Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T02:15:56.489Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

OPPORTUNITY AND PREFERENCE LEARNING

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2015

Abstract:

Robert Sugden has suggested a normative standard of freedom as ‘opportunity’ that is supposed to help realign normative economics – with its traditional rational choice orientation – with behavioural economics. While allowing preferences to be incoherent, he wants to maintain the anti-paternalist stance of orthodox welfare economics. His standard, though, presupposes that people respond to uncertainty about their own future preferences by dismissing any kind of self-constraint. We argue that the approach lacks psychological substance: Sugden's normative benchmark – the ‘responsible person’ – can hardly serve as a convincing role model in a contractarian setting. An alternative concept is introduced, and some implications are briefly discussed.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Akerlof, G. A. and Dickens, W. T.. 1982. The economic consequences of cognitive dissonance. American Economic Review 72: 307319.Google Scholar
Arrow, K. 1995. A note on freedom and flexibility. In Choice, Welfare and Development – A Festschrift in Honour of Amartya K. Sen, ed. Basu, K., Pattanaik, P. and Suzumura, K., 716. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaulier, S. and Caplan, B.. 2007. Behavioral economics and perverse effects of the welfare state. Kyklos 60: 485507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, N. and Gigerenzer, G.. 2007. Psychology implies paternalism? Bounded rationality may reduce the rationale to regulate risk-taking. Social Choice and Welfare 28: 337359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernheim, D. B. and Rangel, A.. 2009. Beyond revealed preference: choice-theoretic foundations for behavioral welfare economics. Quarterly Journal of Economics 124: 51104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camerer, C., Issacharoff, S., Loewenstein, G., O’Donoghue, T. and Rabin, M.. 2003. Regulation for conservatives: behavioral economics and the case for ‘asymmetric paternalism’. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 151: 12111254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elster, J. 1982. Sour grapes – utilitarianism and the genesis of wants. In Utilitarianism and Beyond, ed. Sen, A. K. and Williams, B. A., 219238. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, R. H. 2008. Should public policy respond to positional externalities? Journal of Public Economics 92: 17771786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankfurt, H. G. 1971. Freedom of the will and the concept of a person. Journal of Philosophy 68: 520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, D. 2004. Preference Pollution. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
George, D. 2006. Moral implications of preference change. Society 43: 3338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grether, D. M. and Plott, C. R.. 1979. Economic theory of choice and the preference reversal phenomenon. American Economic Review 69: 623638.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A. 1989. Order – with or without design? London: Centre for Research into Communist Economies.Google Scholar
Hoeffler, S. and Ariely, D.. 1999. Constructing stable preferences: a look into dimensions of experience and their impact on preference stability. Journal of Consumer Psychology 8: 113139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isen, A. M. 1999. Positive affect. In Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, ed. Dalgleish, T. and Power, M. J., 521539. Chichester: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, S. and Lepper, M.. 2000. When choice is demotivating: can one desire too much of a good thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79: 9951006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loewenstein, G. 1999. Willpower: a decision-theorist's perspective. Law and Philosophy 19: 5176.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. and Angner, E.. 2003. Predicting and indulging changing preferences. In Time and Decision, ed. Loewenstein, G., Read, D. and Baumeister, R.. New York, NY: Russell Sage, 351391.Google Scholar
McQuillin, B. and Sugden, R.. 2012. How the market responds to dynamically inconsistent preferences. Social Choice and Welfare 38: 617634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Donoghue, T. and Rabin, M.. 1999. Doing it now or later. American Economic Review 89: 103124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, D. 2006. Which side are you on? The ethics of self-command. Journal of Economic Psychology 27: 681693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roemer, J. E. 1998. Equality of Opportunity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothenberg, J. 1962. Consumers’ sovereignty revisited and the hospitability of freedom of choice. American Economic Review – Papers and Proceedings 52: 269283.Google Scholar
Sally, D. 2000. I, too, sail past: Odysseus and the logic of self-control. Kyklos 53: 173200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schelling, T. C. 1978. Egonomics or the art of self-management. American Economic Review 78: 290294.Google Scholar
Schelling, T. 1984. Self-command in practice, in policy and in a theory of rational choice. American Economic Review 74: 111.Google Scholar
Schubert, C. 2012. Pursuing happiness. Kyklos 65: 245261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schubert, C. and Cordes, C.. 2013. Role models that make you unhappy: light paternalism, social learning and welfare. Journal of Institutional Economics 9: 131159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, B. 2004. The Paradox of Choice. New York, NY: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Sen, A. K. 1988. On Ethics and Economics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sen, A. K. 1992. Inequality Reexamined. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Senik, C. 2008. Is man doomed to progress? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 68: 140152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shin, J. and Ariely, D.. 2004. Keeping doors open: the effect of unavailability on incentives to keep options viable. Management Science 50: 575586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 1989. Maximizing social welfare: is it the government's business? In The good Polity, ed. Hamlin, A. and Pettit, P.. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 6986.Google Scholar
Sugden, R. 1998a. The metric of opportunity. Economics and Philosophy 14: 307337.Google Scholar
Sugden, R. 1998b. Measuring opportunity: toward a contractarian measure of individual interest. Social Philosophy and Policy 15: 3460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 2003. Opportunity as a space for individuality: its value and the impossibility of measuring it. Ethics 113: 783809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 2004a. The opportunity criterion: consumer sovereignty without the assumption of coherent preferences. American Economic Review 94: 10141033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 2004b. Living with unfairness: The limits of equal opportunity in a market economy, Social Choice and Welfare 22: 211326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 2006a. What we desire, what we have reason to desire, whatever we might desire: Mill and Sen on the value of opportunity. Utilitas 18: 3351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 2006b. Taking unconsidered preferences seriously. In Preferences and Well-Being, ed. Olsaretti, S.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 209232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 2007. The value of opportunities over time when preferences are unstable. Social Choice and Welfare 29: 665682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 2008a. Why incoherent preferences do not justify paternalism. Constitutional Political Economy 19: 226248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 2008b. Capability, happiness and opportunity. In Capabilities and Happiness, ed. Bruni, L., Comim, F. and Pugno, M., 299322. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 2009. Market simulation and the provision of public goods: a non-paternalistic response to anomalies in environmental valuation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 57: 87103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 2010. Opportunity as mutual advantage. Economics and Philosophy 26: 4768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 2013. The behavioural economist and the social planner: to whom should behavioural welfare economics be addressed? Inquiry 56: 519538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. 2014. Characterising competitive equilibrium in terms of opportunity. Working Paper, University of East Anglia.Google Scholar
Sunstein, C. R. and Thaler, R. H.. 2003. Libertarian paternalism is not an oxymoron. University of Chicago Law Review 70: 11591202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaler, R. H. and Sunstein, C.R.. 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Witt, U. 2001. Learning to consume – A Theory of Wants and the Growth of Demand. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 11: 2336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witt, U. 2010. Economic behavior – evolutionary vs behavioral perspectives. Papers on Economics and Evolution # 1017, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Jena, Germany.Google Scholar
Yaari, M. E. 1977. Endogenous changes in tastes: a philosophical discussion. Erkenntnis 11: 157196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar