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The Red Cap’s Gift: How Tipping Tempers the Rational Power of Money

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2015

DANIEL LEVINSON WILK
DANIEL LEVINSON WILK*
Affiliation:
Daniel Levinson Wilk is Associate Professor of American History at the Fashion Institute of Technology and author of several articles on waiters, elevators, and the modern service sector. Contact information: Department of Social Sciences, Fashion Institute of Technology, 227 West 27th Street, New York, NY 10001. E-mail: danlw@fitnyc.edu.
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Abstract

Modern people are obsessed with money, but the practice of tipping a waiter or chambermaid is a counterbalance against money’s tendency to infect human relations. People who tip infect money back, with nonmonetary values. This article provides a general history of tips investing money and monetary exchange with ideals such as status, dignity, waste, care, and play, in certain parts of the United States, c. 1880–1929. It also offers a case study of railroad red caps’ tips in the five years following passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938; when tipping declined, it reduced red caps’ ability to invest their work with nonmonetary values.

Type
Articles
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 16 , Issue 1 , March 2015 , pp. 5 - 50
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2015. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved. 

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References

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Azar, Ofer H. “The History of Tipping—From Sixteenth-Century England to United States in the 1910s.” The Journal of Socio-Economics 33, no. 6 (2004): 745–764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azar, Ofer H. “The Implications of Tipping for Economics and Management.” International Journal of Social Economics 30, no. 10 (2003): 1084–1094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Wayne E., and Jimerson, Jason B.. “The Sociology of Money.” American Behavioral Scientist 35, no. 6 (1992): 678–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belk, Russell W., and Wallendorf, Melanie. “The Sacred Meanings of Money.” Journal of Economic Psychology 11, no. 1 (1990): 35–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodvarsson, Őrn B. “Restaurant Tips and Service Quality: A Reply to Lynn.” Applied Economics Letters 12, no. 6 (2005): 345–346.Google Scholar
Bodvarsson, Örn B., Luksetich, William A., and McDermott, Sherry. “Why Do Diners Tip: Rule-of-Thumb or Valuation of Service?” Applied Economics 35, no. 15 (2003): 1659–1665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodvarsson, Örn B., and Gibson, William A.. “Tipping and Service Quality: A Reply to Lynn,” Social Science Journal 39 (2002): 471–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodvarsson, Örn B., and Gibson, William A.. “An Economic Approach to Tips and Service Quality: Results of a Survey.” The Social Science Journal 36, no. 1 (1999): 137–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodvarsson, Örn B., and Gibson, William A.. “Economics and Restaurant Gratuities: Determining Tip Rates.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 56 (April 1997): 187–204.Google Scholar
Bodvarsson, Örn B., and Gibson, William A.. “Gratuities and Customer Appraisal of Service: Evidence from Minnesota Restaurants.” The Journal of SocioEconomics 23 (1994): 287–302.Google Scholar
Campbell, Donna M. “Taking Tips and Losing Class: Challenging the Service Economy in James M. Cain’s Mildred Pierce.” In The Novel and the American Left: Critical Essays on Depression-Era Fiction, edited by Galligani Casey, Janet, 1–15. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Crusco, April H. “The Midas Touch: The Effects of Interpersonal Touch on Restaurant Tipping.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 10 (December 1984): 512–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Eiss, Paul K. “Hunting for the Virgin: Meat, Money, and Memory in Tetiz, Yucatan.” Cultural Anthropology 17, no. 3 (2002): 291–330.Google Scholar
Foster, George M. “The Anatomy of Envy: A Study in Symbolic Behavior.” Current Anthropology 13 (April 1972): 165–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gueguen, Nicolas and Jacob, Celine. “Clothing Color and Tipping: Gentlemen Patrons Give More Tips to Waitresses with Red Clothes.” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 38, no. 2 (2014): 275–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gueguen, Nicolas and Legoherel, Patrick. “Effect of Tipping of Barman Drawing a Sun on the Bottom of Customers’ Checks.” Psychological Reports 87 (2000): 223–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, Per H. “Business History: A Cultural and Narrative Approach.” Business History Review 86 (Winter 2012): 693–717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, Keith. “Heads or Tails? Two Sides of the Coin.” Man (1986): 637–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hart, Keith. “10 Money: One Anthropologist’s View.” A Handbook of Economic Anthropology (2005): 160.Google Scholar
Herrmann, Gretchen (2006). “Special Money: Ithaca Hours and Garage Sales.” Ethnology 45(2): 125–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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