Research on international retirement migration has so far focused on quantitative measures of migration, migrants' wellbeing, reasons for migration and consequences of migration in the receiving areas, while paying scant attention to the transnational experiences of the migrants. Research on transnational forms of living, on the other hand, has largely ignored the life projects of retirees. This paper tries to bridge that gap, by investigating experiences of transnational mobility, multiple place attachment and cultural differences among Swedish retirees pursuing seasonal migration between Sweden and Spain. Qualitative interviews were made with 46 respondents who spent at least three months per year in each country. The analysis of the interviews produced three ideal-typical transnational lifestyles: translocal normality, multilocal adaptation and routinised sojourning. These lifestyles reflect different strategies for managing cultural difference, but also different forms and aspects of place attachment and different ideals of mobility.

The aim of the research reported in this paper was to study older Swedish women's experiences of managing food shopping and cooking as part of an independent life in different family situations. The research approach was qualitative, using informal ethnographic interviews and thematic analysis. Twenty-three single-living and 18 cohabiting Swedish women, aged 64–67, 74–77 and 84–87, participated. They valued being active through continuing with familiar routines whereby they could live independently. They gained physical exercise and social contacts when they went shopping. Well-known foods and traditional dishes were preferred as they enabled them to proceed from familiar routines. Economical thinking related to money and their own work guided their choice of food. Lack of strength made some, particularly the older informants and those living alone, dependent on local shops, and they simplified their cooking, while others had more freedom of choice when they shopped together with their husbands. The implications of the research for services which help older women, particularly those who live alone or who have been recently bereaved, are discussed.

After five years, I am handing over the editorship of the journal to Tony Warnes. I am delighted with his appointment since he was an energetic and successful Reviews Editor of Ageing and Society between 1987 and 1997 and has supported the journal in many other ways. As chair of the British Society for Gerontology between 1995 and 2000, he was very active in establishing international and multidisciplinary links, and I am sure that his continuing commitment, contacts and wealth of knowledge (evident indeed in this edition) will serve the journal well.

Last year I presented a paper at the Third International Symposium on Cultural Gerontology held in Visby, Sweden. For this, I reviewed the 117 articles that were published in volumes 17 to 20 of Ageing and Society (Bytheway 2002). Including a variety of surveys (but excluding national census data), the 117 articles draw upon interviews with approximately 22,500 older people and include the quoted words of about 490 (many of whom are introduced to the reader with pseudonyms and personal descriptions). In this respect, I feel that older people have a real presence in the journal and that this has generated valuable insights into later life in a range of contrasting societies. That said, it is also true that the vast majority of contributors to the journal are based in, or linked to, universities and only a very few make any reference to their own sense of age or to any personal alliance with organisations of, or representing, older people.

It has taken gerontologists a long time to focus on the problems of rurality. More than half the older people in the world live in rural areas. The proportions of older people in local populations are higher in rural areas than in urban areas in most countries of the world. However, it was not until the year 2000 that the First Global Rural Aging Conference was held. This special issue looks as intergenerational relationships in rural areas and stems from an invited symposium at that conference.

This paper emanates from a small-scale qualitative study, currently in progress, looking at the implications for older people of decisions made by a social services department that they are ineligible for service provision. While the operation of eligibility criteria in the UK has been shown to exclude an increasing number of prospective users from receiving a service, little is known about how those refused a service contend with their difficulties or the implications these strategies have for them. The paper focuses on themes that have emerged during the first phases of the study in relation to how older people endeavour to manage their ‘unmet need’. It is suggested that a key integrative theme concerns their efforts to maintain a positive sense of self indicating, it is argued, the need for processes involved in the seeking, receiving and giving of help to be managed in a way that sustains the sense of self of the older person.

