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TRIANGULATING MEASURES OF AWARENESS

A Contribution to the Debate on Learning without Awareness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2015

Patrick Rebuschat ,
Phillip Hamrick ,
Kate Riestenberg ,
Rebecca Sachs  and
Nicole Ziegler
Patrick Rebuschat*
Affiliation:
Lancaster University
Phillip Hamrick
Affiliation:
Kent State University
Kate Riestenberg
Affiliation:
Georgetown University
Rebecca Sachs
Affiliation:
Virginia International University
Nicole Ziegler
Affiliation:
University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa
*
*Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Patrick Rebuschat, Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YL. E-mail: p.rebuschat@lancaster.ac.uk
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Abstract

Williams’s (2005) study on “learning without awareness” and three subsequent extensions (Faretta-Stutenberg & Morgan-Short, 2011; Hama & Leow, 2010; Rebuschat, Hamrick, Sachs, Riestenberg, & Ziegler, 2013) have reported conflicting results, perhaps in part due to differences in how awareness has been measured. The present extension of Williams (2005) addresses this possibility directly by triangulating data from three awareness measures: concurrent verbal reports (think-aloud protocols), retrospective verbal reports (postexposure interviews), and subjective measures (confidence ratings and source attributions). Participants were exposed to an artificial determiner system under incidental learning conditions. One experimental group thought aloud during training, another thought aloud during training and testing, and a third remained silent, as did a trained control group. All participants were then tested by means of a forced-choice task to establish whether learning took place. In addition, all participants provided confidence ratings and source attributions on test items and were interviewed following the test. Our results indicate that, although all experimental groups displayed learning effects, only the silent group was able to generalize the acquired knowledge to novel instances. Comparisons of concurrent and retrospective verbal report data shed light on the conflicting findings previously reported in the literature and highlight important methodological issues in implicit and explicit learning research.

Type
Articles
Information
Studies in Second Language Acquisition , Volume 37 , Special Issue 2: New Directions in the Study of Implicit and Explicit Learning , June 2015 , pp. 299 - 334
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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