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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 July 2015
In 688/1289 Nawrūz Aqa, a leading Mongol magnate, began a rebellion in Khurasan to resist the Ilkhan Arghun's attempts to centralize power and loosen the Mongol aristocracy's grip on provincial government. The rebellion of Nawrūz was significantly different from any Mongol uprising that had occurred in the Ilkhanate to that date: it was distinguished by the successful fusion of Chinggisid and Islamic traditions of political and spiritual authority to support Nawrūz's challenge against the Hülegüid monarchy. This new hybrid political philosophy allowed Nawrūz to mobilize both the sedentary and nomadic populations of Khurasan to overhaul the power structure of the Ilkhanate. The present study of the early career and rebellion of Amīr Nawrūz will reveal how his movement forced the Turco-Mongolian leadership to reconfigure its political, social and religious relationships, among themselves and with the sedentary Muslim population they ruled.
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19 Harāwī, Tārīkhnāma Harāt, 424.
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26 Tārīkh-i Sīstān, 411.
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38 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 190.
39 Thackston, 595: JT, 852.
40 Aubin, “L'ethnogenese des Qaraunas”, 54.
41 Thackston, 595–9; JT, 853–6.
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45 Thackston, 602; JT, 860; Aubin, “Emirs Mongols”, 56.
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49 Biran, Qaidu, 58; Aubin, “Emirs Mongols”, 56.
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51 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 192.
52 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 192; Aubin, “Emirs Mongols”, 56.
53 Thackston, 598–9; JT, 854; Aubin, “L'ethnogenese”, 88.
54 Hirotoshi, “The Qaraunas”, 151 and 153; Thackston, 602; JT, 861.
55 Thackston, 603–4; JT, 859–66; Aubin, “Emirs Mongols”, 55.
56 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 192; Thackston, 608; JT, 878.
57 Thackston, 607–8; JT, 873–5.
58 Thackston, 600; JT, 858.
59 Thackston, 609; JT, 879.
60 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 192.
61 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 193.
62 Thackston, 620; JT, 897.
63 Thackston, 620; JT, 897.
64 Thackston, 620; JT, 897.
65 Thackston, 608; JT, 878.
66 Thackston, 610; JT, 882.
67 Thackston, 610; JT, 882.
68 Aubin, “Emirs Mongols”, 57.
69 Thackston, 613; JT, 891–5.
70 Thackston, 615–7; JT, 898.
71 Thackston, 617; JT, 898.
72 Dāvūd b. Muḥammad Banākātī, Tārīkh-i Banākatī: Rawżat Ūlī al-Albāb fī Maʿrifat al-Tawārīkh wa al-Ansāb, ed. Jaʿfar Shiʿār (Tehran: Society for the Appreciation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries, 1378/2000), 453.
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77 Shīrīn Bayānī, Mughūlān va Hukūmāt-i Īlkhānī dar Īrān (Tehran: Sāzmān-i Muṭālʿah-i va Tadvīn-i Kutub-i ʿUlūm Insānī Dānishgāhha, 1385/2006–07), 210.
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80 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 192 and 193.
81 Banākātī, Tārīkh-i Banākatī, 453; Thackston, 620; JT, 897
82 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 195; Thackston, 616; JT, 898; Mustawfī, Ẓafarnāma, 245.
83 Thackston, 552; JT, 792; Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 75.
84 Thackston, 618; JT, 899.
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86 Thackston, 617; JT, 894.
87 Karīm al-Dīn Maḥmūd Āqsarāyī, Musāmarat al-Akhbār, ed. Osman Turan. Second edition (Tehran: Asāṭīr, 1362/1984), 190.
88 Thackston, 617; JT, 894; Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 195.
89 Thackston, 619; JT, 901.
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92 Mustawfī, Ẓafarnāma, 262. His attempt to attribute the conversion to Qazwīnī is explained in Aubin, “L'ethnogenese”, 60.
93 Melville, “Pādshāh-i Islām”, 165.
94 Melville, “Pādshāh-i Islām”, 162–4.
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96 Thackston, 627; JT, 916.
97 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 1346/1967–68, 198; Rashīd al-Dīn places the quriltai at Qarābāgh, the traditional site of previous Ilkhan coronations (Thackston, 627; JT, 916).
98 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 198; Mustawfī, Tārīkh-i Guzīdah, 602.
99 Thackston, 629; JT, 918.
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102 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 199; Thackston, 630; JT, 919.
103 Ḥāfiẓ Abrū, Jughrāfiyā Ḥāfiẓ Abrū, III, 87.
104 Thackston, 626; JT, 914; Banākātī, Tārīkh-i Banākatī, 455; Bar Hebraeus, The Chronography of Gregory Abūʾl Faraj, 506; Wallis Budge, The Monks of Kublai Khan, 210; Stéphannos Orbélian, Histoire de la Siounie (tr. Marie F. Brosset. St Petersburg: l'Academie Impériale des Sciences, 1864), 262.
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107 David Morgan, The Mongols (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), 125.
108 Henry H. Howorth, History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Vol. 1 (New York: B. Franklin, 1964), 33.
109 Thackston, 664; JT, 966.
110 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 145.
111 Bar Hebraeus, The Chronography of Gregory Abūʾl Faraj, 506; Mustawfī, Tārīkh-i Guzīdah, 602.
112 A. Bausani, “Religion under the Mongols”, CHIr, V, The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, ed. J.A. Boyle (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 542.
113 Thackston, 630; JT, 918.
114 Thomas Allsen, “Changing forms of legitimation in Mongol Iran”, in Gary Seaman and Daniel Marks (eds), Rulers from the Steppe: State Formation on the Eurasian Periphery (Los Angeles: Ethnographics Press, University of Southern California, 1991), 227.
115 Christopher Dawson, The Mongol Mission, Translated by a Nun of Stanbrook Abbey (London: Sheed & Ward, 1955), 86.
116 Waṣṣāf, Tahrīr-i Tārīkh-i Waṣṣāf, 1346/1967–68, 199.
