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Carl Schmitt—Political Theologian?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 July 2015

Abstract

“Political theology” is now a fixture within political theory's lexicon. Although Carl Schmitt's Political Theology (1922) is identified as the contemporary locus classicus for the concept, that work's primary task is only to elaborate a “sociology of juristic concepts.” Beginning in the 1990s, however, Schmitt's entire corpus has increasingly been interpreted as one motivated by “political theology” in a stronger sense—as political action based upon faith in (Christian) revelation. I challenge this thesis by (1) examining its history, (2) drawing attention to the many aspects of Schmitt's (mostly Weimar-era) work that are deeply at odds with this thesis, and (3) reexamining his (mostly postwar) remarks ordinarily cited to bolster the thesis. Ultimately, the core of Schmitt's thought lies elsewhere; returning to the purported father of political theology brings clarity to the bourgeoning discussion of this topic within the discipline.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © University of Notre Dame 2015 

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60 D, 139n2.

61 L, 51. See also D, 32, 130.

62 Gal. 3:28 (NRSV). See also Acts 10:34–43; Matt. 28:19.

63 RK, 32; see also 12–13, 51; GLP, 89; D, 46.

64 PuB, 162; BdP, 55.

65 Schmitt, “Sichtbarkeit,” 78; see also 71.

66 BdP, 59, 61.

67 BdP, 64, 58; Meier, Lesson, 13; Gross, Carl Schmitt, 184–85, 232.

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76 E.g., E.-W. Böckenförde, “Politische Theorie und Politische Theologie,” in Religionstheorie, esp. 1:19–22.

77 E.g., Taubes, To Carl Schmitt, 4. Chapters 1–3 and 4 of PT reprint Schmitt, Carl, “Soziologie des Souveränitätsbegriffes und politische Theologie,” in Hauptprobleme der Soziologie, ed. Palyi, M. (Munich: Duncker & Humblot, 1922–23), 335 Google Scholar and Die Staatsphilosophie der Gegenrevolution,Archiv für Rechts- und Wirtschaftsphilosophie 16 (1922): 121–31Google Scholar, respectively.

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79 PR, 23–24.

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82 Löwith, Karl, Martin Heidegger and European Nihilism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 137–38, 144Google Scholar; Schmitt, “Drei Stufen,” 927–28; DC, 99.

83 VL, 77–78.

84 BdP, 42–43.

85 PT, 49–50, 55, 58–59.

86 PT2, 22, 30; also 56, 98, 101n1. See also Schmitt, Carl and Schickel, Joachim, Gespräche mit Carl Schmitt (Berlin: Merve, 1993), 57Google Scholar. Religious institutions (e.g., the Roman Catholic Church) can possess a “formal, juristic character,” but they do so by means of their analogy with “secular jurisprudence,” which functions as “an intermediary for law that is already valid” (RK, 49–50).

87 PT, 49–50, 55, emphasis added; see also 60. In basic agreement are, e.g., Staff, Ilse, “Zum Begriff der politischen Theologie bei Carl Schmitt,” in Christentum und modernes Recht, ed. Dilcher, G. and Staff, I. (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1984), 182–84, 193, 203–5Google Scholar; Hermann Lübbe, “Politische Theologie als Theologie repolitisierter Religion,” in Religionstheorie, 1:47; Lukács, Georg, Destruction of Reason (Atlantic Highlands: Humanities, 1981)Google Scholar, 652; Kantorowicz, Ernst, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 1819 Google Scholar, 42–43, 114–15, 185, 505–6.

88 VL, 80, emphasis added.

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90 BdP, 38 et passim.

91 BdP, 36, 64, emphasis added. Preserved almost verbatim in Schmitt, Carl, Der Begriff des Politischen, 3rd ed. (Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, 1933), 1819, 46Google Scholar.

92 PT, 7.

93 VL, 223, 238, 282–86. See also PT, 63.

94 E.g., Meier, Lesson, 101; Taubes, Political Theology of Paul, 67–68.

95 PT, 69–83; RK, 25–26; GLP, 81–83.

96 PT, 83, emphasis added.

97 PT, 73ff.

98 PT, 75; DC, 71.

99 PT, 73–74; RK, 13. Meier, Lesson, xii–xiii, 146 argues that Schmitt writes “more ‘like a Protestant,’” but this does not gel with Schmitt's biography.

100 DC, 69–70, 73, 75–77, 79; see also 12–13, 19, 52, 105, 108–9.

101 E.g., Meier, Lesson, xviii, 102; Lilla, Reckless Mind, 71–72.

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103 E.g., SGN, 139–51.

104 PT, 44–45; L, 113.

105 PT2, 121–22.

106 D, 35, 118–19; see also 21ff.

107 L, 20–22, 88, 126; Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)Google Scholar, chap. 42 (p. 345), chap. 43 (p. 407 et passim).

108 L, 81–84, 125–26; Hobbes, Leviathan, chap. 40 (p. 323 et passim).

109 BdP, 123.

110 Meier, Lesson, 123, 203; see also 21–30, 51, 76, 108–12, 202–4 ; Carl Schmitt, 66–69, 77.

111 E.g., Meuter, Katechon, 14ff., 189n275, 195, 482 et passim; Barbara Nichtweiss, “Apokalyptische Verfassungslehren,” and Wacker, “Carl Schmitts Katholizismus,” in Katholische Verschärfung, 63–64 and 292–93; Manemann, Carl Schmitt, 7ff.; Mehring, Reinhard, Pathetisches Denken (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1989)Google Scholar, 22, 221; Groh, Arbeit, 19–24.

112 Agamben, Kingdom and the Glory, 7; Assmann, Herrschaft, 20, 22, 24.

113 BdP, 80–83, 87, 94.

114 Comte, Auguste, Système de politique positive (Paris: Mathias, 1851–54), 1:360–62; DC, 108Google Scholar.

115 PT2, 114; see also 110; Blumenberg, Legitimacy, 138 et passim.

116 Heidegger, Martin, Basic Writings (New York: Harper, 2008), 246ffGoogle Scholar.; Foucault, Michel, Order of Things (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), 387 et passimGoogle Scholar.

117 Böckenförde, E.-W., State, Society, and Liberty (New York: Berg, 1991), 45Google Scholar.