell, A. F. & Lummaa, V. (2007) Producing sons reduces lifetime reproductive success of subsequent offspring in pre-industrial Finns. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 274:2981–88.Google ScholarPubMed
Rio, M., Clech, L., Amiel, J., Faivre, L., Lyonnet, S., Le Merrer, M., Odent, S., Lacombe, D., Edery, P., Brauner, R., Raoul, O., Gosset, P., Prieur, M., Vekemans, M., Munnich, A., Colleaux, L. & Cormier-Daire, V. (2003) Spectrum of NSD1 mutations in Sotos and Weaver syndromes. Journal of Medical Genetics 40:436–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodríguez-Criado, G., Magano, L., Segovia, M., Gurrieri, F., Neri, G., González-Meneses, A., Gómez de Terreros, I., Valdéz, R., Gracia, R. & Lapunzina, P. (2005) Clinical and molecular studies on two further families with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics: Part A 138:272–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roof, E., Stone, W., MacLean, W., Feurer, I. D., Thompson, T. & Butler, M. G. (2000) Intellectual characteristics of Prader-Willi syndrome: Comparison of genetic subtypes. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 44:2530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royo, H., Bortolin, M., Seitz, H. & Cavaillé, J. (2006) Small non-coding RNAs and genomic imprinting. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 113:99108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salovey, P. & Mayer, J. D. (1990) Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 9:185211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samaco, R. C., Hogart, A. & LaSalle, J. M. (2005) Epigenetic overlap in autism-spectrum neurodevelopmental disorders: MECP2 deficiency causes reduced expression of UBE3A and GABRB3. Human Molecular Genetics 14:483–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanfilipo, M., Lafargue, T., Rusinek, H., Arena, L., Loneragan, C., Lautin, A., Feiner, D., Rotrosen, J. & Wolkin, A. (2000) Volumetric measure of the frontal and temporal lobe regions in schizophrenia: Relationship to negative symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry 57:471–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarimski, K. (2003) Behavioural and emotional characteristics in children with Sotos syndrome and learning disabilities. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 45:172–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarimski, K. (2004) Communicative competence and behavioural phenotype in children with Smith-Magenis syndrome. Genetic Counseling 15:347–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Sass, L. A. (2001) Self and world in schizophrenia: Three classic approaches. Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology 8:252–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senju, A., Tojo, Y., Dairoku, H. & Hasegawa, T. (2004) Reflexive orienting in response to eye gaze and an arrow in children with and without autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 45:445–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serajee, F. J., Zhong, H. & Mahbubul Huq, A. H. (2006) Association of Reelin gene polymorphisms with autism. Genomics 87:7583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shibayama, A., Cook, E. H., Feng, J., Glanzmann, C., Yan, J., Craddock, N., Jones, I. R., Goldman, D., Heston, L. L. & Sommer, S. S. (2004) MECP2 structural and 3′-UTR variants in schizophrenia, autism and other psychiatric diseases: A possible association with autism. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 128:5053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shifman, S., Johannesson, M., Bronstein, M., Chen, S. X., Collier, D. A., Craddock, N. J., Kendler, K. S., Li, T., O'Donovan, M., O'Neill, F. A., Owen, M. J., Walsh, D., Weinberger, D. R., Sun, C., Flint, J. & Darvasi, A. (2008) Genome-wide association identifies a common variant in the reelin gene that increases the risk of schizophrenia only in women. PLoS Genetics 4:E28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1948) “Superstition” in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology 38:168–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skuse, D. H. (2000) Imprinting, the X-chromosome, and the male brain: Explaining sex differences in the liability to autism. Pediatric Research 47:916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skuse, D. H. (2005) X-linked genes and mental functioning. Human Molecular Genetics 14(1):R2732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skuse, D. H. (2007) Rethinking the nature of genetic vulnerability to autistic spectrum disorders. Trends in Genetics 23:387–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skuse, D. H., James, R. S., Bishop, D. V., Coppin, B., Dalton, P., Aamodt-Leeper, G., Bacarese-Hamilton, M., Creswell, C., McGurk, R. & Jacobs, P. A. (1997) Evidence from Turner's syndrome of an imprinted X-linked locus affecting cognitive function. Nature 387:705708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, A. C. M., Dykens, E. & Greenberg, F. (1998) Behavioral phenotype of Smith-Magenis syndrome (del 17p11.2). American Journal of Medical Genetics 81:179–85.3.0.CO;2-E>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, A. C. M., Magenis, R. E. & Elsea, S. H. (2005) Overview of Smith-Magenis syndrome. Journal of the Association of Genetic Technologists 31:163–67.Google ScholarPubMed