Routinely-collected statistics show considerable variation between local authorities in Great Britain, in the proportions of supported residents placed in nursing and residential care. This raises the question of whether this is due to variations in demand (the type of resident approaching authorities), supply (the level and type of provision available for local authorities to purchase), or policy (in terms of eligibility criteria or interpretations of need at field level). Data were used from a national longitudinal survey of individuals admitted to publicly-funded residential and nursing home care. Information was collected from 18 local authorities on a cohort of 2,544 local authority supported residents who had been admitted to residential and nursing home care. The paper examines the pattern of admissions, the characteristics of people admitted and the relationship between these characteristics and admissions to residential or nursing home care. Characteristics of the individual explained the placement of over 80 per cent of admissions. Supply factors were statistically significant but did not improve the explanatory power of the model. Survival among those admitted to a type of care that was not predicted by the model, suggested that some unmeasured aspects of prognosis may account for some of the residual variation in placements. Overall, the results indicate a reasonably high level of consistency between authorities in nursing home placement decisions. This suggests that either there is considerable variation in the types of individual approaching local authorities or, more likely, that some authorities are more successful in maintaining people for longer at home than others. In addition to maintaining people at home to a higher level of dependency, prevention of admission to residential care is likely to be associated with: interventions that address carer support, safety issues among people who are deaf, and motivation.

A sample of 555 drivers aged 50 or more were assessed in terms of their confidence in a range of driving situations, self-ratings of their driving ability, self-reported driving behaviour, and personality as measured by Eysenck's EPQ. Levels of nervousness when driving were surprisingly low, although there was no evidence of unrealistic self-ratings of driving ability. Female drivers reported significantly fewer errors and intentional violations than did male drivers. Female drivers were also found to score higher on the Extroversion, Neuroticism and Lie scales than did males. However, the males in the sample scored higher on the Psychoticism scale than the females. Driving confidence was associated with the following: a low level of lapses and errors, and a high level of violations; a low score on the Neuroticism scale and a high score on the Extroversion scale; being male, and high annual mileage. Personality did not mediate the relationship between driving confidence and self-rated driving ability.

Within the framework of an international research project aimed at studying the impact of different cultural settings on gerotranscendent development, six groups of older people distinguished by religiosity and cultural origin were studied. A life history approach, followed by thematic semi-structured interviews, was applied. One of the objectives was to inquire about the possible impact of religion, conceived of as a cultural setting, on development towards gerotranscendence. The findings of this inquiry gave rise to two hypotheses as to the relationship between gerotranscendence and religiosity. The first hypothesis is that the internalisation of mystical-type ideas in individuals' ways of thinking is probably a factor involved in the development of a gerotranscendent view of life. In other words, whether individuals practice their ‘religion’ in a spiritual, nonorganisational way, or in an organisational way, may play a role for development towards gerotranscendence. The second hypothesis is that certain characteristics, such as the secular and individualistic features of modern societies, may delay development towards gerotranscendence.

This paper aims to study the applicability of the shared care approach in the Chinese community in Britain. The discussion is based on findings of two studies on family care of older people in London conducted respectively in 1991 and 1998. Both studies examined the needs of Chinese older people and whether and how their needs were met by informal care. The findings show that there is a strong belief among Chinese families that older people should live with their sons. While the Chinese families were highly motivated to take care of their older family members, and many of them felt obliged to live with their parents and wanted to give assistance to them, not all were, in practice, able to do so as much as they would have wished. Shortfall between what older people needed and the assistance they received was obvious, especially in relation to personal care. It is argued that traditional Chinese values still carry some influence in obliging the Chinese to look after their elderly family members. However, they are not sufficiently influential to guarantee sufficient care. A unique model of shared care is thus clearly and precisely called for by the findings of this study.

The philosophy concerning long-term care for frail seniors has shifted from a provider-driven, medical model toward a more client-centred, social model. While this philosophy emphasises the decision-making abilities of clients and respect for their values and preferences, evidence suggests that there are difficulties in understanding and implementing the philosophy. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with residents of adult family living and assisted living programmes in western Canada to better understand the elements that residents themselves felt were integral to client-centred care.

Three main themes emerged from the data analysis: (1) the physical setting, people within the setting, and the community were important areas of expression of residents' values and preferences; (2) the decision about where to live influenced whether the residential care environment was congruent with residents' values and preferences; (3) contentment resulted when there was a good fit between preferences and experiences, reflecting the essence of residents' perspective of client-centred care. Choices among models of care, appropriate staffing levels and training, and recognition of family contributions may improve the practice of client-centred care.

This paper uses a range of secondary data sources to analyse key elements of intergenerational relationships in Germany. Within the context of a discussion of regional differences in Germany’s population structure and aspects of socio-economic conditions in rural areas, the paper focuses on the following aspects of intergenerational relationships: household structures, proximity of the generations, frequency and intensity of contacts between the generations, intergenerational transfers and non-kin relationships. Where appropriate, comparisons are made between East and West Germany and between rural and urban areas. The analysis of data on intergenerational relationships highlights several difficulties associated with research on older people living in rural areas. It is suggested that these difficulties contribute to the distorted and contradictory views that are often associated with rural ageing.

Life satisfaction continues to be an important construct in the psychosocial study of ageing. It is one of the commonly-accepted subjective conditions of quality of life and seems to be one of the facets of successful ageing, both of which are key concepts in ageing. Research reports that life satisfaction is strongly related to socio-demographic and psychosocial variables. These, however, are mutually dependent interactive variables, and much more attention should be paid to the study of the relative contribution of these two types of factors to life satisfaction. The purpose of the research reported in this article was to discover which socio-demographic conditions and psychosocial factors are the most important, and to decide to what extent they contribute to life satisfaction. A sample of 507 individuals aged 65 and over and representative of the Spanish population in terms of age and gender, were interviewed at home. The results indicate that two socio-demographic characteristics (income and education) influence life satisfaction both directly and also indirectly, through psychosocial factors such as activity (physical activity level, satisfaction with leisure activities, and social contacts), perceived health and physical illness. Among psychosocial factors, activity and health both contribute to explaining life satisfaction. The results are discussed from the point of view of the activity theory of ageing.

This paper examines the changed social circumstances of older people in South Korea and specifically the increased need for formal health and social services for those who are frail and have no informal carers. The article begins with a summary account of the country's exceptionally rapid demographic, economic and social transformations, which demonstrates a widening gap between the population's expectations and needs, and health and social service provision. It then examines the recently initiated and now burgeoning welfare programmes, with particular attention to health and social services for sick and frail older people. Most extant care services are accessed mainly by two minorities: the very poor and the rich. The dominant policy influence of physicians and a history of conflict between traditional and western medicine probably underlies the low current priority for ‘care’ as opposed to ‘cure’, as also for the management of chronic conditions and rehabilitation. Neither long-term care services nor personal social services are well developed. There is a marked disparity between the acute services, which are predominantly provided by private sector organisations in a highly competitive market and broadly achieve high standards, and public primary care and rudimentary residential services. The latter are weakly regulated and there are many instances of low standards of care.

Little sociological attention has been paid to the repartnering of older people after widowhood, and how age, gender and the meanings of marriage influence choices about new cross-gender relationships. This paper reports on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 25 widows and 26 widowers over the age of 65, widowed for at least two years and who had not remarried. Respondents were asked about their current lifestyle and relationships and whether they had ever considered remarriage. The words ‘selfish’ and ‘freedom’ were often used by the widows when describing their present existence, which was associated with not having to look after someone all the time. Few of the widowers mentioned selfishness and this was more likely to be associated with feelings of anger at the loss of their spouse; none of the men associated widowhood with a sense of freedom. The paper argues that the desire for repartnering after widowhood is gender-specific: widows are more likely to choose to remain without a partner for intrinsic factors: the reluctance to relinquish a new-found freedom; while for widowers, extrinsic factors of older age and poor health are more salient issues in new partnership formation choices and constraints.

Based on data from the Bangor Longitudinal Study of Ageing (BLSA) 1979–1999, this paper examines changes over time in the intergenerational relationships of older people (aged 65+ in 1979). The analysis uses quantitative and qualitative data to discuss changes from 1979–1999 for those respondents who survived in the community to 1999. It looks at mothers’ and fathers’ relationships with their adult children, grandmother and grandfather relationships with grandchildren and relationships between aunts and uncles with nieces and nephews. It identifies four different patterns of intergenerational relationships showing how the rural employment structure impacts on family structure, migration and support patterns.

As yet the determinants of the need for nursing homes and old age homes are not clearly understood. This may be due to the fact that care facilities providing different levels of care may yield different predictors of use. Moreover, the absence of theory and ignorance of the problems with ‘use‘ as the dependent variable, may be responsible for this. In this study these issues are addressed explicitly. The study focuses on the need for living in an old age home and a theoretical model predicts under what circumstances frail elderly people will express the need for living in such a home. Findings show that, as hypothesised, loss of comfort and affection are among the main predictors of a strong orientation towards living in an old age home. Resources to counter the loss of comfort and affection – a spouse, income, home adaptations, private help, informal and formal home care – were only partly effective in their hypothesised function of deterring orientation towards living in an old age home. Pressure from others to apply for an old age home had the strongest effect. The findings are discussed and some implications for policy are considered.

Autonomy is considered to be one of the central ethical principles of health care practice and as such is a significantly relevant concept for health care practitioners. With the many political and ideological drivers that challenge the way health care for older people is currently delivered, it is important to consider how the autonomy of older people is facilitated in everyday practice. In this paper I challenge the dominant understanding of autonomy as ‘individualism’. Through research undertaken with nurses who work with older people, it identifies the conflicts that arise between an individualistic understanding of autonomy set alongside an emphasis on ‘person-centred’ practice.

Data were collected by recording ‘naturally occurring’ conversations between nurses, patients and associated practitioners. Primary nurses recorded conversations occurring between them and four patients throughout their hospital stay. In addition, a recognised expert gerontological nurse and a community nurse specialist participated as a means of testing out initial themes generated by the primary nurses. A total of 14 case studies were recorded. The data were analysed using principles of conversation analysis and thematic analysis set within a hermeneutic interpretive framework. In order to illuminate presentations of autonomy in practice, focus group discussions with nurses and older people were used as part of the interpretative process. I discuss the factors that prevented the operationalisation of an individualised rights-based concept of autonomy for older people. Issues including information-giving, the conversation style of nurses, internal and external constraints and patients' competence to decide are considered. In addition, the role of families in decision-making is addressed. The paper ends with a discussion of an alternative view of autonomy based on ‘interconnectedness’ in the nurse-patient relationship. This perspective is not based on either the patient or nurse being the ‘final arbiter’ of decisions, but is instead set within a framework of negotiation.

Research indicates that friendship contributes to wellbeing in later life in various ways: through the provision of companionship in daily life, support during stressful transitions, sustainment of identity under changing circumstances and adaptation to old age. However not all older people have friends available who fulfil these different functions. In order to promote wellbeing and reduce loneliness, an educational programme on friendship enrichment for older women has been developed and implemented in the Netherlands. The friendship programme's main goal is empowerment; it helps women clarify their needs in friendship, analyse their current social network, set goals in friendship and develop strategies to achieve goals. Reduction of loneliness, when present, is also an important goal of the programme. A study that followed 40 participants during the year after the programme demonstrates that a majority succeeded in developing new, or improving existing, friendships and in significantly reducing their loneliness. They also reported changes related to the self and social behaviour. Limitations of the research design, reflection on the feasibility of reducing loneliness through a single type of intervention, and possible applications of the programme's design to other areas, are presented in the discussion.

Two linked studies assess the feasibility of involving care staff in reducing the prevalence of depression in homes for older people. Mental health training was provided for care staff, delivered by members of a Community Mental Health Team for the Elderly. The research programme used quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate the effects of a theoretical training for care staff, a system of mentoring care staff to reinforce the training; and a care-planning intervention for the management of depression which combined psychosocial and medical approaches. The training programme was positively evaluated by the recipients, the trainers and the researcher who observed it. The ability of care staff to detect depression improved significantly over time, and depression was reduced to below case-level in seven of the eight depressed residents who participated in the care-planning intervention. This research suggests that psychosocial interventions that involve collaboration between carers and residents, supported by a Community Mental Health Team, may have an important part to play in supplementing medical management of depression in residential care homes.

The study investigated marital relations among a sample of 569 Israeli participants at three stages of late adulthood: remote pre-retirement (seven to ten years prior to retirement), near-retirement (up to two years prior to retirement), and post-retirement (up to two years after retirement). The following variables were examined: spousal resources, marital power relations, quality of marriage, and division of household tasks. The study attempted to determine whether there were differences in marital relations during the three life stages, and whether those differences were evident for men and women. The findings reveal that for both men and women, marital relations were more intensive in remote pre-retirement than in the two subsequent stages. In addition, division of feminine household tasks was found to be more egalitarian at later stages of marital life. However, similarities were revealed in most aspects of power relations as well as in spousal resources and performance of masculine household tasks during the three life stages examined. Several gender-based differences were also noted in all three stages. Specifically, the men tended to report an advantage in financial and social resources, as well as in emotional hardiness. With respect to power relations, the men also showed a greater tendency to make major decisions, whereas the women tended to make minor decisions and contributed more toward strengthening the family.