¹ In nuggars built north of Wadi Halfa a few frames are inserted during construction; this is an innovation due to culture contact. Even so, itmust be noted that the frames are put in after and not prior to planking up the sides ; also,that no inner skin is provided.

² Prudhoe, Lord ‘Extracts from private Memoranda … on journey from Cairo to Sennar in 1829 …’ fourn. of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1835, 5 58.Google Scholar

³ Until Ismail Pasha's, conquest of the Sudan in 1820, no planked boats were in use on the Nile south of Khartoum apart from some canoes with side planks added.Google Scholar

⁴ Somers Clarke, , ‘Nile Boats andother Matters,’ Ancient Egypt, 1920, pts. I and II.Google Scholar

⁵ Prudhoe, Lord, loc. cit., p. 57.Google Scholar

⁶ ibid. 58.

⁷ ‘Russian Barges,’ The Mariner’s Mirror, 1931, 17, 189.Google Scholar

⁸ Hornell, J., ‘The Tongue and Groove Seam of Gujarati Boatbuilders,’ The Mariner’s Mirror, 16, 309–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹ Haddon, A.C., and Hornell, J., The Canoes of Polynesia, vol. 1, fig. 110.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Mast and Sail in Europe and Asia, p. 297, 1906. His words are :- — ‘In coming northward down river, and against the prevailing wind, they [the nuggars] are fitted with outriggers and long sweeps, and row double–banked—the men stand to their work facing forward.’Google Scholar