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The Comparative History of a Genre: The production and circulation of books on travel and ethnographies in early modern Europe and China*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 August 2015
Abstract
Contrary to the long-standing idea of a scientific failure in early modern China as compared to Europe, some recent work has emphasized the existence of a tradition of ‘evidential’ research in the natural sciences, antiquarianism, and geography, especially during the Sung, Ming, and Qing periods. This article seeks to develop this new perspective by offering a comparative history of the genres of travel writing and ethnography in early modern Europe and Ming/early Qing China. We argue that there were qualitative as well as quantitative differences in the way that these genres functioned in each cultural area. Even when we find apparent similarities, we note different chronological rhythms and a different position of these genres of travel writing within a wider cultural field—what we might term their ‘cultural relevance’. The specific nature of Chinese state imperialism—or, conversely, the particular nature of European overseas colonialism—played a role in determining the type of ethnographic approach that came to predominate in each cultural area. These parallels and differences suggest a fresh perspective on the cultural origins of the ‘great divergence’.
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Footnotes
*
Originally presented at the British Academy conference, ‘The Production and Circulation of Printed Books in the Occident and Orient, from the Accession of the Tang Dynasty (circa 618) to the First Industrial Revolution’, London, February 2013. We are grateful to Patrick O'Brien, Ashley Millar, and two anonymous readers for their comments.
References
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77 Brook, Confusions of Pleasure, p. 120. The minister responsible was Liu Daxia, in a peculiar moment of extreme anti-maritime feeling.
78 Carlo, Ginzburg (1980), The Cheese and the Worms. The cosmos of a sixteenth-century miller (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul), pp. 41–49Google Scholar; Charles, Moseley (1974), ‘The metamorphoses of Sir John Mandeville’, Yearbook of English Studies, 4, pp. 5–25Google Scholar.
79 We expand this argument in Joan-Pau, Rubiés (2012), ‘From the history of travayle to the history of travel collections: the rise of an early modern genre’, in Carey, D. and Jowitt, C. (eds) Richard Hakluyt and Travel Writing in Early Modern Europe (Farnham: Ashgate/Hakluyt Society Extra Series), pp. 25–41Google Scholar.
80 Compare Joanna, Waley-Cohen (1999), The Sextants of Beijing (New York: Norton), pp. 105–114Google Scholar, with the sober assessment in Elman, On Their Own Terms, pp. 107–221.
81 Ibid., pp. 220–221.
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