Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T01:53:46.860Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

RETURN TO MOXVIQUIL: FORM AND FUNCTION IN A SMALL MAYA CITY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 August 2015

Elizabeth H. Paris ,
Eric Taladoire  and
Thomas A. Lee Whiting
Elizabeth H. Paris*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, St. Lawrence University, Piskor 114, 23 Romoda Drive, Canton, New York, 13617
Eric Taladoire
Affiliation:
UMR 8096 Archéologie des Amériques, Université de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
Thomas A. Lee Whiting
Affiliation:
Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Departamento de Arqueología, Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, México
*
E-mail correspondence to: paris152997@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The excavations of Frans Blom and Clarence Weiant at the small hilltop site of Moxviquil in the early 1950s represent one of the pioneering archaeological projects in highland Chiapas. The results of their excavations, which were minimally published, provide important data on one of the largest Late Classic-Early Postclassic communities in the region. In this paper, we reconsider Moxviquil in light of recent scholarship on Maya urbanism, and present new interpretations of the site as a small city that fulfilled a diversified set of urban functions for residents both within the monumental zone itself, and in the surrounding hinterland areas. Consistent with its likely role as the administrative center of a small, independent highland polity, the monumental center of Moxviquil likely served political, economic, and ritual functions; was an important nucleus of residential settlement; and supported a wide range of household-based craft production and food preparation activities.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 26 , Issue 1 , Spring 2015 , pp. 81 - 112
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Robert M. 1959 Report on an Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Central Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. In Report on the “Man in Nature” Project of the Department of Anthropology of the University of Chicago in the Tzeltal-Tzotzil-Speaking Region of the State of Chiapas, Mexico, edited by McQuown, Norman A., 116 pp. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago (Mimeographed).Google Scholar
Adams, Robert M. 1961 Changing Patterns of Territorial Organization in the Central Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. American Antiquity 26:341–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rojas, Aguilar, de la Luz, María 2004 La cerámica arqueológica de Tenam Puente. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Departamento de Antropología de la Universidad de las Américas, Puebla.Google Scholar
Andrews, George F. 1975 Maya Cities: Placemaking and Urbanization. University of Utah Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Aoyama, Kazuo 1999 Ancient Maya State, Urbanism, Exchange, and Craft Specialization. University of Pittsburgh Memoirs in Latin American Archaeology No. 12. Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 2002 “Decisions and Dispositions”: Socializing Spatial Archaeology. American Anthropologist 104:1172–1183.Google Scholar
Aubry, Andrés 2008 San Cristóbal de Las Casas: Su historia urbana, demográfia y monumental 1528–1990. 2nd ed.de Lectura, Apuntes16–20, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph 1980 The Archaeological Ceramics of Chinkultic, Chiapas, Mexico. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 43. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.Google Scholar
Barnhart, Edwin L. 2001 The Palenque Mapping Project: Settlement and Urbanism at an Ancient Maya City. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Bassie-Sweet, Karen 2002 Maya Creator Gods. Electronic document, www.mesoweb.com/features/bassie/CreatorGods/CreatorGods.pdf, accessed September 28, 2011.Google Scholar
Becquelin, Pierre, and Baudez, Claude 1979–1982 Tonina: Une cité Maya du Chiapas (Mexique). 3 vols. Etudes Mésoaméricaines No. 4. Mission archéologique et ethnologique française au Mexique. Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris.Google Scholar
Becquelin, Pierre, and Taladoire, Eric 1982 Tonina: Une cité Maya du Chiapas. Vol. 4. Etudes Mésoaméricaines 4. Mission archéologique et ethnologique française au Mexique. Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances F., and Anawalt, Patricia A. 1992 The Codex Mendoza. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Bishop, Ronald L. 1994 Pre-Columbian Pottery: Research in the Maya Region. In Archaeometry of Pre-Columbian Sites and Artifacts: Proceedings of a Symposium organized by the UCLA Institute of Archaeology and the Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, California, March 23–27, 1992, edited by Scott, David A. and Meyers, Pieter, pp. 15–65. Getty Publications, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Bishop, Ronald L., and Rands, Robert L. 1982 Maya fine paste ceramics: A compositional perspective. In Analysis of Fine Paste Ceramics: Excavations at Seibal, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 283–314. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 15, No. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Blake, Michael T. 1985 Canajaste: An Evolving Postclassic Maya State. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Blake, T. Michael 2010 Colonization, Warfare and Exchange at the Postclassic Maya Site of Canajasté, Chiapas, Mexico. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 70. Brigham Young University, Provo.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1978 Monte Alban: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capital. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1893–1963 Archaeological Site Plans. Original pen and ink or pencil plans made by Frans Blom of Chiapas sites: Chincultic, Cerro de la Batalla, region of Tenajapa-Guaquitepec, Tenam Puente, San Quintín, Cruz Chi, Sactón, Cedro, Kambal, Kayum C, and Ojo de Agua, with original copies of Moxviquil, Canancax, Esperanzita, and Ojo de Agua. Blom's list places updated plans as early as 1923. 18 vols. Unpublished report on file, the Latin American library, Flat File No. 3, Collection 78. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1952a Moxviquil, First Chiapas Expedition of the Mayan Order (Frans Blom chief). An Exploration and Excavation of the Ancient Buried City of the Mayans. Moxviquil. Unpublished Manuscript on file at the Museo Na Bolom, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1952b Informe preliminar sobre las ruinas de Moxviquil. Unpublished Manuscript on file at the Museo Na Bolom, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1953a Tumba 5. Unpublished Manuscript on file at the Museo Na Bolom, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1953b Moxviquil. Unpublished field diary on file at the Museo Na Bolom, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1953c San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico (account of his activities). Teocintli (December):2–3.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1954a Ossuaries, Cremation and Secondary Burials among the Maya of Chiapas, Mexico. Societé des Américanistes de Paris 43:132–135.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1954b Informe de los trabajos llevados a cabo en Moxviquil. No. 165–168, Archivo Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Tomo VIII, Estado de Chiapas, 1952–1956.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1958 Las Ruinas de Moxviquil, Valle de San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Estado de Chiapas. Unpublished Manuscript on file at the Museo Na Bolom, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1959 Historical Dates Relating to the Precolumbian Amber Trade from Chiapas. Amerikanistishe Miszellen (festband Franz Termer) 25:24–29. Mittubungen der museum fur volkerkunde zu Hamburg.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans, and Weiant, Clarence W. 1953 Photographs and Drawings of Moxviquil. Unpublished photographs and drawings on file at the Museo Na Bolom, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans, and Weiant, Clarence W. 1954 Informe de los trabajos llevados a cabo en Moxviquil. No. 166–169, Archivo Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Tomo VIII, Estado de Chiapas 1952–1956.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans, Weiant, Clarence W., and Lee Whiting, Thomas A. 1995 Moxviquil. Unpublished Manuscript on file at the Museo Na Bolom, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.Google Scholar
Brainerd, George W. 1954 Ceramic Illustrations from Moxviquil. Unpublished notebook on file in the Cerro Portezuelo Archives, 1954–1962, Box No. 2, Folder 12. University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. 2003 Obsidian Exchange Spheres. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Smith, Michael E. and Berdan, Frances F., pp. 131–158. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Brunhouse, Robert L. 1976 Frans Blom, Maya Explorer. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Bryant, Douglas D. 1988 Excavations at House 1, Yerba Buena, Chiapas Central Highlands, Mexico. In Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnoarchaeology in the Maya Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico, edited by Bryant, Douglas D., Calnek, Edward E., Lee, Thomas A. and Hayden., Bryan Jr.Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.Google Scholar
Bryant, Douglas D., Clark, John E., and Cheetham, David 2005 Ceramic Sequence of the Upper Grijalva Region, Chiapas, Mexico. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 67, Vol. 2. Brigham Young University, Provo.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E., and Ubelaker, Douglas H. 1994 Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains: Proceedings of a Seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.Google Scholar
Bullard, William R. Jr. 1954 Boundary Walls and House Lots at Mayapan. Current Reports 13:234–253. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Butler, Mary 2005 Piedras Negras Pottery. In Piedras Negras Archaeology, 1931–1939, edited by Weeks, John M., Hill, Jane, and Golden, Charles, pp. 90–140. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Calnek, Edward E. 1988 Highland Chiapas before the Spanish Conquest. In Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnoarchaeology in the Maya Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico, edited by Bryant, Douglas D., Calnek, Edward E., Lee, Thomas A. Jr., and Hayden, Bryan. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, Nos. 54–56. Brigham Young University, Provo.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 2001 Ancient Maya Causeways and Site Organization at Caracol, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:273–281.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 2007 Ancient Maya Urban Development: Insights from the Archaeology of Caracol, Belize. Belizean Studies 29:60–72.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Chase, Diane Z., and Smith, Michael E. 2009 States and Empires in Ancient Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica 20:175–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Chase, Diane Z., Weishampel, John F., Drake, Jason B., Shrestha, Ramesh L., Slatton, K. Clint, Awe, Jaime J., and Carter, William E. 2011 Airborne LiDAR, Archaeology, and the Ancient Maya Landscape at Caracol, Belize. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:387–398.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. 1992 Postclassic Maya Elites: Ethnohistory and Archaeology. In Mesoamerican Elites, edited by Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F., pp. 118–156. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 1998 The Architectural Context of Caches, Burials, and Other Ritual Activities for the Classic Period Maya (as Reflected at Caracol, Belize). In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Steven, pp. 299–332. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., Chase, Arlen F., and Haviland, William A. 1990 The Classic Maya City: Reconsidering the “Mesoamerican Urban Tradition.” American Anthropologist 92:499–506.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon 1974 The Urban Revolution. In The Rise and Fall of Civilizations, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C., pp. 6–14. Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, CA.Google Scholar
Clark, John E. 1988 Appendix 1: The Chipped Stone Artifacts. In Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnoarchaeology in the Maya Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico, edited by Bryant, Douglas D., Calnek, Edward E., Lee, Thomas A. Jr., and Hayden, Bryan, pp. 85–108. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, Nos. 54–56, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.Google Scholar
Comas, Juan 1960 Datos para la historia de la deformación craneal en México. Historia Mexicana 36:509–520.Google Scholar
Connell, Samuel V. 2003 Making Sense of Variability among Minor Centers: The Ancient Maya of Chaa Creek, Belize. In Perspectives on Ancient Maya Rural Complexity, edited by Iannone, Gyles and Connell, Samuel V., pp. 27–41. Monograph No. 49, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Crumley, Carole L. 2003 Alternative Forms of Social Order. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L., Valdez, Fred Jr., and Dunning, Nicholas P., pp. 136–145. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick 1965 The Ceramic History of the Central Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 19. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.Google Scholar
Dahlin, Bruce H., and Ardren, Traci 2002 Models of Exchange and Regional Patterns: Chunchucmil, Yucatan. In Ancient Maya Political Economies, edited by Masson, Marilyn A. and Freidel, David A., pp. 249–284. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Dahlin, Bruce H., Bair, Daniel, Moriarty, Matthew, and Terry, Richard 2010 The Dirt on Food: Ancient Feasts and Markets among the Lowland Maya. In Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Staller, John E. and Carrasco, Michael D., pp. 191–232. Springer Science, New York.Google Scholar
Dahlin, Bruce H., Jensen, Christopher T., Terry, Richard E., Wright, David R., and Beach, Timothy 2007 In Search of an Ancient Maya Market. Latin American Antiquity 18:363–384.Google Scholar
de Montmollin, Olivier 1989 The Archaeology of Political Structure: Settlement Analysis in a Classic Maya Polity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Esponda Jimeno, Victor M. 1984 Saqueo y destrucción en las ruinas de Moxviquil de SCLC. Feria Chiapas.Google Scholar
Evening Star [Peekskill, New York] 1954 “Dr. Weiant Reports on Archaeological Finds in Chiapas.” 11 May.Google Scholar
Feinman, Gary M., and Nicholas, Linda M. 1992 Pre-Hispanic Interregional Interaction in Southern Mexico: The Valley of Oaxaca and the Ejutla Valley. In Resources, Power and Interregional Interaction, edited by Schortman, Edward M. and Urban, Patricia A., pp. 75–116. Plenum Press, New York and London.Google Scholar
Feinman, Gary M., and Nicholas, Linda M. 2000 High-Intensity Household-Scale Production in Ancient Mesoamerica: A Perspective from Ejutla, Oaxaca. In Cultural Evolution: Contemporary Viewpoints, edited by Feinman, Gary M. and Manzanilla, Linda, pp. 119–142. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Feinman, Gary M., and Nicholas, Linda M. 2007 Craft Production in Classic Period Oaxaca: Implications for Monte Alban's Political Economy. In Craft Production in Complex Societies, edited by Shimada, Izumi, pp. 97–119. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Feinman, Gary M., Nicholas, Linda M., and Haines, Helen R. 2006 Socioeconomic Inequality and the Consumption of Chipped Stone at El Palmillo, Oaxaca, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 17:151–175.Google Scholar
Feinman, Gary M., Nicholas, Linda M., and Maher, Edward F. 2008 Domestic Offerings at El Palmillo. Ancient Mesoamerica 19:175–194.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V. 1983 The Legacy of the Early Urban Period: An Ethnohistoric Approach to Monte Alban's Temples, Residences, and Royal Tombs. In The Cloud People: The Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Flannery, Kent V. and Marcus, Joyce, pp. 132–136. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Folan, William J. 1992 Calakmul, Campeche: A Centralized Urban Administrative Center in the Northern Peten. World Archaeology 24:158–168.Google Scholar
Folan, William J., Gunn, Joel D., and del Rosario Domínguez Carrasco, María 2001 Triadic Temples, Central Plazas and Dynastic Palaces: A Diachronic Analysis of the Royal Court Complex, Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya. Vol. 2: Data and Case Studies, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Houston, Steven D., pp. 223–265. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.Google Scholar
Folan, William J., Kintz, Ellen R., and Fletcher, Larraine A. 1983 Coba: A Classic Maya Metropolis. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fox, Richard G. 1977 Urban Anthropology: Cities in their Cultural Settings. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, and Mora-Marín, David 2002 The Origins of Maya Civilization: The Old Shell Game, Commodity, Treasure and Kingship. In Ancient Maya Political Economies, edited by Masson, Marilyn A. and Freidel, David A., pp. 41–86. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Guillemin, George F. 1977 Urbanism and Hierarchy at Iximché. In Social Process in Maya Prehistory: Studies in honour of Sir Eric Thompson, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 227–264. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Hare, Timothy S., and Masson, Marilyn A. 2012 Intermediate-Scale Patterns in the Urban Environment of Postclassic Mayapan. In The Neighborhood as a Social and Spatial Unit in Mesoamerican Cities, edited by Arnauld, M. Charlotte, Manzanilla, Linda R., and Smith, Michael E., pp. 229–260. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Harrison, Peter D., and Andrews, E. Wyllys IV 2004 Palaces of Tikal and Copán. In Palaces of the Ancient New World, edited by Evans, Susan T. and Pillsbury, Joanne, pp. 113–147. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Haviland, William A. 1970 Tikal, Guatemala and Mesoamerican Urbanism. World Archaeology 2:186–198.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia A. 1996 Archaeological Approaches to the Organization of Domestic Labor: Household Practice and Domestic Relations. Annual Review of Anthropology 25:45–61.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., and Shafer, Harry J. 1984 Exploitation of Chert Resources by the Ancient Maya at Colha, Belize. World Archaeology 16:157–173.Google Scholar
Hill, Warren D., and Clark, John E. 2001 Sports, Gambling, and Government: America's First Social Compact? American Anthropologist 103:331–345.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth G. 2000 Ancient Urbanism at Xochicalco: The Evolution and Organization of a Pre-Hispanic Society. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Hruby, Zachary X. 2006 The Organization of Chipped-stone Economies at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Iannone, Gyles 2003 Rural Complexity in the Cahal Pech Microregion. In Perspectives on Ancient Maya Rural Complexity, edited by Iannone, Gyles and Connell, Samuel V., pp. 13–26. Monograph No. 49, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Iannone, Gyles, and Connell, Samuel V. 2003 Perspectives on Ancient Maya Rural Complexity: An Introduction. In Perspectives on Ancient Maya Rural Complexity, edited by Iannone, Gyles and Connell, Samuel V., pp. 1–6. Monograph No. 49, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A. 1993 Interregional Interaction and Social Development on the Oaxaca Coast. Ancient Mesoamerica 4:67–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaneko, Akira 2003 Artefactos líticos de Yaxchilán. Serie Arqueología, Colección Científica 455, Instituto Nacional de Arqueología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Keller, Angela H. 2011 A Road by Any Other Name: Trails, Paths, and Roads in Maya Language and Thought. In Landscapes of Movement: Trails, Paths, and Roads in Anthropological Perspective, edited by Snead, James, Erickson, Clark, and Darling, Andrew, pp. 133–157. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Kent, Susan 1990 Activity Areas and Architecture: An Interdisciplinary View of the Relationship between Use of Space and Domestic Built Environments. In Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space, edited by Kent, Susan, pp. 1–8. New Directions in Archaeology Series. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kovacevich, Brigitte 2006 Reconstructing Classic Maya Economic Systems: Production and Exchange at Cancuen, Guatemala. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, Stephen A. 1990 The Evolution of Complexity in the Valley of Oaxaca. Annual Review of Anthropology 19:39–58.Google Scholar
Lalo Jacinto, Gabriel, and de la Luz Aguilar, María 1996 El postclásico temprano en Tenam Puente. In Quinto Foro de Arqueología de Chiapas, pp. 23–37. Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro 2003 Thirty Years Later: Some Results of Recent Investigations in Tikal. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, and Affairs of State, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 281–318. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Laughlin, Robert M. 1975 The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. 19. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Laughlin, Robert M. 1988 The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán. With Haviland, John B.. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. 31. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Lee, Thomas A. Jr. 1985 El asentamiento humano precolombino del valle de Hueyzacatlan. In San Cristóbal y sus alrededores, pp. 153–186. Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez.Google Scholar
Lee, Thomas A. Jr. 1989 La arqueologia de los Altos de Chiapas: Un estudio contextual. Mesoamerica 18:257–293. Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies, Wellfleet, MA.Google Scholar
Lowe, Gareth W., and Mason, J. Alden 1965 Archaeological Survey of the Chiapas Coast, Highlands and Upper Grijalva Basin. In Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, Part 1, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 195–236. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 2, Wauchope, Robert, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1973 Territorial Organization of the Lowland Classic Maya. Science 1980:911–916.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1983 The Nature of the Mesoamerican City. In Prehistoric Settlement Patterns: Essays in Honor of Gordon R. Willey, edited by Vogt, Evan Z. and Leventhal, Richard M., pp. 195–242. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1989 From Centralized Systems to City-States: Possible Models for the Epiclassic. In Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan a.d. 700–900, edited by Diehl, Richard A. and Berlo, Janet C., pp. 201–208. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1993 Ancient Maya Political Organization. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century, a.d., edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Henderson, John S., pp. 111–183. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., and Freidel, David A. 2012 An Argument for Classic Era Maya Market Exchange. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31: 455–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., and Freidel, David A. 2013 Wide Open Spaces: A Long View of the Importance of Maya Market Exchange. In Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World, edited by Hirth, Kenneth G. and Pillsbury, Joanne, pp. 201–228. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., and Lope, Carlos Peraza 2004 Commoners in Postclassic Maya Society: Social versus Economic Constructs. In Ancient Maya Commoners, pp. 197–223. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., and Lope, Carlos Peraza 2014 Kukulkan's Realm: Urban Life at Ancient Mayapán. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1995 Living with the Ancestors: Kinship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McVicker, Donald E. 1969 The Place of the Salt: Archaeological Survey and Excavation in the Valley of Ixtapa, Chiapas, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
McVicker, Donald E. 1974 Variation in Protohistoric Maya Settlement Patterns. American Antiquity 39:546–556.Google Scholar
McVicker, Donald E. 1978 Prehispanic Trade in Central Chiapas, Mexico. In Mesoamerican Communication Routes and Cultural Contacts, edited by Lee, Thomas A. Jr. and Navarrete, Carlos A., pp. 177–186. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 40. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.Google Scholar
Meskell, Lynn 1999 Archaeologies of Social Life: Age, Sex, Class et cetera in Ancient Egypt. Social Archaeology Series. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.Google Scholar
Neumann, Georg K. 1942 Types of Artificial Cranial Deformation in the Eastern United States. American Antiquity 7:306–310.Google Scholar
Nichols, Deborah L., and Charlton, Thomas H. 1997 The Archaeology of City-States. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Notes and News 1954 American Antiquity 20:203–211.Google Scholar
Paris, Elizabeth H. 2012 Political Economy in the Postclassic Western Maya Frontier. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Albany, SUNY. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Paris, Elizabeth H., and Lope, Carlos Peraza 2013 Breaking the Mold: The Socioeconomic Significance of Metal Artifacts at Mayapan. In Archaeometallurgy in Mesoamerica: Current Approaches and New Perspectives, edited by Simmons, Scott E. and Shugar, Aaron N., pp. 161–201. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1962 Metal Artifacts in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. American Antiquity 27:520–545.Google Scholar
Piña Chan, Román 1961 Reconocimientos arqueológicos en el estado de Chiapas. In Los Mayas del Sur y sus relaciones con los nahuas meridionales, pp. 53–62. VIII Mesa Redonda de la Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Piña Chan, Román 1967 Atlas arqueológico de la Republica Mexicana 3: Chiapas. Departamento de Monumentos Prehispanicos, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Piña Chan, Román, and Navarrete, Carlos 1967 Archaeological Research in the Lower Grijalva River Region, Tabasco and Chiapas. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 22. Bringham Young University, Provo, UT.Google Scholar
Pugh, Timothy W. 2001 Architecture, Ritual, and Social Identity at Late Postclassic Zapetén, Petén, Guatemala: Identification of the Kowoj. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Romero Molina, Javier 1970 Dental Mutilation, Trephination and Cranial Deformation. In Physical Anthropology, edited by Steward, T. Dale, pp. 50–67. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 9, Wauchope, Robert, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Ruppert, Karl 1970 The Mercado, Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Contributions to American Anthropology and History, No. 43. Johnson Reprint, New York.Google Scholar
Russell, Bradley W. 2008 Postclassic Maya Settlement on the Rural-Urban Fringe of Mayapán, Yucatán, Mexico: Results of the Mayapán Periphery Project. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, SUNY. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Ruz Lhuillier, Alberto 1968 Costumbres funerarias de los antiguos Mayas. Seminario de Cultura Maya, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1975 Excavations at Seibal: Ceramics. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 13, No. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., and Webster, David 1988 The Mesoamerican Urban Tradition. American Anthropologist 90:521–546.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 1998 Ecology and Ritual: Water Management and the Maya. Latin American Antiquity 9:135–159.Google Scholar
Shafer, Harry J., and Hester, Thomas R. 1983 Ancient Maya Chert Workshops in Northern Belize, Central America. American Antiquity 48:519–543.Google Scholar
Shafer, Harry J., and Hester, Thomas R. 1986 Maya Stone-tool Craft Specialization and Production at Colha, Belize: Reply to Mallory. American Antiquity 51:148–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafer, Harry J., and Hester, Thomas R. 1991 Lithic Craft Specialization and Product Distribution at the Maya Site of Colha. World Archaeology 23:79–97.Google Scholar
Shook, Edwin M., and Marquis, Elayne 1996 Secrets in Stone: Yokes, Hachas and Palmas from Southern Mesoamerica. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Sjoberg, Gideon 1960 The Preindustrial City, Past and Present. Free Press, Glencoe, IL.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1989 Cities, Towns and Urbanism: Comment on Sanders and Webster. American Anthropologist 91:454–460.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1994 Social Complexity in the Aztec Countryside. In Archaeological Views from the Countryside, edited by Schwartz, Glenn M. and Falconer, Steven E., pp. 143–159. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2002 The Earliest Cities. In Urban Life: Readings in the Anthropology of the City, edited by Gmelch, George, Kemper, Robert V., and Zenner, Walter P., pp. 3–19. Waveland Press, Inc., Prospect Heights, IL.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2003 Small Polities in Postclassic Mesoamerica. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Smith, Michael E. and Berdan, Frances F., pp. 35–39. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2005 City Size in Late Postclassic Mesoamerica. Journal of Urban History 31:403–434.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2008 Aztec City-State Capitals. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2011 Classic Maya Settlement Clusters as Urban Neighborhoods: A Comparative Perspective on Low-Density Urbanism. Journal de la Société des Américanistes 97:51–73.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E., Arnauld, M. Charlotte, and Manzanilla, Linda R. 2012 The Neighborhood as a Spatial and Social Unit in Mesoamerican Cities. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E., Novic, Juliana, Huster, Angela, and Kroefges, Peter C. 2009 Reconocimiento superficial y mapeo en Calixtlahuaca. Expresión Antropológica 36:39–55.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert Eliot 1955 Ceramic Sequence at Uaxactun, Guatemala. Middle American Research Institute, Publication No. 20. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert Eliot 1958 The Place of Fine Orange Pottery in Mesoamerican Archaeology. American Antiquity 24:151–160.Google Scholar
Taladoire, Eric 1981 Les terrains de jeu de balle en Mésoamérique et dans le sud-ouest des Etats-Unis. Etudes Mésoaméricaines II, Vol 4. Mission Archéologique et Ethnologique Française au Mexique, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Taladoire, Eric 2011 El territorio y patrón de asentamiento de Tonina, Chiapas. Paper presented at the Mesa Redonda de Palenque VII. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Palenque, Mexico.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1992 The Major Gods of Ancient Yucatan. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1974 A Commentary on the Dresden Codex. Journal for the History of Astronomy 5:137.Google Scholar
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa's Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan. Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce G. 2003 Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Wallace, Dwight T., and Carmack, Robert M. (editors) 1977 Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Central Quiche. Institute of Maya Studies, Monograph No.1. University at Albany, SUNY, Albany.Google Scholar
Weber, Max 1958 The City. Free Press, Glencoe, IL.Google Scholar
Webster, David, and Sanders, William T. 2001 The Ancient Mesoamerican City: Theory and Concept. In Reconstruyendo la ciudad maya: El urbanismo en las sociedades antiguas, edited by Ruis, Andrés Ciudad, de León, María Josefa I. Ponce, and del Carmen Martínez Martínez, Maria, pp. 34–64. Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Madrid.Google Scholar
Weiant, Clarence W. 1952 The Dig at Moxviquil: 1952 Season. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Museo Na Bolom, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.Google Scholar
Weiant, Clarence W. 1953a Ceramic Illustrations from Moxviquil. Unpublished notebook on file at the Museo Na Bolom, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.Google Scholar
Weiant, Clarence W. 1953b Moxviquil Tomb Contents. Unpublished notebook on file at the Museo Na Bolom, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.Google Scholar
Weiant, Clarence W. 1954a Digging in Chiapas. The Explorers Journal 32:30–36.Google Scholar
Weiant, Clarence W. 1954b Moxviquil: A Highland Maya Site in Chiapas. Paper presented at the 19th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Albany.Google Scholar
West, Robert C. 1964 Surface Configuration and Associated Geology of Middle America. In Natural Environment and Early Cultures, edited by West, Robert C., pp. 63–83. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 1, Wauchope, Robert, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Wirth, Louis 1938 Urbanism as a Way of Life. American Journal of Sociology 44:3–24.Google Scholar
Wolfgang W, Wurster. (editor) 2000 El sitio maya de Topoxté: Investigaciones en una isla del Lago Yaxhá, Petén, Guatemala, con contribuciones de Bernard Hermes. Ava-Materialien No. 57. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein.Google Scholar
Ximénez, Fray Francisco 1929 Historia de la provencia de San Vincente de Chiapa y Guatemala. La Tipografia Nacional, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Yoffee, Norman 1995 Political Economy in Early Mesopotamian States. Annual Review of Anthropology 24:281–311.Google Scholar