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Involvement of l(–)-rhamnose in sea urchin gastrulation: a live embryo assay

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2013

Tiffany N. Smith  and
Steven B. Oppenheimer
Tiffany N. Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Biology and Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology, California State University, Northridge, California 91330–8303, USA.
Steven B. Oppenheimer*
Affiliation:
Department of Biology and Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology, California State University, Northridge. 1811 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330–8303, USA.
*
All correspondence to Steven B. Oppenheimer. Department of Biology and Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology, California State University, Northridge. 1811 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330–8303, USA. Tel: +1 818 677 3336. Fax: +1 818 677 2034. e-mail: steven.oppenheimer@csun.edu
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Summary

The sea urchin embryo is a National Institutes of Health model system that has provided major developments, and is important in human health and disease. To obtain initial insights to identify glycans that mediate cellular interactions, Lytechinus pictus sea urchin embryos were incubated at 24 or 30 h post-fertilization with 0.0009–0.03 M alpha-cyclodextrin, melibiose, l(–)-rhamnose, trehalose, d(+)-xylose or l(–)-xylose in lower-calcium artificial sea water (pH 8.0, 15°C), which speeds the entry of molecules into the interior of the embryos. While α-cyclodextrin killed the embryos, and l(–)-xylose had small effects at one concentration tested, l(–)-rhamnose caused substantially increased numbers of unattached archenterons and exogastrulated embryos at low glycan concentrations after 18–24 h incubation with the sugar. The results were statistically significant compared with the control embryos in the absence of sugar (P < 0.05). The other sugars (melibiose, trehalose, d(+)-xylose) had no statistically significant effects whatsoever at any of the concentrations tested. In total, in the current study, 39,369 embryos were examined. This study is the first demonstration that uses a live embryo assay for a likely role for l(–)-rhamnose in sea urchin gastrula cellular interactions, which have interested investigators for over a century.

Type
Research Article
Information
Zygote , Volume 23 , Issue 2 , April 2015 , pp. 222 - 228
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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