Smits, G. & Kelsey, G. (2006) Imprinting weaves its web. Developmental Cell 11:598–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soni, S., Whittington, J., Holland, A. J., Webb, T., Maina, E., Boer, H. & Clarke, D. (2008) The phenomenology and diagnosis of psychiatric illness in people with Prader-Willi syndrome. Psychological Medicine 51:3242.Google Scholar
Sporn, A. L., Addington, A. M., Gornick, M., Kwon, L., Gogtay, N., Clasen, L. S., Greenstein, D., Ordonez, A. E., Bobb, A. J., Lenane, M. C., Gochman, P. A., Straub, R. E. & Rapoport, J. L. (2004b) ATP10C and UBE3A genes in childhood onset schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 55:s171.Google Scholar
Sprong, M., Schothorst, P., Vos, E., Hox, J. & van Engeland, H. (2007) Theory of mind in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 191:513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugayama, S. M., Leone, C., Chauffaille, M., de, L., Okay, T. S. & Kim, C. A. (2007) Williams syndrome: Development of a new scoring system for clinical diagnosis. Clinics 62:159–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surendran, S., Tyring, S. K. & Matalon, R. (2005) Expression of calpastatin, minopontin, NIPSNAP1, rabaptin-5 and neuronatin in the phenylketonuria (PKU) mouse brain: Possible role on cognitive defect seen in PKU. Neurochemistry International 46:595–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tassabehji, M. (2003) Williams-Beuren syndrome: A challenge for genotype-phenotype correlations. Human Molecular Genetics 12(S2):R229–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, S. E. & Brown, J. D. (1988) Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin 103:193210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Temple, C. M. & Carney, R. (1996) Reading skills in children with Turner's syndrome: An analysis of hyperplexia. Cortex 32:335–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Temple, I. K. & Shield, J. P. H. (2002) Transient neonatal diabetes, a disorder of imprinting. Journal of Medical Genetics 39:872–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terracciano, A., Chiurazzi, P. & Neri, G. (2005) Fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics 137:3237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torres, A. R., Maciulis, A., Stubbs, E. G., Cutler, A. & Odell, D. (2002) The transmission disequilibrium test suggests that HLA-DR4 and DR13 are linked to autism spectrum disorder. Human Immunology 63:311–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treffert, D. A. (2000) Extraordinary people: Understanding savant syndrome. iUniverse.com.Google Scholar
Turetsky, B., Cowell, P. E., Gur, R. C., Grossman, R. I., Shtasel, D. L. & Gur, R. E. (1995) Frontal and temporal lobe brain volumes in schizophrenia. Relationship to symptoms and clinical subtype. Archives of General Psychiatry 52:1061–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Daalen, E., Swinkels, S. H. N., Dietz, C., van Engeland, H. & Buitelaar, J. K. (2007) Body length and head growth in the first year of life in autism. Pediatric Neurology 37:324–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Rijn, S., Aleman, A., Swaab, H. & Kahn, R. S. (2005) Neurobiology of emotion and high risk for schizophrenia: Role of the amygdala and the X-chromosome. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 29:385–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varrault, A., Gueydan, C., Delalbre, A., Bellmann, A., Houssami, S., Aknin, C., Severac, D., Chotard, L., Kahli, M., Le Digarcher, A., Pavlidis, P. & Journot, L. (2006) Zac1 regulates an imprinted gene network critically involved in the control of embryonic growth. Developmental Cell 11:711–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vawter, M. P., Harvey, P. D. & Delisi, L. E. (2007) Dysregulation of X-linked gene expression in Klinefelter's syndrome and association with verbal cognition. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B. Neuropsychiatric Genetics 144(B):728–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vicari, S., Bates, E., Caselli, M. C., Pasqualetti, P., Gagliardi, C., Tonucci, F. & Volterra, V. (2004) Neuropsychological profile of Italians with Williams syndrome: An example of a dissociation between language and cognition? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 10:862–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vygotsky, L. S. (1962) Thought and language. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, S. J., Nalty, T., Munson, J., Brock, C., Abbott, R. & Dawson, G. (2007) Rate of head circumference growth as a function of autism diagnosis and history of autistic regression. Journal of Child Neurology 22:1182–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, J. P. (2007) The effect of Toxoplasma gondii on animal behavior: playing cat and mouse. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33:752–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, J. P., Lamberton, P. H. L., Donnelly, C. A. & Torrey, E. F. (2006) Parasites as causative agents of human affective disorders? The impact of anti-psychotic, mood-stabilizer and anti-parasite medication on Toxoplasma gondii’s ability to alter host behaviour. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 273:1023–30.Google ScholarPubMed
Weinzimer, S. A., McDonald-McGinn, D. M., Driscoll, D. A., Emanuel, B. S., Zackai, E. H. & Moshang, T. (1998) Growth hormone deficiency in patients with 22q11.2 deletion: Expanding the phenotype. Pediatrics 101:929–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wheelwright, S. & Baron-Cohen, S. (2001) The link between autism and skills such as engineering, maths, physics and computing: A reply to Jarrold and Routh. Autism 5:223–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittington, J. & Holland, T. (2004) Prader-Willi syndrome: Development and manifestations. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wible, C. G., Anderson, J., Shenton, M. E., Kricun, A., Hirayasu, Y., Tanaka, S., Levitt, J. J., O'Donnell, B. F., Kikinis, R., Jolesz, F. A. & McCarley, R. W. (2001) Prefrontal cortex, negative symptoms, and schizophrenia: An MRI study. Psychiatry Research 108:6578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wicks, S., Hjern, A., Gunnell, D., Lewis, G. & Dalman, C. (2005) Social adversity in childhood and the risk of developing psychosis: A national cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry 162:1652–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wisniewski, A., Milde, K., Stupnicki, R. & Szufladowicz-Wozniak, J. (2007) Weight deficit at birth and Turner's syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 20:607–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, P., Nimgaonkar, V. L., Donaldson, P. T. & Murray, R. M. (2001) Schizophrenia and HLA: A review. Schizophrenia Research 47:112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xiong, N., Ji, C., Li, Y., He, Z., Bo, H. & Zhao, Y. (in press) The physical status of children with autism in China. Research in Developmental Disabilities.Google Scholar
Yamasue, H., Abe, O., Suga, M., Yamada, H., Rogers, M. A., Aoki, S., Kato, N. & Kasai, K. (in press) Sex-linked neuroanatomical basis of human altruistic cooperativeness. Cerebral Cortex.Google Scholar
Yobb, T. M., Somerville, M. J., Willatt, L., Firth, H. V., Harrison, K., MacKenzie, J., Gallo, N., Morrow, B. E., Shaffer, L. G., Babcock, M., Chernos, J., Bernier, F., Sprysak, K., Christiansen, J., Haase, S., Elyas, B., Lilley, M., Bamforth, S. & McDermid, H. E. (2005) Microduplication and triplication of 22q11.2: A highly variable syndrome. American Journal of Human Genetics 76:865–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yokoi, F., Dang, M. T., Li, J. & Li, Y. (2006) Myoclonus, motor deficits, alterations in emotional responses and monoamine metabolism in epsilon-sarcoglycan deficient mice. Journal of Biochemistry 140:141–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yolken, R. H. & Torrey, E. F. (2008) Are some cases of psychosis caused by microbial agents? A review of the evidence. Molecular Psychiatry 13:470–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, E. J., Lipina, T., Tam, E., Mandel, A., Clapcote, S. J., Bechard, A. R., Chambers, J., Mount, H. T., Fletcher, P. J., Roder, J. C. & Osborne, L. R. (2008) Reduced fear and aggression and altered serotonin metabolism in Gtf2ird1-targeted mice. Genes, Brain and Behavior 7:224–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaitchik, D. (1990) When representations conflict with reality: The preschooler's problem with false beliefs and “false” photographs. Cognition 35:4168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zinn, A. R., Roeltgen, D., Stefanatos, G., Ramos, P., Elder, F. F., Kushner, H., Kowal, K. & Ross, J. L. (2007) A Turner syndrome neurocognitive phenotype maps to Xp22.3. Behavioral and Brain Functions 3:24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar